室內(nèi)吊頂施工方案及室內(nèi)環(huán)境監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)外文文獻

基于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的室內(nèi)環(huán)境火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)華北科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計（外文翻譯）第第頁室內(nèi)吊頂施工方案編制：審核：審批：陜西達昌裝飾工程有限責(zé)任公司楊凌監(jiān)獄項目部工程概況編制依據(jù)《建筑裝飾裝修工程質(zhì)量驗收規(guī)范》GB50210-2001《建筑地面工程施工質(zhì)量驗收規(guī)范》GB50209-2002《建筑工程質(zhì)量統(tǒng)一驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB50300-2013《高級建筑裝飾工程質(zhì)量驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GBJ/01-27-2003《建筑施工質(zhì)量評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》BG/T50375-2006《建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范》GB50016-2014《民用建筑隔聲設(shè)計規(guī)范》GBJ118-88《屋面工程設(shè)計規(guī)范》GB50345-2004《建筑照明設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB50034-2013《建筑內(nèi)部裝修設(shè)計防火規(guī)范》GB50222-95第三章施工內(nèi)容輕鋼龍骨紙面石膏板吊頂、采用直徑8mm吊桿、50系列主龍骨及副龍骨，9.5mm紙面石膏板。硅酸鈣板吊頂600*600硅酸鈣板烤漆龍骨金屬板吊頂沖孔金屬板與不沖孔金屬板結(jié)合吊頂厚度為0.6mm金屬板。50系列輕鋼龍骨及金屬板專用龍骨及配件固定安裝。第四章施工準(zhǔn)備①作業(yè)條件A、在現(xiàn)澆板或預(yù)制板縫中，按設(shè)計要求設(shè)置預(yù)埋件或吊頂；B、吊頂內(nèi)的燈槽、水電管道及上人吊頂內(nèi)的人行或安裝通道，應(yīng)安裝完畢，消防管道安裝并試壓完畢；C、吊頂內(nèi)的燈槽、斜撐、剪刀撐等，應(yīng)根據(jù)工程情況適當(dāng)布置，輕型燈具應(yīng)吊在主龍骨或附加龍骨上，重型燈具或電扇不得與吊頂龍骨連接，應(yīng)另設(shè)吊鉤。D、吊頂龍骨在運輸安排時，不得扔摔、碰撞、龍骨應(yīng)平放，防止變型，龍骨要存放于室內(nèi)，防止生銹；E、石膏板運輸和安裝時應(yīng)輕放，不得損壞板材的表面和邊角，應(yīng)防止受潮變形，放于平整、干燥、通風(fēng)處。②材料準(zhǔn)備A、石膏板材料，其品種、規(guī)格、質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求。進場材料應(yīng)有出廠合格證。B、吊頂用的龍骨骨架和吊桿準(zhǔn)備齊，并滿足設(shè)計要求。C、零配件：有絲竿、射釘、自攻螺絲、膨脹螺絲等。③機具準(zhǔn)備電錘，手鋸、手槍鉆、螺絲刀、方尺、鋼尺、鋼水平尺等第五章施工工藝流程頂棚標(biāo)高彈水平線－劃龍骨分檔線－安裝水電管線－安裝主龍骨－安裝次龍骨－安裝罩面板－安裝壓條（1）彈線用水準(zhǔn)儀在房間內(nèi)每個墻(柱)角上抄出水平點(若墻體較長，中間也應(yīng)適當(dāng)抄幾個點)，彈出水準(zhǔn)線(水準(zhǔn)線距地面一般為5OOmm)，從水準(zhǔn)線量至吊頂設(shè)計高度加上12mm(一層石膏板的厚度)，用粉線沿墻(柱)彈出水準(zhǔn)線，即為吊頂次龍骨的下皮線。同時，按吊頂平面圖，在混凝土頂板彈出主龍骨的位置。主龍骨應(yīng)從吊頂中心向兩邊分，最大間距為1000mm，并標(biāo)出吊桿的固定點，吊桿的固定點間距900-1000mm隊如遇到梁和管道固定點大于設(shè)計和規(guī)程要求，應(yīng)增加吊桿的固定點。（2）固定吊掛桿件采用膨脹螺栓固定吊掛桿件。不上人的吊頂，吊桿長度小于1000mm門可以采用φ6的吊桿，如果大于100Omm,應(yīng)采用φ10的吊桿，還應(yīng)設(shè)置反向支撐。上人的吊頂，吊桿長度小于1000mm,可以采用φ8的吊桿，如果大于10Oomm,應(yīng)采用φ10的吊桿，還應(yīng)設(shè)置反向支撐。吊桿的一端同L30×30×3角碼焊接(角碼的孔徑應(yīng)根據(jù)吊桿和膨脹螺栓的直徑確定)，另一端可以用攻絲套出大于1O0mm的絲桿，也可以買成品絲桿焊接。制作好的吊桿應(yīng)做防銹處理，吊桿用膨脹螺栓固定在樓板上，用沖擊電錘打孔，孔徑應(yīng)稍大于膨脹螺栓的直徑。（3）在梁上設(shè)置吊掛桿件吊掛桿件應(yīng)通直并有足夠的承載能力。當(dāng)預(yù)埋的桿件需要接長時，必須搭接焊牢，焊縫要均勻飽滿。吊桿距主龍骨端部距離不得超過30Omm仍則應(yīng)增加吊桿。吊頂燈具及檢修口等應(yīng)設(shè)附加吊桿。（4）安裝邊龍骨邊龍骨的安裝應(yīng)按設(shè)計要求彈線，沿墻(柱)上的水平龍骨線把L形鍍鋅輕鋼條用自攻螺絲固定在預(yù)埋木磚上;如為混凝土墻(柱)，可用射釘固定，射釘間距應(yīng)不大于吊頂次龍骨的間距。（5）安裝主龍骨主龍骨應(yīng)吊掛在吊桿上。主龍骨間距900-1000mm主龍骨分為輕鋼龍骨和T形龍骨。輕鋼龍骨可選用UC50中龍骨和UC38小龍骨。主龍骨應(yīng)平行房間長向安裝，同時應(yīng)起拱，起拱高度為房間跨度的1/200-1/300。主龍骨的懸臂段不應(yīng)大于30Onm，否則應(yīng)增加吊桿。主龍骨的接長應(yīng)采取對接，相鄰龍骨的對接接頭要相互錯開。主龍骨掛好后應(yīng)基本調(diào)平?？缍却笥?5m以上的吊頂，應(yīng)在主龍骨上，每隔15m加一道大龍骨，并垂直主龍骨焊接牢固。如有大的造型頂棚，造型部分應(yīng)用角鋼或扁鋼焊接成框架，并應(yīng)與樓板連接牢固。（6）安裝次龍骨次龍骨分明龍骨和暗龍骨兩種。暗龍骨吊頂:即安裝罩面板時將次龍骨封閉在柵內(nèi)，在頂棚表面看不見次龍骨。明龍骨吊頂:即安裝罩面板時次龍骨明露在罩面板下，在頂棚表面能夠看見次龍骨。次龍骨應(yīng)緊貼主龍骨安裝。次龍骨間距300-60Omm。次龍骨分為T形烤漆龍骨、T形鋁合金龍骨，和各種條形扣板廠家配帶的專用龍骨。用T形鍍鋅鐵片連接件把次龍骨固定在主龍骨上時，次龍骨的兩端應(yīng)搭在L形邊龍骨的水平翼緣上，條形扣板有專用的陰角線做邊龍骨。第五章質(zhì)量保證措施1、主控項目（1）、吊頂標(biāo)高、尺寸、起拱和造型應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求。（2）、飾面材料的材質(zhì)、品種、式樣、規(guī)格應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求。（3）、吊桿、龍骨和石膏板安裝必須牢固。（4）、吊桿、龍骨的材質(zhì)、規(guī)格、安裝間距及連接方法應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求，金屬吊桿、龍骨應(yīng)經(jīng)過表面防腐處理。2、一般項目（1）、石膏板表面應(yīng)潔凈、色澤一致、不得有翹曲、裂縫及缺損。（2）、石膏板上的燈具、煙感器、噴淋頭、風(fēng)口箅子等設(shè)備的位置應(yīng)合理、美觀、與飾面板交接應(yīng)吻合、嚴(yán)密。（3）、石膏板的接縫應(yīng)均勻一致，角縫應(yīng)吻合，表面應(yīng)平整，無翹曲、錘印。3、允許偏差項目項次項目允許偏差檢驗方法石膏板1表面平整度2mm用2m靠尺和塞尺檢查拉5m線檢查用鋼尺和塞尺檢查2接縫直線度3mm3接縫高低差1mm第六章安全文明措施l、現(xiàn)場臨時水電設(shè)專人管理,防止長明燈、長流水。用水、用電分開計量,通過對數(shù)據(jù)的分析得到節(jié)能效果并逐步改進。2、工人操作地點和周圍必須清潔整齊,做到活完腳下清,工完場地清,制定嚴(yán)格的成品保護措施。3、持證上崗制:特殊工種必須持有上崗操作證,嚴(yán)禁無證上崗。4、中小型機具必須經(jīng)檢驗合格,履行驗收手續(xù)后方可使用。同時應(yīng)由專門人員使用操作并負(fù)責(zé)維修保養(yǎng)。必須建立中小型機具的安全操作制度,并將安全操作制度牌掛在機具旁明顯處。5、中小型機具的安全防護裝置必須保持齊全、完好、靈敏有效。6、使用人字梯攀高作業(yè)時只準(zhǔn)一人使用,禁止同時兩人作業(yè)。第七章成品保護1、輕鋼骨架、罩面板及其他吊頂材料在人場存放、使用過程中應(yīng)嚴(yán)格管理,保證不變形、不受潮、不生銹。2、裝修吊頂用吊桿嚴(yán)禁挪做機電管道、線路吊掛用；機電管道、線路如與吊頂?shù)鯒U位置矛盾,須經(jīng)過項目技術(shù)人員同意后更改,不得隨意改變、挪動吊桿。3、吊頂龍骨上禁止鋪設(shè)機電管道、線路。4、輕鋼骨架及罩面板安裝應(yīng)注意保護頂棚內(nèi)各種管線,輕鋼骨架的吊桿、龍骨不準(zhǔn)固定在通風(fēng)管道及其他設(shè)備件上。DesignandimplementationofindoorenvironmentfirealarmsystembasedonWirelessSensorNetworkAuthor:XiuWenFu,WenfengLi,LinYangAsanewnetworktechnology,wirelesssensornetworks(WSN)arewidelyusedinvariousemergencyeventsbecauseoftheirstronglocalcooperativesensingandtheabilitytointerpretdatafromtheenvironment.Inthispaper,weproposeafirealarmsystemcalledfirealarmingsystemindoorenvironment(fasie),whichinnovativelyintegrateswirelessfirealarmnetworkwithhandfireextinguishingrescuesupportsystem.Unliketraditionalwirelesssensornetworksthatimplementfirenetworks,thefasieisabletofireintofire,includingfirealarms,providingfullrangeofservices,firerescuingandFirefighterpositioning.InordertoexplainFaheybetter,wefirstgiveageneraldescriptionoffasieandintroducethearchitectureofthesystem.Then,thehardwareandsystemperformanceareintroduced.Keywords:WirelessSensorNetworks(WSN),indoorenvironment,firealarmsystem,handheldfirerescuesupportsystem1IntroductionWiththenewmanufacturingandintegrationtechnology,reducethecost,thesizeofthewirelesssensor,wehavewitnessedanotherrevolution,isconducivetothecontrolandobservationofourlifeandthephysicalworld,asthenetworktechnologytodo,microsensorsconnectedtoeachindividualandorganizationdeeplyembeddedintothephysicalenvironmentofinformationexchangenetworkwecanobservewiththeenvironmentandinaloyal,previouslynotreal-timehuman-computerinteraction.Asoneofthemostinfluentialaspectsoffireprotectionapplications,publicsafetyactivitieshavealsoachievedsignificantbenefitsintheemergenceofwirelesssensornetworksandtheirfurtherdevelopmentin[2].Inthispaper,weproposeawirelessfirealarmsystemfirealarmsystemforindoorenvironment(fasie)themaincontributionistheintroductionofthewirelessnetworkandhandheldfirealarmfirerescuefirealarmandrescuesupportsystemtoprovidecomprehensivetechnicalsupport.Therestofthisarticleisorganizedasfollows.Section51.2describesthestate-of-the-artofexistingfirealarmsystems.Inthe51.3section,fasieisintroducedfromthepointofviewofsystemcompositionandfunction.The51.4sectiondescribesthefasielayeredarchitecture.The51.5sectionintroducesthekeyhardwareoffasie.The51.6partanalyzestheperformanceoffasie.Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkarepresentedinsect.51.7.2relatedworkBecausewirelesssensornetworkshavegreatpotentialinthefieldoffireprotection,manyfireprotectionsystemshavebeendevelopedbasedonWSN.Butinmostcases,theonlypurposeofthenetworkistoobtainenvironmentaldata,whicharecollectedanddisplayedinabasestation,storedinadatabase,orsenttoaremotelocation[3,4].Here,severalrepresentativeproposalsdifferfromthetraditionalparadigmasfollows:(1)CFFDRS[5]isaforestfirethathasbeenextensivelyimplementedintheUnitedStatesandnewzealand.Themaincomponentofthesystemisthefireweatherindex(FWD),andthisindexisthekeymeteorologicalelementthroughthefire,suchastemperature,evaluationofrelativehumidity,windspeedandprecipitation.TheacquisitionofCFFDRSinformationreliesonwirelesssensornodesdeployedinthousandsofforestedareas.TheCFFDRSmonitoringnetworkcollectsvariousinformation(e.g.,temperature,windspeed,andhumidity).Thebasestationofthemonitoringnetworkprovidesenvironmentalinformationdirectlytotheremoteserver.(2)scier[6]isacomprehensivesystemforthedetection,monitoringandpredictionofnaturaldisasters.Scier'stargetapplicationsareurbanandruralareas.Theuniquecomponentinscieristhelocalalarmcontrolunit,usedtocontrolthewirelesssensornetwork(WSN)andisresponsiblefortheearlydetection,locationandsubsequentfirealarmfunctionofthefire.Scierdevelopswirelesssensornodesintwodifferenturbanandruralareas:citizens,masters,publicsensors,sensors.Thecitizensoftheowners,sensors,andsensorsofpublicownership,sensors,andinstallationsaredifferent,dependingontheirapplicationscenarios.(3)Eidos[7]isacomprehensivesystemincludingalarm,firealarmandrescue.Themaincomponentofthesystemisanetworkcomposedofthousandsofsensornodes,deployedinthefieldofunmannedaerialvehicles(UAV).Anotherkeyelementofthesystemisthehandhelddevicethatfirefighterscarry.Thenetworkisresponsibleformonitoringthemonitoringareaandsendingenvironmentalinformationtoremoteservers.Handhelddevicesareintegratedwithlightweightbrowsersthathaveaccesstoremotedatabasesordatacenters.Insummary,althoughthesystemhasexperiencedsignificantimprovementcomparedwiththetraditionalcases,mostofthemonlyfocusontherealizationofsingleprofessionalfirealarmnetworkorfirerescuesupportnetwork,resultingininabilitytoundertakemorecomplextasks.Toacertainextent,theydowastealotofresources.Therefore,thefasieaimstoprovidemorecomprehensiveservicesforfireprotectionactivities,includingfiremonitoring,firefighting,rescueandfirepersonnelpositioning.3systemintroductionThefasiesystemconsistsoftwocomponentapplicationarchitectures:awirelessfirealarmnetworkandahandheldfirerescuesupportsystem.Wirelessfirealarmnetworksaredeployedbyhundredsofwirelesssensornodesinbuildingsandotherapplicationscenarios.Sincewirelesssensornodeshavespecializedapplicationsinfirescenarios,eachnodeisencapsulatedinfireprotectionpackage.WithWSNforestmonitoring,themainapplicationsoffasiearemainlyfocusedonindoorenvironmentalmonitoring.Therefore,thenodeisequippedwithtwopowermodules(batterymoduleandfixedpowermodule).Whenthefirehappens,thewirelessfirealarmnetworkcandetectthefireatonceandsendoutalarminformationtothebasestation.Infasie,thebasestationisasmallhigh-performanceembeddedsystemwithtwocommunicationinterfaces(suchasWi-Fiand3G),whichcanbedeployedeasily.Whenthebasestationreceivesthealarminformation,thealarminformationisforwardedtothemonitoringplatformthroughtheWi-Fi,andcorrespondingevacuationandcallservicedecisionsaremadeaccordingtothereceivedinformation.AkeyelementofthehandheldfirerescuesupportsysteminFASIEisuniquefeaturesthatcandistinguishthissystemfromotherexistingsupportsystemsforfireprotection.Ahandheldfirerescuesystemconsistsoftwodevices:afirePDAandawirelesssensornodewithaBluetoothinterface.PortablewirelesssensornodescanshareinformationwithPDAviaBluetoothinterface.Information(suchasRSSIandLQI)isdynamicallyselforganized.Throughtheindoorenvironmentlocationalgorithm,PDAcanaccesstheaccuratelocationoffirefightersandnotifythesupervisionplatformthroughthe3Gnetwork.Inadditiontoindoorlocationservices,thehandheldfirerescuesystemalsoincludesoutdoorlocationservicesandhealthstatusmonitoring.WiththesupportoftheGPSchipwithinthePDA,thePDAisabletoaccesstheexactlocationandcanprovidegreathelptofireequipmentandcrewscheduling.Becauseoftheintegrationofmultiplesensorsforportablewirelesssensornodes,wirelesssensornodesareabletosensetheambientenvironmentandmonitorthephysicalparametersofthefirefighters.Throughthe3Gnetwork,themonitoringcentercanmonitorthefirefighter'shealthandsurroundingconditions.Whenthefirefightersareindanger,supervisetheplatformandorganizerescueimmediately.Inaddition,sincethehandheldfirealarmingsystemisalightweightbrowserintegration,firefighterscanaccessremotedatabasesthroughWebservices.4TierArchitectureInordertoimprovetheversatility,flexibilityandscalabilityofthesystem,thefasiedesignadoptsahierarchicalarchitecture,followedbytheopensysteminterconnectionreferencemodel(OSI),andthe[8]isdividedintosixlayers.Fromtoptobottom,theyareapplicationlayer,forwardinglayer,assemblylayer,linkmanagementlayer,equipmentlayerandsensinglayer.1.asthelowestlevelofthesystem,theperceptionlayerisresponsiblefortheenvironmentawarenessandinformationcollection.Ingeneral,thesensinglayercollectsenvironmentalinformationandinformationpassedtothedevicelayerviadatainterfaces(suchasSPIandPC).Dependingonthedevice,thedatarelayedfromthesensorlayerisalsodifferent.Forwirelesssensornodes,sensinglayermainlyfusessmokeandtemperatureinformation.Forhandhelddevices,thesensorlayeralsoincludesphysicalparameterssuchasECGandbloodpressure,inadditiontotheenvironmentalparametersmentionedabove.Theselectionofsensoranddatainterfaceandtheconfigurationofsamplingratearethekeytechnologiesofsensorlayer.2.thedevicelayeristhebasisofthesystem,andallclientorientedfunctionsmustbeimplementedthroughthislayer.Theresponsibilityforthedevicelayeristoprovidehardwaresupportforwirelesscommunicationsbetweendevices(suchasWi-Fi,ZigBee,andBluetooth).Ingeneral,thedevicelayermainlyincludesgatewaydevices,anditscoretechnologyistorealizethesharingofinformation.Therearemanykindsofdevicesbetweendifferenttypesanddifferentdatainterfaces.3.linkmanagementlayerplaysanimportantroleinnetworkselforganization,andisconsideredasthemaintechnicalbottleneckthathinderstheprogressofWSNresearch.Theresponsibilitiesofmanaginglinklayerincludeneighbordiscovery,authenticationandlinkestimationandself-organization.Infasie,whenanewdevice,suchasawirelessfirealarmnode,isaddedtothenetwork,thelinkmanagementdetectsthedeviceandsubmitstherelevantinformationtotheforwardinglayer.Itisworthnotingthatwhenhandheldfirefightersenterthedetectionarea,linkmanagementshouldalsobeabletocapturethetrajectoryoffirefighters.4.theforwardinglayerisresponsiblefordatatransmissionanddependencelayer.Morespecifically,ifthelinkmanagementlayerisusedtobuildthechannel,theforwardinglayerisdesignedtosolvesuchproblemsasselectingwhichchannelandwhichpaththedatashouldfollow.Asforfasie,theroleofthebroadcastlayerintheforwardingsystemistodeterminethatthelowerhoopshouldestablishamessagequeuetothetargetnodetoachieveeffectivecachemanagement.5、theassemblylayercanbeconsideredasalinkbetweenhigh-levelapplicationsthatconnectnetworkapplications,anditsfunctionsusuallyincludeencryption,protocolconversion,andnameservice.DuetothehighsensitivityofWSNenergyconsumption,thedataprovidedfromonedevicetoanotherneedtoberecodedtoshortenthelengthofmessages,thusensuringthesafetyandenergysavingofinformation.Whentheencodedmessagearrivesatthedevice,theassemblylayeralsorequiresdecodingtheinformationtoensuretheintegrityoftheinformation.Fasieinvolvesseveralnetworkmedia.Differentnetworkmediarequiredifferentnetworkprotocols.Therefore,theassemblylayerrequiresprotocoltransformationstomaintaintheinformationflowacrossdifferenttypesofnetworks.6.Applicationlayerasthehighestlevelofthesystem,responsibleforprovidingservicestocustomers.Applicationlayerperformancepayscloseattentiontotheuserexperience,thusaffectingthefutureapplicationmarket.ExtensibleandflexibleAPIisanimportantpartoftheapplicationlayer,whichcanhelpcustomerstodiversifytheirfunctionsaccordingtotheirownrequirements.One5devicedesign5.1wirelesssensornodesWirelesssensornodefasie,wechosetheATMELmicrocontrollerATmega1288bitprocessorasacontroller,ChipconastheRFchipCC2530.Toensuretheaccuracyofthetestresults,twotypesofsensors(suchassmokesensorsandthermometers)areusedtodetectfire.WechooseMQ-2resistancesensor,smokesensor,selecttemperatureacquisition,DS18B20digitaltemperaturesensorCC2530isarealsystemonchip(SOC)IEEE802.15.4ZigBeeRF4CEapplicationsolution.Itenablespowerfulnetworknodeswithverylowtotalmaterialcostbills.CC2530combinestheleadingRFtransceiverwiththeindustrystandardforitsexcellentperformanceoftheenhanced8051microcontroller,thesystemprogrammableflashmemory,the8KBRAM,andmanyotherpowerfulfeatures.CC2530hasdifferentoperatingmodes,makingitidealforsystemsrequiringultra-lowpowerconsumption.Theshorttransitiontimebetweentheoperatingmodesensuresfurtherlowenergyconsumptionby91.MQ-2smokesensors,resistivesensorsareusedtomeasureflammablegasesintheair.Thevoltagerequiredfornormaloperationis5VandthesupplyvoltageisMQ-2.ThesensingnodeissuppliedbytheATmega128microcontrollerboard6V.DS18B20:DS18B20isahighprecisionthermometerinairsensingtemperature.Itsoperatingtemperaturerangeisbetween-55and125OCandtheexactrangeof+0.5oc-10OCto85oc.Powersupplyrange3.0~5.5v.wirelesssensornodeforfasie,powersupplydependsontheATmega128microcontrollerboardandthepowersupplyvoltageis5V.5.2embeddedgatewayEmbeddedgatewayisbasedonthex20iiboardasthecorecontrollerofS5PV210samsung.Theembeddedgatewayisequippedwithawirelessieee801.llB/ginterfaceandafastEthernetinterfacethatenablescustomerstoselectdifferentnetworkinterfacesrelativetotheactualnetworkenvironment.Inaddition,theembeddedgatewayalsoprovides2RS232serialportsand4USBports(Figure51.4).5.3handfirefightingrescuesupportsystemAsshowninFigure51.5,handheldfireextinguishingsystemsconsistoftwoparts:highperformancePDAandportablefiresensornodes.ThefunctionofPDAistoreceive,displayandrelaydatafromtheportablefiresensornode,andthemainfunctionoftheportablesensornodecentralizednetworkreceivingpositiondatainthecollectionofenvironmentalinformationfromthesceneofthefireandthedeploymentofwirelessfirealarm.Here,wechosethefasieU880ZTEPDAhardwareplatform.SinceU880isapowerfulmobilecommunicationdevicethatsupportsBluetoothandGPSpositioning,itisfullyqualifiedintheFASIEshoulderPDAtask.Portablefirerescuesupportsystemconsistsoffourmodules:ATmega128microcontrollerbasedcontroller,CC2530RFchip,Bluetoothmoduleandsensormodule.Sincethedesignandinstallationofthewirelesssensornodewiththeamtega128controllerandtheCC2530RFchip,thenodesdescribedinthewirelesssensornodearesimilar.5.1.InFASIE,weselecttheBluetoothmodule,andtheBluetoothmoduleissupportedbytheCSRhc-05,whichsupportstheATinstructionsetandthemaster-slavemodeswitch.Infasie,theBluetoothmodule'ssupplyvoltageisprovidedbytheATmega128controlleranditsdatatransmissionisdependentontheTTLserialport.6experimentalevaluationTofurtherillustratetheperformanceoffasie,inthissection,weselecttheperformanceparametersofasinglesensornode,suchasthebatterylifetimeandtheaveragedelayofthewholenetwork.Inalifetimetestofawirelesssensornode,afullychanged9Vbatteryisplacedatthesensingnode,andthesamplingfrequencyisconfiguredtobe2persecond.Throughouttheoverallperformanceofthenetwork,thetestsiteislocatedata2000km"trainstation"wherethefasiesystemhasbeendeployedandfunctioningproperly.Fortheinstallationoffirealarmnodesaccordingtothenationalmandatoryregulations,themonitoringareaofsinglesensornodesislimitedtowithin20meters-.Inaddition,weusetheCSMAMACprotocoltoincorporatethepresenceofinterferenceinthebackupandfurtheravoidtheoccurrenceofpacketloss.6.1batterylifeTheperformanceofwirelesssensornodesimprovesinourdeployment.Atthestart,thebatteryisfullycharged,andwhenthevoltageis5V,thevoltageofthebatteryislessthan4.1V,andtheoperationofthenodebecomesunstable.Therefore,here,wecanconsiderthetimeofbatteryvoltagefrom5to4.1Vasthenodelifetime.Asshowninthediagram,thevoltagevalueofthebatterydecreasessmoothlyovertime,anditwilltakemorethan2monthstoreachthenodefailurethreshold,whichisfarbeyondwhatwecalltarget6weeks.Itisworthnotingthatintheinitialexperiment,thenodecanonlylastforamaximumofoneweek.Thereasonforthisisthatweareonlysettingtheidlemodeinthecontrollerprocessoridle,butnotthepowerconsumptionoftheRFchip.Infact,accordingtotheparametersmentionedinLL,morethan70%oftheenergyisconsumedinthedatatransferphase.6.2TimeDelayHere,weemployanewparametertomeasurethetimedelaythatoccursduringdatatransmission.Assumingthatanetworknodeiscreated,apredefinedpacketisprovidedwithatimestampthroughthecardiacnetworkandthensenttothebasestation.Oncethebasestationreceivesapacket,aconfirmationpacketwillbecreatedandsentbackimmediately.Whenthebasestationnodeobtainstheconfirmationpacket,2hourstoconfirmreceiptofdatapackets,thenodewillberecordedandtimedelayinTr,diyaxin,canbeeasilyaccessed,thentheaveragedelayoftheentirenetworkcanbeeasilyobtainedbythesameprocedureisrepeatedin.Fromthegraph,whenthenumberofnodesinthenetworkis<30),theimpactofnetworkexpansionontheoveralldelayisnotobvious,andthenetworksizeincreasedto100,thegrowthtrendhasbecomemoreactive.Forthisreason,whenthenetworksizeislessthan20,mainlythroughthesensornodesandthebasestationandtheaveragedelaytimeofsinglehopcommunicationis9milliseconds,butwiththeexpansionofnetworkscale,theaveragehopbetweenbasestationandsensornodenumberincreasedrapidly,leadingtoasharpincreaseintimedelaytimeandtideaveragedelay7conclusionsandfutureworkInthispaper,acomprehensivefirealarmsystem,fasie,basedonthenetworkstructureofwirelesssensornetworks,hasbeendesigned,andhardwaredesign.Severalexperimentshavebeenimplementedtoevaluatethesystemperformance.Byintegratingawirelessfirealarmnetworkwithahandheldfirerescuesupportsystem,thefasiecangotofireoperations,includingfirealarms,providingfullservice,firefighting,rescueandFirefighterlocations.Asoneofthedistinctivefeaturesoftheimplementationoffirefightingactivitiesfromthehighlydynamicnetworkoffirefightersorfailure,faulttolerantroutingprotocolisoneoftheimportantcriteriatomeasuretheperformanceoffireprotectionsystem,thiswillbeamajorfocusoffuturework.Reference1.L.,Mottola,L,PiCCO,GP(2010)programmingthebasicconceptsandstateoftheartofwirelesssensornetworks.Overviewofinvertedindex2.Fortino,G,GuetTieri,GMPetal.O'Hare(2012)aflexiblebuildingmanagementframeworkforwirelesssensorandactuatornetworkbasedon.Networkcomputerapplications,35(6):1934-19523.GarciaEM,Bermudez,CarcedoR,QuilesFJ(2007)collaborativedataprocessingforforestfireprevention.FourthEuropeanConferenceonWirelessSensorNetworks4.Son,EHB,she,Kim,J(2006)andthedesignandimplementationofKoreanforestfiremonitoringsystembasedonwirelesssensornetwork.Computationalscienceofnetworksecurity5,Kucuk,G,Kosucu,B,subgas,baydere,S(2008)firesense:usingwirelesssensornetworksystemtopredictanddetectforestfires.FourthIEEE/ACMInternationalConferenceondistributedsensorsystems(dcoss,'08),Santorini,Greece6.Sevas,Sekkas,O,hadjiefthymiades,Anagnostopoulos,C(2007)throughfusiontechnologyinurbanandruralinterfacefiredetection.ThefirstInternationalConferenceonmobilead,hocnetworksandsensorsystems,globalandHomelandSecurity(2007,Pisa,Italy,mass-ghs)7.GarciaEM,BermudezR,Masenna,Carcedo(2008)asimulationsupportsystemofwirelesssensornetworkbasedonwildfirefighting.IEEEmodelinternationalsymposium,simulationanalysiswithwirelesssensornetworks(massn,'08),Sydney8,Bachir,Dohler,M,Leung,Watteyne,KK(2010)wirelesssensornetworkMACessentials.IEEECommunicationsSurveyandtutorial,Volume12(2),secondquarter2010基于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的室內(nèi)環(huán)境火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)作者：秀文付，文峰麗，林洋無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WSN）作為一種新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，具有較強的局部協(xié)同感知和從環(huán)境中解釋數(shù)據(jù)的能力，在各種突發(fā)事件中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。在本文中，我們提出了一個火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)稱為firealarming系統(tǒng)室內(nèi)環(huán)境（fasie），創(chuàng)新性地集成了手持滅火救援支持系統(tǒng)的無線火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)。不同于傳統(tǒng)的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)實現(xiàn)消防網(wǎng)絡(luò)，fasie能夠到消防活動包括火災(zāi)報警提供全方位的服務(wù)，firerescuing和消防員定位。為了更好地說明費伊，首先給出了fasie總體描述和介紹了該系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)。然后，硬件和系統(tǒng)性能進行了介紹。關(guān)鍵詞：無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WSN）室內(nèi)環(huán)境火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)手持式消防救援保障系統(tǒng)1引言隨著新的制造和集成技術(shù)，降低成本，無線微傳感器的尺寸，我們見證了另一場革命，有利于觀察和我們的生活與物理世界的控制，正如網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)所做的方式，個人和組織相互連接的微型傳感器深深嵌入到物理環(huán)境的信息交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)使我們能夠觀察隨著環(huán)境和在一個忠誠，以前得不到實時的人機交互。消防應(yīng)用作為一個最有影響力的方面，公眾安全活動，也取得了顯著的好處，無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)和其進一步發(fā)展[2]。在本文中，我們提出了一種無線火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)環(huán)境（fasie）的主要貢獻是引入了無線火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)和手持滅火救援支持系統(tǒng)提供火災(zāi)報警和救援全面的技術(shù)支持。本文的其余部分組織如下。第51.2節(jié)介紹了現(xiàn)有的火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的最先進的。51.3節(jié)從系統(tǒng)組成和功能的角度介紹了fasie。51.4節(jié)介紹了fasie分層體系結(jié)構(gòu)。51.5節(jié)介紹有關(guān)fasie關(guān)鍵硬件。51.6部分分析fasie性能。最后，結(jié)論和今后的工作中提出的教派。51.7。2相關(guān)工作由于無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在消防領(lǐng)域具有巨大的應(yīng)用潛力，基于WSN開發(fā)了許多消防系統(tǒng)。但在大多數(shù)情況下，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的唯一目的是在獲取環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)收集和顯示在一個基站，存儲在數(shù)據(jù)庫中或發(fā)送到遠程位置[3,4]。在這里，有幾個代表性的建議不同于傳統(tǒng)范式如下：（1）CFFDRS[5]是一個森林火災(zāi)已在美國和新西蘭廣泛實施危險等級系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分是火險天氣指數(shù)（FWD和這個指數(shù)是通過火的關(guān)鍵氣象要素如溫度、評估相對濕度、風(fēng)速和降水。的CFFDRS信息獲取依賴于無線傳感節(jié)點部署在森林地區(qū)的成千上萬。監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)的CFFDRS收集各種信息（例如，溫度、風(fēng)速和濕度）。監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)的基站直接向遠程服務(wù)器提供環(huán)境信息。（2）scier[6]是一個綜合性的系統(tǒng)工作的檢測、監(jiān)測及預(yù)測自然災(zāi)害。scier的目標(biāo)應(yīng)用是城市和農(nóng)村地區(qū)。在scier獨特的組件是本地報警控制單元，用于控制無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)（WSN）并負(fù)責(zé)火災(zāi)的早期檢測、定位和隨后的火災(zāi)報警功能。scier開發(fā)無線傳感節(jié)點兩種不同城市地區(qū)和農(nóng)村地區(qū)分別為：公民主人公有傳感器傳感器。公民的所有者傳感器和公共擁有的傳感器的權(quán)威，傳感器和安裝是不同的，根據(jù)他們的應(yīng)用場景。（3）eidos[7]是一個包括報警報警和滅火救援綜合系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分是由成千上萬的傳感器節(jié)點組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，部署在外地的無人機（UAV）。系統(tǒng)中的另一個關(guān)鍵要素是消防員攜帶的手持設(shè)備。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)視監(jiān)視區(qū)域并向遠程服務(wù)器發(fā)送環(huán)境信息。手持設(shè)備與能夠訪問遠程數(shù)據(jù)庫或數(shù)據(jù)中心的輕量級瀏覽器集成在一起。綜上所述，盡管上述系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷了顯著的改善與傳統(tǒng)案件相比，他們中的大多數(shù)只關(guān)注單實現(xiàn)地區(qū)專業(yè)火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)或消防救援支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)，導(dǎo)致沒有能力承擔(dān)更復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。在某種程度上，他們確實浪費了許多資源。因此，對fasie目的是為消防活動包括火災(zāi)監(jiān)測提供更全面的服務(wù)、滅火救援和消防人員定位。3系統(tǒng)介紹fasie系統(tǒng)是由兩組件應(yīng)用架構(gòu)：無線火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)和手持滅火救援支持系統(tǒng)。無線火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)是由數(shù)百個無線傳感節(jié)點部署在建筑物和其他應(yīng)用場景。由于在火災(zāi)場景中具有專門應(yīng)用的無線傳感節(jié)點，每個節(jié)點封裝成防火包裝。與WSN的森林監(jiān)測，對fasie主要應(yīng)用主要集中在室內(nèi)環(huán)境監(jiān)測。因此，節(jié)點配備兩個電源模塊（電池模塊和固定電源模塊）?；馂?zāi)發(fā)生時，無線火災(zāi)報警網(wǎng)絡(luò)能夠即時檢測火災(zāi)，同時向基站發(fā)出報警信息。在fasie，基站是一個小型的高性能嵌入式系統(tǒng)的兩個通信接口（如Wi-Fi和3G），它可以部署方便。基站在接收報警信息時，通過Wi-Fi將告警信息轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)到監(jiān)控平臺，并根據(jù)接收到的信息進行相應(yīng)的疏散和呼叫服務(wù)等相關(guān)決策。手持滅火救援支持系統(tǒng)在FASIE的一個關(guān)鍵因素是獨特的特征可以區(qū)分本系統(tǒng)從其他現(xiàn)有的支撐系統(tǒng)消防。手持式消防救援系統(tǒng)由兩個裝置組成：一個防火PDA和一個具有藍牙接口的無線傳感節(jié)點。便攜式無線傳感節(jié)點能夠通過藍牙接口與PDA共享信息。信息（例如RSSI和LQI）通過動態(tài)自組織。通過室內(nèi)環(huán)境定位算法，PDA能夠訪問消防隊員的準(zhǔn)確位置，并通過3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)通知監(jiān)管平臺。除了室內(nèi)定位服務(wù)外，手持消防救援系統(tǒng)的功能還包括室外定位服務(wù)和健康狀態(tài)監(jiān)測。PDA內(nèi)的GPS芯片的支持，PDA能夠訪問準(zhǔn)確的位置，可以提供巨大的幫助，消防設(shè)備和船員調(diào)度。由于集成了多個傳感器的便攜式無線傳感節(jié)點，無線傳感節(jié)點能夠感知周圍的環(huán)境和監(jiān)測的消防隊員的物理參數(shù)。通過3G網(wǎng)絡(luò)，監(jiān)控中心能夠監(jiān)督消防隊員的健康狀況及其周圍情況。當(dāng)消防人員面臨危險時，監(jiān)督平臺立即組織救援活動。此外，由于手持firealarming系統(tǒng)是一個輕量級的瀏覽器集成，消防員可以通過Web服務(wù)訪問遠程數(shù)據(jù)庫。4層體系結(jié)構(gòu)為了提高系統(tǒng)的通用性、靈活性和可擴展性，對fasie設(shè)計采用分層的體系結(jié)構(gòu)遵循開放系統(tǒng)互連參考模型（OSI）[8]，分為六層。從上到下，分別是應(yīng)用層、轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)層、裝配層、鏈路管理層、設(shè)備層和感測層。1.感知層作為系統(tǒng)的最低層次，負(fù)責(zé)環(huán)境感知和信息采集。在一般情況下，傳感層收集環(huán)境信息和信息傳遞到設(shè)備層通過數(shù)據(jù)接口（如SPI和PC）。根據(jù)不同的設(shè)備，從傳感層中繼的數(shù)據(jù)也不同。對于無線傳感器節(jié)點，傳感層主要融合煙霧和溫度信息。對于手持設(shè)備，除了上面提到的環(huán)境參數(shù)外，傳感層還包括消防員的物理參數(shù)（如心電圖和血壓）。傳感器和數(shù)據(jù)接口的選擇和采樣率的配置是傳感層值得注意的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。2、設(shè)備層是系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)，所有面向客戶端的功能必須通過這個層來實現(xiàn)。設(shè)備層的職責(zé)是為各種設(shè)備之間的無線通信（例如Wi-Fi、ZigBee和藍牙）提供硬件