PMI培訓(xùn)資料：常減壓蒸餾工藝與流程培訓(xùn)課件

2024/4/7常減壓蒸餾裝置CDU/VDU前言

恒逸文萊PMB石油化工項(xiàng)目擬建于文萊達(dá)魯薩蘭國(guó)大摩拉島，一期投資42.92億美元，主要包括800萬(wàn)噸/年常減壓蒸餾裝置，235萬(wàn)噸/年輕烴回收裝置，330萬(wàn)噸/年連續(xù)重整裝置，150萬(wàn)噸/年芳烴裝置，130萬(wàn)噸/年煤油加氫裝置，220萬(wàn)噸/年柴油加氫裝置，220萬(wàn)噸/年加氫裂化裝置，12萬(wàn)噸/年硫磺回收裝置，100萬(wàn)噸/年靈活焦化裝置等主體裝置以及相應(yīng)的公用工程、罐區(qū)、原油和成品油碼頭、變電所、海水淡化等配套工程，主要產(chǎn)品為液化氣、汽油、化工輕油、航空煤油、對(duì)二甲苯、柴油。2024/4/7PMBinvestmentabout4.292billiondollarsWhichcomprisesamainunitsuchas8.0MMTAatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunit,2.35MMTAlightendsrecoveryunit,3.3MMTAcontinuouscatalyticreformingunit,1.5MMTAaromatichydrocarbonunit,1.3MMTAkerosenehydrotreatingunit,2.2MMTAdieselhydrotreatingunit,2.2MMTAhydrocrackingunitand0.12MMTAsulfurrecoveryunit,1.0MMTAflexicokingunitandthecorrespondingutilitiesunit,Crudeoilandrefinedoiljetty/wharf,substations,seawaterdesalinationandandothersupportingunits,themainproductsareliquefiedpetroleumgas,gasoline,chemicallightoil,aviationkerosene,p-xylene,diesel.2024/4/7石油的組成與性質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)介石油又稱原油，是從地下深處開(kāi)采的棕黑色可燃粘稠液體，是古代海洋或湖泊中的生物經(jīng)過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的演化形成的混合物。石油的性質(zhì)因產(chǎn)地而異，密度一般為0.8～1.0克/厘米3，凝固點(diǎn)-60～30℃，沸點(diǎn)范圍從常溫至500℃以上，可溶于有機(jī)溶劑，不溶于水，但可與水形成乳狀液。2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleumABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleum.Oil,alsoknownascrudeoil,isextractedfromthedepthsofthedarkbrowncombustibleviscousliquid,istheancientoceanorlakecreaturesthroughthelongevolutionofthemixture.Thenatureoftheoilvariesfromplacetoplace,thedensityisgenerally0.8to1.0g/cm3,thefreezingpointis-60to30°C,andtheboilingpointrangesfromroomtemperaturetoabove500°C,solubleinorganicsolvents,insolubleinwater,butcanformEmulsionwithwater.2024/4/7石油的組成與性質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)介

石油組成：C（83％～87％）、H（11％～14％）、S（0.06％～0.8％）、N（0.02％～1.7％）、O（0.08％～1.82％）、Ni、V、Fe。碳?xì)浠衔铮N類）是石油的主要成分，約占95%～99%。

烴類中主要包括烷烴、環(huán)烷烴、芳香烴，以及在分子中兼有這三類烴結(jié)構(gòu)的混合烴，它們以氣態(tài)、液態(tài)、固態(tài)化合物形式存在。

2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleumOilcomposition:C（83％～87％）、H（11％～14％）、S（0.06％～0.8％）、N（0.02％～1.7％）、O（0.08％～1.82％）、Ni、V、Fe。Hydrocarbonsarethemaincomponentsofoil,accountingforabout95%to99%.Hydrocarbonsmainlyincludealkanes,naphthenes,aromatichydrocarbons,andmixedhydrocarbonsinthemoleculethathavethesethreehydrocarbonstructures,whichexistintheformofgaseous,liquid,andsolidcompounds.2024/4/7石油的組成與性質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)介原油分類按組成分類：以烷烴為主的石油---石蠟基石油；

以環(huán)烷烴、芳香烴為主的石油---環(huán)烴基石油；

介于二者之間的稱為中間基石油。按比重分類：

輕質(zhì)原油＜852kg/m3（20℃）；

中質(zhì)原油852～930kg/m3（20℃）；

重質(zhì)原油931～998kg/m3（20℃）；

特稠原油＞998kg/m3（20℃）按硫含量分類：

低硫原油硫含量＜0.5%；含硫原油硫含量0.5%～2.0%；

高硫原油硫含量＞2.0%。2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleum

ClassificationofcrudeoilClassificationbycomposition:

Alkaline-basedpetroleum-paraffinic-basedpetroleum;petroleum-basedhydrocarbonsbasedonnaphthenesandaromatics-ring-basedpetroleum;Classificationbyweight:

Lightcrudeoil<852kg/m3(20℃);

Mediumcrudeoil852~930kg/m3(20℃);

Heavycrudeoil931~998kg/m3(20℃);

Specialcrudeoil>998kg/m3(20℃)Classificationbysulfurcontent:

Sulfurcontentoflowsulfurcrudeoil<0.5%;

Sulfurcontentofsulfurcrudeoil0.5%to2.0%;

Sulfurcontentofhighsulfurcrudeoil>2.0%.2024/4/7煉油廠的分類燃料油型煉廠：生產(chǎn)重整原料、汽油、煤油、輕重柴油和各類工業(yè)燃料油外，減壓餾分油和減壓渣油通過(guò)深加工轉(zhuǎn)化為各種輕質(zhì)燃料。燃料-潤(rùn)滑油型煉廠：除生產(chǎn)重整原料、汽油、煤油、輕重柴油和各類工業(yè)燃料油外，部分減壓餾分油和減壓渣油還被用于生產(chǎn)各種潤(rùn)滑油產(chǎn)品。燃料-化工型煉廠：以生產(chǎn)燃料油和化工產(chǎn)品為主。燃料-潤(rùn)滑油-化工型煉廠：綜合型煉廠，既生產(chǎn)各種燃料、化工原料或產(chǎn)品同時(shí)又生產(chǎn)潤(rùn)滑油。2024/4/7RefineryclassificationFueloilrefinery:Productionofreformingrawmaterials,gasoline,kerosene,lightandheavydieseloilandvarioustypesofindustrialfueloil,theatmosphericdistillateandvacuumresiduethroughdeepprocessingintoavarietyoflightfuels.Fuel-LubricantRefinery:Inadditiontotheproductionofreformingrawmaterials,gasoline,kerosene,lightandheavydieseloilandvarioustypesofindustrialfueloil,partofthevacuumdistillateoilandvacuumresidueisalsousedtoproduceavarietyoflubricatingoilproducts.Fuel-ChemicalRefinery:Toproducefueloilandchemicalproducts.Fuel-Lubricants-ChemicalRefineries:Comprehensiverefinery,boththeproductionofvariousfuels,chemicalrawmaterialsorproductswhileproducinglubricants.2024/4/72024/4/7原油的一、二、三次加工一次加工指原油的常壓蒸餾或常減壓蒸餾過(guò)程，所得的輕、重產(chǎn)品稱為直餾產(chǎn)品。一次加工原油裝置的能力代表煉廠的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。二次加工用直餾產(chǎn)品作為原料，以提高輕油收率或產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、增加油品品種為目的的加工過(guò)程，如催化重整、催化裂化、加氫裂化、焦化、煤柴油加氫、渣油加氫等。將二次加工得到的商品油制取基本有機(jī)化工原料的工藝叫三次加工。三次加工裝置有：裂解制乙烯、芳烴分離等。2024/4/7First,second,thirdprocessingofcrudeoil

Aprocessingreferstoatmosphericdistillationoratmosphericdistillationprocessabilitytoobtainthelight,heavyproductsasstraight-runproducts.Theabilitytoprocessacrudeoilplantrepresentsthescaleoftherefinery.Secondaryprocessingstraight-runproductsasrawmaterialstoimprovetheyieldoflightoilorproductquality,increasethevarietyofoilforthepurposeoftheprocess,suchascatalyticreforming,catalyticcracking,hydrocracking,coking,coaldieselhydrogenation,slagOilandotherhydrogen.product

of

secondary

processing

of

oil

producing

technology

of

basicorganic

chemicalindustrial

rawmaterialsundergoprocessingisknownas

tertiaryprocessing.Tertiaryprocessingdevicesare:crackingethylene,aromaticseparation,etc.2024/4/72024/4/7燃料油型煉油廠總流程示意圖

Fueloilrefinerytotalflowdiagram

2024/4/7PMB石油化工項(xiàng)目—燃料油化工型煉油廠常減壓重整芳烴分離加氫裂化石腦油加氫煤油加氫原油輕烴回收液化氣輕石腦油苯、甲苯對(duì)二甲苯航空煤油柴油尾油焦炭柴油加氫2024/4/7靈活焦化酸性水汽提溶劑再生硫磺回收酸性水富胺液硫磺凈化水ADU/VDULERNaphthaHTKeroseneHTDieselHTFlexicokingHydrocrackingCCRAromaticsSeparationSourwaterstrippingSolventregenerationSulfurrecoverySourwaterRichamineLPGLightnaphthaBenzene,ToluenePXAviationkerosenedieselPurifiedwatersulfurTailoilcoke石油產(chǎn)品簡(jiǎn)介石油產(chǎn)品根據(jù)生產(chǎn)方法和最終用途可分為燃料、溶劑和化工原料、潤(rùn)滑劑和有關(guān)產(chǎn)品、蠟、瀝青、石油焦等幾大類。這里簡(jiǎn)要介紹石油產(chǎn)品中的燃料類。2024/4/7IntroductiontopetroleumproductsPetroleumproductsaccordingtotheproductionmethodsandendusagecanbedividedintofuel,solventsandchemicalrawmaterials,lubricantsandrelatedproducts,wax,asphalt,petroleumcokeandotherbroadcategories.Hereisabriefintroductiontothefuelproductsinpetroleumproducts2024/4/7液化石油氣石油煉制過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的石油氣的統(tǒng)稱，在常溫下，加壓就容易液化，主要成分為丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、少量戊烷、戊烯和微量硫化物。煉油-化工型煉廠中生產(chǎn)的液化氣不含丙烯、丁烯。液化氣可作為石油化工原料，用于烴類裂解制乙烯或蒸汽轉(zhuǎn)化制合成氣，可作為工業(yè)、民用和內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃料。2024/4/7LPGDuringtheoilrefiningprocess,intheproductionofLPG,atroomtemperature,andincreasepressure,LPGiseasytoliquefy,themaincomponentsarepropane,propylene,butane,butene,asmallamountofpentane,penteneandtracesofsulfide.Refining-ChemicalRefineryproducesliquefiedgaswithoutpropylene,butene.Liquefiedpetroleumgascanbeusedasapetrochemicalrawmaterialsforhydrocarbon-typescrackingofethyleneorsteamreformingsynthesisgas,canbeusedasindustrial,civilandinternalcombustionenginefuel.2024/4/7汽油汽油按研究法辛烷值分為90號(hào)、93號(hào)、95號(hào)和97號(hào)車用汽油四個(gè)牌號(hào)，日常生活中使用的汽油牌號(hào)就是按研究法辛烷值分類的。汽油通常用作汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃料。車用汽油根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壓縮比的高低選用不同牌號(hào)的汽油；壓縮比較高的，可選用較高牌的汽油；反之，則選用較低牌號(hào)的汽油。2024/4/7GasolineGasolineisdividedintogrades90,93,95and97petrolaccordingtotheresearchoctanenumber.Thegasolinegradesusedindailylifeareclassifiedaccordingtotheresearchoctanenumber.Gasolineisusuallyusedasfuelforpetrolengines.Automotivegasolineaccordingtotheleveloftheenginecompressionratioofdifferentgradesofgasoline;compressionratioisrelativelyhigh,thechoiceofhighergradeofgasolinecanbechosen;ontheotherhand,thechoiceoflowergradesofgasoline.2024/4/7汽油常減壓蒸餾裝置提供重整裝置石腦油，并根據(jù)重整的生產(chǎn)目的來(lái)確定石腦油的餾程切割范圍，當(dāng)生產(chǎn)高辛烷值汽油時(shí)，一般要求采用90～180℃餾分；生產(chǎn)苯、甲苯、二甲苯時(shí)，用60～145℃餾分；只生產(chǎn)苯時(shí)用60～85℃餾分；只生產(chǎn)二甲苯時(shí)，用110～145℃餾分。恒逸文萊項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)產(chǎn)品是對(duì)二甲苯，且設(shè)置有歧化，異構(gòu)化裝置，可以使C7～C9芳烴大部分轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)二甲苯，故常減壓裝置石腦油餾程范圍較寬，設(shè)計(jì)值為65～170℃。而汽油產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量滿足歐V排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求，辛烷值按92#和95#兩個(gè)牌號(hào)調(diào)和。2024/4/7GasolineTheatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitprovidesnaphthatothereformerunitandfromthere,itdeterminestherangeofnaphthafractionsaccordingtothepurposeofthereformingproduction.Whenproducinghighoctanegasoline,itisgenerallyrequiredtouse90to180°Cfractions;Benzene,toluene,xylene,with60~145℃fractions;onlytheproductionofbenzenewith60~85℃fractions;onlytheproductionofxylene,with110~145℃fractions.HengyiBruneiproject’stargetproductisp-xylene,andhasdisproportionationunit,isomerizationunit,canuselargepartsofC7~C9aromaticstoconverttop-xylene,sooftenatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunit’snaphthadistillationrangeiswide,Thevalueis65~170℃.ThequalityofgasolineproductstomeettheEuropeanVemissionstandardsforproductqualityrequirements,octanenumberby92#and95#twobrandstoblend.2024/4/7煤油

煤油舊稱燈油，主要用于點(diǎn)燈照明、各種噴燈、汽燈、汽化爐和煤油爐等的燃料；也可用作機(jī)械零部件的洗滌劑、橡膠和制藥工業(yè)溶劑、油墨稀釋劑、有機(jī)化工裂解原料；玻璃陶瓷工業(yè)、鋁板輾軋、金屬表面化學(xué)熱處理等工藝用油。航空煤油則主要用作噴氣式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)燃料，質(zhì)量指標(biāo)相對(duì)嚴(yán)格，常減壓蒸餾裝置需控制餾程，密度，閃點(diǎn)，冰點(diǎn)，結(jié)晶點(diǎn)等。恒逸文萊項(xiàng)目航煤產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量要求按文萊航煤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或執(zhí)行中國(guó)國(guó)標(biāo)GB6537-2006標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2024/4/7KeroseneKerosene,formerlyknownaslightoil,mainlyusedforlighting,allkindsofburners,gaslamps,gasificationfurnaceandkerosenefurnacefuel;canalsobeusedasmechanicalpartsofthedetergent,rubberandpharmaceuticalindustrysolvent,inkthinner,organicchemicalcrackingrawmaterials;Glassceramicsindustry,aluminumrolling,metalsurfacechemicalheattreatmentandotheroil.Aviationkeroseneismainlyusedforjetenginefuel,thequalityindexisrelativelystrict,soinatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitmustcontrolthedistillationrange,density,flashpoint,freezingpoint,crystallizationpointandsoon.HengyiBruneiPMBprojectaviationkeroseneproductqualityrequirementsaccordingtoBruneiaviationkerosenestandardortheimplementationofChinaGBGB3737-2006standard.2024/4/7柴油

輕柴油按質(zhì)量分為優(yōu)質(zhì)品、一級(jí)品和合格品三個(gè)等級(jí)，按凝點(diǎn)分為10號(hào)、0號(hào)、-10號(hào)、-20號(hào)、-35號(hào)和-50號(hào)六個(gè)牌號(hào)，10號(hào)輕柴油表示其凝點(diǎn)不高于10℃，其余類推。常減壓蒸餾裝置能控制柴油的餾程，密度，閃點(diǎn)等性質(zhì)。十六烷值是評(píng)定柴油點(diǎn)火性能的指標(biāo)，十六烷值越高，燃燒性能和低溫啟動(dòng)性越好。本項(xiàng)目柴油產(chǎn)品十六烷值按≮46，硫含量按≯10mg/kg考慮，其余指標(biāo)滿足歐V排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求。2024/4/7DieselLightdieseloilbyqualityisdividedintothreegrades:high-qualitygrade,Agradeandqualifiedgrade,accordingtothecondensatepointsaredividedinto10,0,-10,-20,-35and-50sixgrades,#10Lightdieseloilthatitsfreezingpointisnothigherthan10℃,therestoftheanalogy.Atmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitcancontrolthedistillationofdiesel,density,flashpointandotherproperties.Cetanenumberisanindicatorofdieselignitionperformance,thehigherthecetanenumber,thebetterthecombustionperformanceandtheabilitytostartatlowtemperatureisbetter.Thecetanenumberofdieseloilproductsinthisprojectisnotlesserthan46,thesulfurcontentiscontrolledby≯10mg/kg,andtheremainingindexesmeettherequirementsofEuropeanVemissionstandardsforproductquality.2024/4/7減壓蠟油

本項(xiàng)目減壓蠟油作加氫裂化原料，加氫裂化裝置對(duì)減壓蠟油要求控制殘?zhí)?、重金屬含量、含水等指?biāo)，同時(shí)要觀察顏色和密度，一般殘?zhí)靠刂圃?.2%以下。餾分過(guò)重密度大，金屬含量隨之增加，易造成催化劑中毒失去活性。含水量大也易造成催化劑失活，降低催化劑強(qiáng)度。2024/4/7VacuumwaxoilInthisproject,vacuumwaxoilisusedashydrocrackingrawmaterialandhydrocrackingunittocontroltheresidualcarboncontent,watercontentandsoon.Atthesametime,thecoloranddensityareobserved,andtheresidualcarboniscontrolledbelow0.2%.Fractionsthataretooheavywouldresultinhigherdensity,metalcontentincreases,easytocausecatalystpoisoningactivity.Highwatercontentisalsoeasytocausecatalystdeactivation,reducethecatalyststrength.2024/4/7減壓渣油

減壓渣油的質(zhì)量沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的控制指標(biāo)，根據(jù)原油性質(zhì)和全廠總流程方案的要求，視其不同用途，而有不同要求。根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)組成、重金屬含量、殘?zhí)康瓤纱_定是否能作催化裂化原料，如作焦化原料則沒(méi)有特殊要求，如作為商品燃料油一般粘度達(dá)不到要求，需經(jīng)減粘裂化或用其他輕油調(diào)和，才符合產(chǎn)品規(guī)格要求。隨著原油劣質(zhì)化，目前大多數(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)煉廠都設(shè)有渣油加氫脫硫裝置，加氫后渣油送去催化裂化裝置生產(chǎn)汽油、柴油等產(chǎn)品，節(jié)約成本的同時(shí)，又能多產(chǎn)出汽油柴油產(chǎn)品，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。恒逸文萊PMB項(xiàng)目增設(shè)靈活焦化裝置來(lái)處理減壓渣油，產(chǎn)出靈活氣、液化氣、汽油、柴油、蠟油和焦炭產(chǎn)品。2024/4/7VacuumresidueThereisnouniformcontrolindexforthequalityofthevacuumresidue.Accordingtothenatureofthecrudeoilandtherequirementsofthewholeprocessofthewholeplant,dependingonitsuse,therearedifferentrequirements.Accordingtoitsstructure,heavymetalcontent,carbonresidue,thesecandeterminewhetheritcanbeusedforcatalyticcrackingofrawmaterials,suchasforcokingrawmaterials,therearenospecialrequirements,suchasthegeneralviscosityofcommercialfueloilcannotmeettherequirements,subjecttovisbreakingorotherlightOilreconcile,onlymeettheproductspecifications.Withthepoorqualityofcrudeoil,mostdomesticrefineriesareequippedwithresiduehydro-desulfurizationunit,hydrogenatedresidueissenttothecatalyticcrackingunittoproducegasoline,dieselandotherproducts,whilesavingcosts,butalsomoreproductionofgasolineDieselproducts,improveeconomicefficiency.HengyiBruneiPMBprojecttoaddaflexiblecokingdevicetodealwithvacuumresidue,theoutputofliquefiedpetroleumgas,gasoline,diesel,waxoilandcokeproducts.2024/4/7PMB煉油廠常減壓蒸餾裝置介紹

常減壓蒸餾是煉油廠加工原油的第一道工序，即原油的一次加工，在煉油廠加工總流程中有重要作用，常被稱之為“龍頭”裝置。本裝置是根據(jù)原油中各組份的沸點(diǎn)（揮發(fā)度）不同用加熱的方法從原油中分離出各種石油餾份。

其中常壓蒸餾分離出低沸點(diǎn)的汽油、煤油、柴油等組份，而沸點(diǎn)較高的蠟油、渣油等組份留在未被分出的液相中。減壓蒸餾是將常壓渣油經(jīng)過(guò)加熱，送入減壓蒸餾系統(tǒng)，使常壓渣油在避免裂解的較低溫度下進(jìn)行分餾，分離出減壓餾份油和減壓渣油。

2024/4/7PMBRefineryAtmosphericandVacuumDistillationUnitIntroductionAtmosphericandvacuumdistillationisthefirstprocessofrefineryprocessingcrudeoil,thatis,asingleprocessingofcrudeoil,oilrefineryintheoverallprocesshasanimportantrole,oftenreferredtoas"leading"device.Thedeviceisbasedontheboilingpointofthevariouscomponentsofthecrudeoil(volatile)differentheatingmethodfromthecrudeoilseparationofvariouspetroleumfractions.Whichatmosphericdistillationoflowboilinggasoline,kerosene,dieselandothercomponents,andhigherboilingpointofwaxoil,residueandothercomponentsremainintheliquidphaseisnotseparated.Decompressiondistillationistheatmosphericresiduebyheating,intothevacuumdistillationsystem,sothattheatmosphericresidueinthepyrolysisofthelowertemperatureofthefractionation,separationofthedistillatedistillateoilandvacuumresidue.2024/4/7裝置概況

恒逸文萊PMB項(xiàng)目常減壓蒸餾裝置處理能力為800萬(wàn)噸/年，設(shè)計(jì)原油品種為文萊輕油，卡塔爾原油，凝析油1，凝析油2，比例為3:3.3:0.7:1。裝置主要由原油電脫鹽系統(tǒng)、加熱爐及換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)、常壓蒸餾系統(tǒng)和減壓蒸餾系統(tǒng)四部分組成。原油在裝置內(nèi)經(jīng)脫鹽脫水及常減壓蒸餾后被分為粗石腦油、航煤、柴油、減壓蠟油、減壓渣油等滿足后續(xù)加工裝置要求的物料。2024/4/7DeviceprofileHengyiBruneiPMBprojectatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunithandlingcapacityof8milliontons/year,thedesignofcrudeoilvarietiesofBruneilightoil,Qatarcrudeoil,Irancondensateoil,Qatarcondensate,theratioof3:2:2:1TheThedeviceismainlycomposedoffourparts:crudeoildesalinationsystem,heatingfurnaceandheatexchangenetworksystem,atmosphericdistillationsystemandvacuumdistillationsystem.Crudeoilinthedevicebydesalinationdehydrationandatmosphericdistillationisdividedintocrudenaphtha,heavynaphtha,aviationcoal,diesel,vacuumwaxoil,vacuumresiduetomeettherequirementsofsubsequentprocessingequipmentmaterials.2024/4/72024/4/7工藝流程簡(jiǎn)圖原油換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)電脫鹽電脫鹽換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)初餾塔常壓爐常壓塔減壓爐換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)減壓塔初頂油常頂油減頂油常一線常二線常三線常四線常渣減一線減三線減二線減渣2024/4/7工藝流程簡(jiǎn)述

首先將原油換熱至127℃左右，注水和注破乳劑，經(jīng)混合后進(jìn)入電脫鹽罐，在高壓交流電場(chǎng)作用下使混懸在原油中的微小液滴逐步擴(kuò)大成較大液滴，借助重力合并成水層，將水及溶解在水中的鹽、雜質(zhì)等脫除。經(jīng)脫鹽脫水后的原油換熱至226℃左右，進(jìn)入初餾塔，塔頂拔出輕汽油，塔底原油經(jīng)換熱和常壓爐加熱到359℃進(jìn)入常壓塔，分出石腦油、煤油、輕柴油、重柴油餾分，石腦油送到連續(xù)重整裝置，煤油送至煤油加氫裝置，柴油送至柴油加氫或加氫裂化裝置，進(jìn)行二次加工。常壓塔底重油經(jīng)減壓爐加熱至412℃左右進(jìn)入減壓塔，在殘壓為2～8kPa下，分餾出各種減壓餾分，作加氫裂化原料。減壓渣油經(jīng)換熱冷卻后作燃料油或經(jīng)換熱后作焦化原料。2024/4/7BriefdescriptionoftheprocessFirst,thecrudeoilheatexchangetoabout127℃,waterinjectionandinjection,aftermixingintotheelectricdesalinationtank,undertheactionofhigh-pressureACelectricfieldinthesuspendedoilinthesmalldropletsgraduallyexpandedintolargerdroplets,withgravityCombinedintothewaterlayer,thewateranddissolvedinwatersalts,impurities,etc.removed.Afterdesaltingdehydrationofcrudeoilheattransfertoabout226℃,intotheinitialdistillationtower,thetowerpulloutthelightgasoline,thebottomofthecrudeoilbyheatexchangeandatmosphericheatingfurnaceto359℃intotheatmospherictower,dividedintonaphtha,kerosene,Lightdieseloil,heavydieseloilfraction,naphthasenttothecontinuousreformingdevice,kerosenesenttothekerosenehydrogenationunit,dieseloilsenttothehydrogenationorhydrocrackingunit,thesecondprocessing.Atmosphericpressureattheendofthetowerbythevacuumfurnaceheatedtoabout412℃intothevacuumtower,theresidualpressureof2~8kPa,thedistillationofavarietyofvacuumdistillation,forhydrocrackingrawmaterials.Vacuumresidueafterheatexchangeforfueloilorheattransferaftercokingrawmaterials.2024/4/7工藝技術(shù)介紹——電脫鹽

1.原油含鹽含水的危害原油含鹽含水對(duì)原油儲(chǔ)運(yùn)、加工、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量及設(shè)備等均造成很大危害，主要為：（1）影響常減壓蒸餾的正常操作。原油中的水隨著原油加熱而汽化，增加塔的氣相負(fù)荷，容易造成常減壓裝置操作波動(dòng)，嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)引起沖塔事故。（2）增加設(shè)備的負(fù)荷，增加動(dòng)力、熱能和冷卻水等的消耗。原油中的水蒸發(fā)需要消耗能量，同時(shí)塔頂冷凝需多耗循環(huán)水。

2024/4/7ProcessTechnology-ElectricDesalinationCrudeoilcontainswaterandwaterhazards

Crudeoilcontainingwateroncrudeoilstorageandtransportation,processing,productqualityandequipment,etc.arecausinggreatharm,mainly:(1)thenormaloperationofatmosphericandvacuumdistillation.

Crudeoilinthewaterwiththeheatingandevaporationofcrudeoiltoincreasethetower'sgasload,likelytocausefrequentdecompressiondeviceoperationfluctuations,seriouscaseswillcausethetoweraccident.(2)increasetheloadofequipment,increasepower,heatandcoolingwaterconsumption.

Theevaporationofwaterincrudeoilrequiresenergyconsumption,whilethetopofthetowercondensationneedtoconsumemorewater.2024/4/7（3）腐蝕設(shè)備，影響裝置運(yùn)行。原油含水，水中又溶解有NaCl、CaCl2、MgCl2等鹽類，它們能水解生成具有腐蝕性的HCl，特別是在低溫設(shè)備部分存在水分時(shí)，形成鹽酸，腐蝕更為嚴(yán)重。

CaCl2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2O→Mg(OH)2+2HClNaCl

+H2O→NaOH+HCl

加工含硫原油時(shí)，還會(huì)產(chǎn)生H2S腐蝕。（4）鹽類中的金屬能導(dǎo)致下游裝置催化劑中毒失活。（5）原油經(jīng)過(guò)換熱器、加熱爐等設(shè)備，隨著溫度升高水分蒸發(fā)，鹽類容易沉積在管壁上形成鹽垢，影響傳熱效率。2024/4/7(3)corrosionequipment,affectingthedeviceoperation.

Crudeoilandwater,dissolvedinwaterandNaCl,CaCl2,MgCl2andothersalts,theycanbehydrolyzedtoproducecorrosiveHCl,especiallyinthelowtemperatureequipmentpartofthepresenceofwater,theformationofhydrochloricacid,corrosionismoreserious.

CaCl2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+2HCl

MgCl2+2H2O→Mg(OH)2+2HCl

NaCl+H2O→NaOH+HCl

Processingofsulfur-containingcrudeoil,butalsoproduceH2Scorrosion.(4)metalinthesaltcancausethedownstreamdevicecatalystpoisoninginactivation.(5)Crudeoilthroughtheheatexchanger,heatingfurnaceandotherequipment,withthetemperatureriseofwaterevaporation,salteasilydepositedinthepipewalltoformsalt,affectingheattransferefficiency.2024/4/72.電脫鹽工作原理

原油中含有水，也含有膠質(zhì)、瀝青質(zhì)等天然乳化劑，水以微滴狀態(tài)分散在原油中，乳化劑吸附在油水界面，形成乳化液。原油電脫鹽，就是加入破乳劑，破壞乳化狀態(tài)，在高壓電場(chǎng)的作用下，使微小水滴聚結(jié)成大水滴，達(dá)到油水分離的目的。而鹽類大部分溶解在水中，所以脫水與脫鹽是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的。2024/4/72.Electricdesalinationprinciple

Crudeoilcontainswater,alsocontainsglial,asphalteneandothernaturalemulsifier,waterdropletsdispersedinthecrudeoil,emulsifieradsorptionintheoilandwaterinterface,theformationofemulsion.Crudeoildesalination,istojointhedemulsifier,destructionoftheemulsionstate,undertheactionofhigh-voltageelectricfield,sothatsmalldropletstogetherintolargedroplets,toachievethepurposeofoilandwaterseparation.Andmostofthesaltdissolvedinwater,sodehydrationanddesalinationiscarriedoutatthesametime.2024/4/73.電脫鹽單元設(shè)備

3.Electricdesalinationunitequipment

原油電脫鹽單元主要包括：電脫鹽罐，高壓配電系統(tǒng)，原油注水，切水系統(tǒng)，破乳劑注入系統(tǒng)，含鹽污水預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)以及自控系統(tǒng)。

Crudeoilelectricdesaltingunitmainlyincludes:electricdesalinationtank,highpressuredistributionsystem,crudeoilwaterinjection,watercutsystem,demulsifierinjectionsystem,saltsewagepretreatmentsystemandautomaticcontrolsystem.2024/4/7工藝技術(shù)介紹——常減壓蒸餾

1.蒸餾原理蒸餾是利用原油混合物中各個(gè)物質(zhì)沸點(diǎn)的不同，將其分離的方法。由于原油中物質(zhì)的種類很多，而且很多物質(zhì)的沸點(diǎn)相差不大，這樣就使得原油中各個(gè)組分的完全分離十分困難。然而對(duì)原油加工來(lái)說(shuō)，并不需要進(jìn)行精確的分離，因此可以按一定的沸點(diǎn)范圍，把原油分離成不同的餾分，再送往二次加工裝置進(jìn)行加工。2024/4/7ProcessTechnologyIntroduction-Atmosphericandvacuumdistillation1.Distillationprinciple

Distillationisamethodofseparatingtheboilingpointofeachsubstanceinthecrudeoilmixture.Duetothelargenumberofsubstancesinthecrudeoil,andtheboilingpointofmanysubstancesisnotmuchdifference,sothatthecompleteseparationofthevariouscomponentsofcrudeoilisverydifficult.However,forcrudeoilprocessing,thereisnoneedforaccurateseparation,soyoucanaccordingtoacertainboilingpointrange,thecrudeoilintodifferentfractions,andthensenttothesecondaryprocessingdeviceforprocessing.2024/4/72.餾分：是指用分餾方法把原油分成的不同沸點(diǎn)范圍的組分。石油是一個(gè)多組分的復(fù)雜混合物，每個(gè)組分有其各自不同的沸點(diǎn)，用分餾的方法，可以把石油餾分分成不同溫度段，如<200℃、200～350℃等，稱為石油的一個(gè)餾分。餾分不等同于石油產(chǎn)品，餾分必須經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步加工，達(dá)到油品的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，才能稱為合格的石油產(chǎn)品。2024/4/73.直餾餾分從原油直接分餾得到的餾分。它基本保留了石油化學(xué)組成的本來(lái)面目，如：不含不飽和烴，在化學(xué)組成中含有烷烴、環(huán)烷烴、芳香烴等。2.Fraction:referstothefractionationmethodofcrudeoilintodifferentboilingrangeofthecomponents.

Oilisamulti-componentcomplexmixture,eachcomponenthasitsowndifferentboilingpoint,withthefractionaldistillationmethod,theoilfractioncanbedividedintodifferenttemperaturesections,suchas<200℃,200~350℃,etc.,calledoilAfraction.Fractionisnotthesameaspetroleumproducts,fractionsmustbefurtherprocessedtomeetthequalitystandardsofoil,canbecalledqualifiedpetroleumproducts.3.Straightfraction

Fractionobtainedfromfractionaldistillationofcrudeoil.Itbasicallyretainsthetruecompositionofthepetrochemicalcomposition,suchas:doesnotcontainunsaturatedhydrocarbons,inthechemicalcompositioncontainsalkanes,naphthenes,aromatichydrocarbons.2024/4/74.石油餾分組成從常壓蒸餾開(kāi)始餾出的溫度（初餾點(diǎn)）到小于200℃的餾分為汽油餾分（也稱輕油或石腦油餾分）常壓蒸餾200～350℃的餾分為煤、柴油餾分（也稱常壓瓦斯油，AGO）由于原油從350℃開(kāi)始有明顯的分解現(xiàn)象，所以對(duì)于沸點(diǎn)高于350℃的餾分，需在減壓下進(jìn)行分餾，在減壓下蒸出餾分的沸點(diǎn)再換算成常壓沸點(diǎn)。沸點(diǎn)相當(dāng)于常壓下350～500℃的餾分為減壓餾分（也稱減壓瓦斯油,VGO）沸點(diǎn)相當(dāng)于常壓下大于500℃的餾分為減渣餾分(VR)2024/4/74.CompositionDistillationfromatmosphericdistillation(initialboilingpoint)tolessthan200°Cisagasolinefraction(alsoknownaslightoilornaphthafraction)Atmosphericdistillationof200~350℃distillateforcoal,dieselfractions(alsoknownasatmosphericgasoil,AGO)

Asthecrudeoilfrom350℃begantohaveasignificantdecompositionphenomenon,sotheboilingpointofmorethan350℃fractions,undertheneedfordistillationunderreducedpressure,distilledunderreducedpressureboilingpointconversionandthenconvertedintoatmosphericboilingpoint.Theboilingpointisequivalenttoatmosphericpressure350~500℃fractionsforthevacuumdistillation(alsoknown