聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易發(fā)展委員會(huì)-2023年國(guó)際貿(mào)易的主要統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和趨勢(shì)英

KEYSTATISTICSandTRENDS

inINTERNATIONALTRADE2023

Recenttradepatterns:slowdown,volatilityandheterogeneity

KEYSTATISTICS

andTRENDS

inINTERNATIONALTRADE2023

Recenttradepatterns:slowdown,volatilityandheterogeneity

Geneva,2024

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

?2024,UnitedNations

Theworkisavailablethroughopenaccess,bycomplyingwiththeCreativeCommonslicencecreatedforintergovernmentalorganizations,at

/licenses/by/3.0/igo/

.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonanymapinthisworkdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

MentionofanyfirmorlicensedprocessdoesnotimplytheendorsementoftheUnitedNations.

Photocopiesandreproductionsofexcerptsareallowedwithpropercredits.

Thispublicationhasnotbeenformallyedited.

UnitedNationspublicationissuedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment

UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2024/1

eISBN:

978-92-1-358934-2

ISSN:

2663-7960

eISSN:

2663-7979

ii

CONTENTS

NOTE iv

OVERVIEW v

DATASOURCES vi

INFOCUS:RECENTTRADEPATTERNS:SLOWDOWN,VOLATILITYANDHETEROGENEITY

1

1.TRENDSININTERNATIONALTRADE

5

Valuesandgrowthratesofworldtradeingoodsandservices

6

Volumesofinternationaltradeingoods

7

Valuesoftradeingoodsandservicesbycountrygroups

8

Compositionoftradeflowsingoods,byimportingandexportingregions

9

Tradeingoodsbetween/withindevelopedanddevelopingcountries

10

Changesinthevalueofthelargerstbilateraltradeflowsbetween2021and2022,

byproductgroup

11

Valuesofworldtradeingoodsbystageofprocessingandbroadcategory

12

Valuesofworldtradeingoodsbyregion,stageofprocessingandbroadcategory

13

Valuesofworldtradeingoodsbysectors

14

Marketsharesoftradeinservicesofdevelopinganddevelopedcountriesbysector

15

2.TRADEINDICATORS

17

Importandexportpropensities

18

Tradebalances

19

Commodityexportdependence

20

Foodandenergynetpositions

21

Exportdiversification

22

Changesinexportdiversification

23

Exportperformanceandexportcompetitiveness

24

Exportsophisticationandexportsophisticationgap

25

iii

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

NOTE

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTradeisayearlypublicationoftheDivisiononInternationalTradeandCommoditiesofUNCTAD.Thispublicationmonitorsthetrendsofinternationaltradeingoodsandservicesinthemediumterm.

TheseriesispartofalargereffortbyUNCTADtoanalysetrade-relatedissuesofparticularimportancefordevelopingcountries,asoutlinedinparagraphs107and113oftheBridgetownCovenantofUNCTADXV.AlessandroNicitaandKseniaKoloskovacompiledthisstudy,whichalsobenefitedfrominputsandcommentsfromotherstaffmembers,includingtheUNCTADstatisticsteam.DesktoppublishingwascarriedoutbyJeniferTacardon-Mercado

.

iv

OVERVIEW

GlobaltradehasfollowedahighlyvolatilepatternsincetheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Fragmentationandincreasedheterogeneityoftradeperformancecharacterizenotonlythereboundof2021and2022butalsotherecenttradeslowdown,albeittoalesserextent.Whileitisprematuretodefinitivelyassertwhethertherecenttrendisasubstantialdeparturefromestablishedglobaltradetrends,itappearspossiblethatCOVID-19disruptionsinitiatedasignificantshiftinglobaltrade,nowfuelledbysystemicpatternstiedtogeopoliticalissuesandrisk-mitigatingstrategies.Theconvergenceofthesefactorsraisesthepossibilitythatglobaltradepatternswillbeundergoingmoresignificantchanges,usheringinanewerawithdistinctchallengesandopportunitiesforeconomiesworldwide.Monitoringthesedevelopmentscloselyiscrucialinunderstandingtheimplicationsofevolvingtradedynamicsfordevelopingcountries.

Thisreportisstructuredintotwoparts.Thefirstpartpresentsashort-termoverviewofthestatusofinternationaltradeusingpreliminarystatisticsonmerchandisetradeuntilthefirsthalfof2023.Thesecondpartprovidesillustrativestatisticsoninternationaltradeingoodsandservicescoveringthemediumterm.Thesecondpartisdividedintotwosections.Section1providestradestatisticsatvariouslevelsofaggregationthatillustratetheevolutionoftradeacrosseconomicsectorsandgeographicregions.Section2presentstradeindicatorstoinformonsomespecificsofthetradepatternsatthecountrylevel.

v

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

DATASOURCES

ThestatisticsinthispublicationwereproducedbyUNCTADusingdatafromvarioussources.ThisreportreliesontheUnitedNationsCommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase(COMTRADE)(

)dataformerchandisetradestatistics.UNCTADStat(

)isthesourceofservicestatistics.Quarterlydataformerchandisetradecomesfromnationalauthorities’statistics.Thedatahasbeenstandardizedtofacilitatecross-countrycomparisons.Data,althoughcomprehensiveandcomparableacrosscountries,doesnotperfectlyreflectnationalstatistics,andthussomediscrepancieswithspecificnationalstatisticsmaybepresent.Unlessotherwisespecifiedinternationaltradeisdefinedastradeingoods(merchandise)andservices.CountriesarecategorizedbygeographicregionasdefinedbytheUnitedNationsclassification(UNSDM49).DevelopedcountriesaretheseidentifiedintheUNSDM49accordingtothedistinctionasofDecember2021.ProductsectorsarecategorizedaccordingtotheBroadEconomicCategories(BEC)classificationandtheInternationalStandardIndustrialClassification(ISIC)augmentedbyfivebroadagriculturalsectorsbasedontheHarmonizedSystem(HS)classification.FiguresareincurrentUnitedStatesofAmericadollars,exceptwhereotherwisespecified.

Theboundaries,colours,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofUNCTADconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.

vi

Year?over?yeargrowthrate(percent)

Tradeoverglobaloutput(percent)

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Growthrate(percent)

2011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023

Infocus:

Recenttradepatterns:Slowdown,volatilityandheterogeneity

GlobaltradehasfollowedahighlyvolatilepatternsincetheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Botheconomicandnon-economicdisruptionshavehadsignificanteffectsonglobaltradesince2020.Fragmentationandincreasedheterogeneityoftradeperformancecharacterizenotonlythereboundof2021and2022butalsothemostrecenttradeslowdown,albeittoalesserextent.

Globaltradetrends

MerchandisevaluesMerchandisevolumesServicesvalues

60

40

20

0

?20

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtradeandNationalStatistics.

TradeandGDPGrowth

Tradeoverglobaloutput

30

20

32

10

30

0

28

?10

26

?20

?30

Realglobaloutput

Trade

34

24

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtrade,IMFandNationalStatistics.

Severalkeyphasesdescribethetrendsofglobaltradeinthelastfewyears.First,thedeclineofglobaltradein2020wasthelargestsincetheglobalfinancialcrisisof2008/09andworsethanthatresultingfromtheeconomicinstabilitiesof2015.Second,thetradedeclinewasshort-lived,asthevalueofglobaltraderapidlyreboundedin2021duetoastrongrecoveryinglobaldemandandrisingcommodityprices.Third,thereboundcarriedinto2022asthevalueofglobaltradereachedrecordlevels.Fourth,thereboundstartedtofadeinthesecondhalfof2022asmountinggeopoliticaltensionsincreasedeconomicuncertaintyandcontributedtochangesintradingpatterns.Asof2023,globaltradehasenteredanewphasemarkedbyasignificantdeclinecomparedtotherecordreachedin2022.Moreover,lingeringeconomic

1

Year?over?yeargrowth(percent)

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

risks,geopoliticaltensions,lowercommoditypricesandevolvingeconomicdynamicswilllikelyweakentradegrowthinthenearfuture.

Invalueterms,globaltradeingoodsandservicesreboundedtoaboutUS$28trillionin2021fromthelowsoftheCOVID-19pandemicandfurthergrewtoaboutUS$32trillionin2022.ThevalueofinternationaltradeisexpectedtomoderatelydeclinetoaroundUS$31trillionin2023,drivenbylowerglobaldemand,particularlyforgoods.Onapositivenote,tradevolumeshavebeenlessvolatileinrecentyearsandareexpectedtoremainstablein2023.Tradeinserviceshasalsoprovedtobemoreresilient,withitsvaluereachingapproximatelyUS$7trillionin2022andexpectedtoincreasebyaboutUS$500billionin2023.Similarto2019,2023willbeayearwhentheexpansionofglobalGDPisaccompaniedbynegativetradegrowth.Theratioofglobalexportstoglobaloutputisexpectedtodeclinebyabout1.5percentagepointsfromtheall-timerecord30.5percentin2022.

Exporttrendsinfirsthalfof2023

High(morethan10%)

Moderateincrease(0%to10%)

Moderatedecline(?5%to0%)

Low(?20%to?5%)

Verylow(lessthan?20%)

TheboundariesandnamesshownandthedesignationsusedonthismapdonotimplyofficialendorsementoracceptancebytheUnitedNations.

Nodata

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtradeandNationalStatistics.

Thetradedeclineinthefirsthalfof2023hasbeengeographicallywidespreadasmanyeconomiesexperiencednegativeexportgrowth.Amongthecountrieswherethedeclineswerelargerarethosewhichexportsaremainlyenergyandfuels.Nevertheless,energymarketshavealsobeeninfluencedbygeopoliticalfactorswithsomeoftheenergyexportingcountriesseeinganincreaseintheirexports.Countrieswhereexportshaveincreasedduringthefirsthalfof2023includeBrazil,Mexico,theBolivarianRepublicofVenezuela,theEuropeanUnion,someAfricancountries,andmostofthecentralAsianeconomies.However,formanyeconomieswithpositiveexportgrowth,thenumbersweremostlymodest(lessthan10percent).

Onanaggregatedbasis,therecentdeclineininternationaltradehasoccurredbothfordevelopedanddevelopingcountries,tovaryingextents.Tradeamongdevelopedcountries(North-North)declinedrelativelylessthantradeinotherdirections.Moreover,exportsofdevelopedcountriestodevelopingcountries(North-South)alsofaredbetterthantrade

Tradeacrossdevelopinganddevelopedcountries

Allcountries

ExcludingUnitedStates,EuropeanUnion,China

North?North

North?South

South?North

South?South

?15

?10?50Year?over?yeargrowthin2023firsthalf(percent)

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtradeandNationalStatistics.

2

Tradewithinandacrossregions

demandforimportedgoodsintheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionwasaboveaverage,andthatChinaremainsnotonlyanimportantsuppliertodevelopedcountriesbutalsoasignificantsourceofSouth-Southtrade.Moregenerally,thesetrendsindicatethattradeinvolvingthethreemajorglobaleconomiescontinuestobethecatalystofglobaltradetrends.Conversely,thebelow-averagegrowthofotherdevelopedcountries’tradeduringthefirsthalfof2023canbeexplainedbyweakexportperformanceinsomedevelopedeconomiesinEastAsiaandbythedeclineincommodityprices.

TherelativelybetterperformanceoftheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStatesintradeisalsoevidentintheregionalstatisticsforEuropeandNorthAmerica.Whileallgeographicregionsexperiencednegativeexportgrowthinthefirsthalfof2023,overalltradedeclinedlessinthesetworegions.Amongotherregions,tradedeclinesweremoresubstantialinEastAsiaandtheRestofAsiaregions.Ontheotherhand,tradedeclinedrelativelylessinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Importantly,whilebothintra-regionalandextra-regionaltradegrowth

TradewithinandoutsidemajorRTAs

declineinintra-regionaltradewasmarginalforAfrica,NorthAmericaandtheLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregions.Intheseregions,thedeclineintradewasalmostexclusivelydrivenbyadecreaseintradewithothergeographicareas.

Differencesintradetrendsarealsofoundinrelationtotradewithinregionaltradeagreements(RTAs).TradewithinRTAsisgenerallyexpectedtobemoreresilientrelativetotradewithothercountries.Onereasonisthatsuchagreementsprovidemechanismsthatcancontributetoeconomicstability,recovery,andresilience.Notably,thishasbeenthecasefortradewithintheMERCOSURagreement,whichincreasedduringthefirsthalfof2023.Therelativelybetterperformanceofintra-RTAtradeisalsoevidentfortheAfricaContinentalFreeTradeArea(AfCFTA),fortheUnitedStates,Mexico,Canadaagreement(USMCA),andfortheintra-EuropeanUniontrade.Therelativelybetterperformanceofintra-RTAtradewasobservedtoalesserextentfortheEurasianEconomicUnion(EAEU)agreementandtheRegionalComprehensiveEconomicPartnership(RCEP).Conversely,intra-RTAtradeperformedrelativelyworsewithintheComprehensiveandProgressiveAgreementforTrans-PacificPartnership(CPTPP).

withintheRTA

outsidetheRTA

In-Focus:Recenttradepatterns:Slowdown,volatilityandheterogeneity

originatingfromdevelopingcountries.Exportsofdevelopingeconomiestobothdeveloping(South-South)anddeveloped(South-North)countriesperformedworsethanaverageduringthefirsthalfof2023.Importantly,whennotconsideringthethreemajorglobaleconomiesthesepatternsbecomeevenmorenegative.Thissuggeststhat

?10?50

Year?over?yeargrowthin2023firsthalf(percent)

intra?regionaltrade

Africa

extra?regional

RestofAsia

NorthAmerica

LatinAmerica

EastAsia

Europe

Oceania

?15

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtradeandNationalStatistics.

wasnegativeforallregions,theirchangeshavebeenquitediverse.Intra-regionaltradeperformedsubstantiallybelowitsextra-regionalcounterpartfortheEuropean,EastAsian,andRestofAsiaregions.Conversely,the

?10?5051015

Year?over?yeargrowthin2023firsthalf(percent)

MERCOSUR

AfCFTA

USMCA

CPTPP

RCEP

EAEU

EU

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UN

ComtradeandNationalStatistics.

Note:Tradeagrrements’acronymsstandforthefollowing:

AfCFTA=AfricaContinentalFreeTradeArea;CPTPP=

ComprehensiveandProgressiveAgreementforTrans-Pacific

Partnership;EAEU=EurasianEconomicUnions;EU=European

Union;MERCOSUR=SouthernCommonMarket;RCEP=Regional

ComprehensiveEconomicPartnership;USMCA=UnitedStates–

Mexico–CanadaAgreement.

3

Standarddeviationofyear?over?yearexportgrowth

2?quartermovingaverage

Uneventradeperformances

LowGDPpercapitaMiddleGDPpercapitaHighGDPpercapita

201520162017201820192020202120222023

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedondatafromUNCTADStat,UNComtradeandNationalStatistics.

Note:CountriesaresplitintothreeequalgroupsaccordingtotheirlevelofGDPpercapitain2019.Foreachtimeperiod,topandbottom5percentofobservationsaredroppedtoavoidthestandarddeviationbeingdrivenbyextremevalues.

30

25

20

10

15

5

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

Oneimportantelementofcurrenttradedynamicsis

thesignificantdifferenceinthegrowthratesoftrade

amongeconomies.Before2020,tradegrowthwas

moreuniformacrosscountries,particularlywhen

consideringtradeperformanceamonghigh-income

countries.However,since2020,tradeperformance

hasbecomesignificantlymoreheterogeneous.

TherecoveryfromtheCOVID-19pandemicin

2021wasunevenandsubsequenteconomicand

non-economicshocksin2022wereaccompanied

bysubstantiallyhigherdifferencesintradegrowth

ratesacrosscountries.Whileheterogeneityintrade

performancehasbeenhistoricallyhighamong

low-incomecountries,therecenttrendsindicatea

substantialincreaseintheheterogeneityoftrade

performancesamongmiddleandhigh-income

countries.

Asofearly2023thesedifferenceshaveremained

higherthanhistoricalvaluesforhighincome

economiesandaboveaveragesformiddle-income

countries.Whilethisincreasedheterogeneityis

partlydrivenbyvolatilityincommodityprices,itisnot

theonlycause,astradeperformancealsodisplays

considerablevariationamongeconomieswith

similarlystructuredexports.Overall,despitesome

convergenceintherateofexportgrowthacrosscountriesbytheendof2022,differencesintradeperformanceremainsubstantiallyabovethepreCOVID-19period.

Consideringallfactors,prevailingevidencesuggeststhatcurrenttradetrendsarestillcharacterizedbyheightenedvolatilityandincreasedheterogeneitycomparedtohistoricalpatterns.Whileitisprematuretodefinitivelyassertwhetherthissignifiesasubstantialdeparturefromestablishedglobaltradetrends,itappearspossiblethatCOVID-19disruptionsinitiatedasignificantshiftinglobaltrade,nowfuelledbysystemicpatternstiedtogeopoliticalissuesandrisk-mitigatingstrategies.Theconvergenceofthesefactorsraisesthepossibilitythatglobaltradepatternswillbeundergoingsignificantchanges,usheringinanewerawithdistinctchallengesandopportunitiesforeconomiesworldwide.Monitoringthesedevelopmentscloselyiscrucialinunderstandingtheimplicationsoftheseevolvingtradedynamicsfordevelopingcountries

4

1.TRENDSININTERNATIONALTRADE

Thefollowingsectionpresentsaseriesoffiguresillustratingthegeneraltrendsininternationaltradeduringthelastdecade.

US$Trillion

Percentage

ExportGrowth

Services,DevelopingGoods,Developing

Services,Developed Goods,Developed

40

20

0

?20

20102012201420162018202020240

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

In2022,worldtradeingoodswasvaluedaroundUS$25trillion,whiletradeinservicesaccountedforaboutUS$6.5trillion.GlobaltradehadbeenseverelyaffectedbytheCOVID-19pandemicin2020butbouncedbackstronglyin2021andcontinuedgrowingin2022.Whiletradeinserviceshasbeenhistoricallymoreresilient,ithasdeclinedconsiderablymorethangoodstradeduring2020andhasalsobeenrecoveringataslowerpace,especiallyfordevelopedcountries.

Figure1

Valuesandgrowthratesofworldtradeingoodsandservices

(a)(b)

WorldTrade

GoodsServices

25

20

15

10

5

2010201220142016201820202022

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedonCOMTRADEandUNCTADStatdata.

Internationaltradecanbebroadlydistinguishedbetweentradeingoods(merchandise)andservices.Thebulkofinternationaltradeconcernsphysicalgoods,whileservicesaccountforamuchlowershare.Duringthelastdecadethevalueofthetradeingoodshasbeenvolatile.GoodstradeincreasedfromaboutUS$15trillionin2010toaboutUS$18trillionin2011butremainedalmostunchangedbetween2011and2014.Followingatradeslumpin2015and2016,goodstradepeakedagainin2019butthenfelltoaboutUS$17trillionin2020becauseoftheCOVID-19tradedisruptionsandeconomicdownturn.Tradeingoodsbouncedbackinalreadyin2021andpeakedin2022ataboutUS$25trillion.Bycontrast,tradeinservicesshowslittlevolatilityandsteadilyincreasedbetween2010and2019(fromaboutUS$4trilliontoclosetoUS$6trillion).Since2020,tradeinserviceshasbeenrecoveringataslowerpacethantradeingoods(Figure1a).Thedeclineinexportgrowthratesforgoodswasrathersimilarfordevelopedanddevelopingcountriesduringthetradeslumpin2015/16andtheCOVID-19pandemic,however,pronounceddifferencesareobservableforservices.Unliketherecoveryfromthe2015/2016episode,whendevelopedanddevelopingcountriesshowedsimilarexportgrowthratesforbothgoodsandservicestrade,tradegrowthin2021/2022washigherfordevelopingcountries(Figure1b).

6

Volumeindex(2010=100)

Volumeindex(2010=100)

1.TrendsinInternationalTrade

Since2010,thevolumeofinternationaltradeingoodshasincreasedbyabout40percent.Tradevolumesstalledduringthe2015tradeslowdownanddeclinedmorerecentlyin2020asaconsequenceoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Thegrowthintradevolumes(bothimportsandexports)hasbeengenerallystrongerfordevelopingcountries.Amongmajortradingeconomies,China’sexportvolumeshavealmostdoubledsince2010butstalledduring2022.Fortherestofthemajoreconomies,tradevolumeshaveincreasedatamuchlowerpace,althoughUnitedStatesimportsvolumesstronglyincreasedinin2021/2022.

Figure2

Volumesofinternationaltradeingoods

(a)

VolumesofTradeinGoods

Imports,Developing

Exports,Developing

150

140

130

120

110

100

2010201220142016201820202022

Imports,DevelopedExports,Developed

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedonUNCTADStatdata.

(b)

TradeVolumes,MajorEconomies

China,Imports

China,Exports

UnitedStates,Imports

UnitedStates,Exports

EuropeanUnion,Imports

EuropeanUnion,Exports

180

160

140

120

100

2010201220142016201820202022

Thevolumeofinternationaltradeingoodshasincreaseddramaticallysince2010(Figure2a).Whiledevelopingcountriesperformedbettercomparedtodevelopedcountriesandhavealmostdoubledtheirvolumeoftradeingoodssince2010,developedcountrieshavenotbeenlaggingmuchbehindoverthesameperiod.Since2016,importvolumeshavebeengrowingrelativelymorethanexportvolumesfordevelopingcountries.Therelativelylargerincreaseinthevolumesofimportscanbeexplainedbytheincreaseinconsumerdemandindevelopingcountries.Growthintradevolumeshassloweddownsubstantiallyin2015andturnednegativeduring2020asaconsequenceoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Tradevolumesreboundedstronglyin2021andcontinuedtoincreasein2022,bothfordevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Notably,in2022importofdevelopedcountriesincreasedatahigherpacethanthatofdevelopingeconomies.Amongmajortradingeconomies,thetradevolumesofChinahavealmostdoubledsince2010,withexportsandimportsvolumesincreasingatasimilarpace,exceptforthelasttwoyearswhenexportsperformedbetterthanimports.Moreover,evenduring2020,thegrowthoftradevolumesremainedpositiveforChina.However,afterastrongincreasein2021,Chinaexportvolumeshavestalledduring2022,whileimportvolumeshavedeclined.Fortheothermajoreconomies,tradevolumeshaveincreasedatamuchlowerpace,althoughUnitedStatesimportshasperformedparticularlystronglyinthewakeoftheCOVID-19pandemic.

7

US$Trillion

US$Trillion

ExportsandImportsofServices

8

6

4

2

0

ExportsImportsExportsImportsExportsImportsExportsImports

2010201520212022

Developed

Developing

BRICS

LDCs

KeyStatisticsandTrendsinInternationalTrade2023

Thevalueoftradeingoodsisaboutequallysharedbetweendevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Bycontrast,abouttwothirdsoftradeinservicesareassociatedwithdevelopedcountries.BRICSaccountforanimportantshareoftradeinbothgoodsandservices.LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)shareinoveralltraderemainslow.

Figure3

Valuesoftradeingoodsandservicesbycountrygroups

(a)(b)

ExportsandImportsofGoods

Developed

Developing

BRICS

LDCs

25

20

15

10

5

0

ExportsImports

2021

ExportsImports2015

ExportsImports2022

ExportsImports2010

Source:UNCTADcalculations,basedonCOMTRADEandUNCTADStatdata.

Therelativeimportanceofdevelopedcountriesassuppliersininternationalmarketsisdeclining.Still,theyaccountforoverhalfofthevalueoftradeingoodsandabouttwothirdsoftradeinservices.In2022,developedcountries’exportsofgoodswasUS$13.5trillion(Figure3a),whilethatofservicesaddeduptoaboutUS$4.6trillion(Figure3b).In2022,developingcountries’exportssummedtoaroundUS$11trillioninregardtogoodsandaboutUS$1.9trillionforservices.BRICS–Brazil,theRussianFederation,India,China,andSouthAfrica–accountedformorethan40percentofdevelopingcountries’goodsandservicesexports.LDCs’contributiontoworldtraderemainssmall,althoughsomeincreasesinexportsandimportsofthesecountrieshavebeenrecordedoverthepastdecade.

8

1.TrendsinInternationalTrade

InternationaltradeingoodsislargelyconcentratedindevelopedcountriesandtheEastAsianregion.Tradeamongotherdevelopingregionsismuchsmaller,withsomeexceptionsfortradeinprimaryproducts.

Table1

Compositionoftradeflowsingoods,byimportingandexportingregions

Tradein2022

(billionUS$)

Exporters

Importers

Developed

EastAsia

SouthAsia

RestofAsia

Africa

LatinAmerica

Developed

EastAsia

SouthAsia

RestofAsia

Africa

LatinAmerica

8370

1318

1991

401

254

81

570

44

258

52

745

166

816

5913

183

1400

15

152

65

421

44

153

61

456

3230

113

3364

382

338

43

338

5

194

14

440

5

117

2944

143

2814

25

262

13

313

15

156

6

393

300

18

96

16

42

9

82

15

46

10

31

4

20

257

16

63

11

22

12

55

10

25

1

25

697

372

547

459

235

163

225

42

102