儀表飛行員地面課程Lesson11

SierraAcademyofAeronauticsIRGroundLesson11TERPS(TerminalInstrumentApproachProcedures):GuidelinesforestablishingsafeprocedurestodescendfromtheenroutesegmentandaltitudestoarelativelylowaltitudeneararunwayatyourdestinationTwogeneraltypesofpublishedinstrumentapproaches:Precision:ILS,MLS,PAR,andGPS(?)Nonprecision:VOR,NDB,Localizer,ASR,andGPSPrecisionNonprecisionSegmentsofaninstrumentapproachprocedure(IAP):InitialIntermediateFinalMissedApproachSegmentsofaninstrumentapproachprocedure(IAP):Feeder(ortransition)Routes:Notanapproachsegmentbutprovidesalinkbetweentheenrouteandapproachstructures.Whenshown,providesthecoursetobeflownwithpublisheddistanceandminimumaltitude.Feeder(ortransition)Routes:Initialapproachsegment:HoldingPatternDMEArcProcedureTurnRoutewhichintersectsfinalapproachPurposeistoprovideamethodforaligningyourairplanewiththeapproachcourse.Thisisaccomplishedbyusing:Beginsattheinitialapproachfix(IAF)andusuallyendswhereitjoinstheintermediateapproachsegmentCourseReversalthrough…HoldingPatternCourseReversalthrough…DMEArcCourseReversalthrough…ProcedureTurnCourseReversalthrough…RoutewhichintersectsfinalapproachcourseCourseReversalthrough…TeardropProcedureIntermediateApproachSegment:Primarilytopositionyouraircraftforthefinaldescenttotheairport.Allowsforfinalairspeedreduction,completionofchecklists,andfinalreviewofapproachprocedures.Beginsattheintermediatefix(IF)andendsatthebeginningofthefinalapproachsegment.IntermediateApproachSegments:(cont.)IfnoIF,theintermediatesegmentbeginswhenyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix(FAF)andalignedwiththefinalapproachcoursewithintheprescribeddistancefromtheFAFNotallapproacheshaveanintermediateapproachsegmentExampleofintermediateapproachsegment:Exampleofnointermediateapproachsegment:FinalApproachSegment:Allowssafenavigationtoapointthatmaypermitasafedescenttoalanding.Forprecisionapproaches,beginswhereglideslopeisinterceptedattheminimumglideslopeinterceptaltitude.FinalApproachSegment:(cont.)Fornonprecisionapproaches,beginseitherattheFAForapointwherealignedwiththefinalapproachcourse.Finalapproachsegmentendsatdesignatedmissedapproachpoint(MAP)oruponlanding.MDAvs.DH(orDA)ExampleofFinalApproachSegmentMissedApproachSegment:AllowssafenavigationfromMAPtoapointwhereanotherapproachcanbeattemptedorasafediversiontoalternateairportismade.BeginsatMAPandendsatadesignatednavaidorpublishedfix.MissedApproachSegment:(cont.)Forprecisionapproaches,theMAPisreachingtheDAontheglideslope.Fornonprecisionapproaches,MAPoccursatanavaid,publishedfix,orafterspecifiedelapsedtimefromtheFAFExampleofMissedApproachSegmentChartLayoutJeppesenandNOSchartsdifferinhowandwhereinformationdepicted.Bothpublishershavemaderecentimprovementsinchartlayouttoease“briefing”theprocedure.ChartLayoutHeadingSection:Procedurenameindicatestypeofapproachsystemused,minimumequipmentrequired,andrunwayservedwhenstraight-inlandingprocedureexists.Procedureamendmentnumberanddateareusedtoverifylatestprocedureupdate.ILSRWY12R...Amdt20B01155PlanView:Displays“bird’seye”viewofentireapproach.Showsonlylimitedterrainandobstructioninformation.(HighestobstructioninboldonNOScharts)Referencepointslessthen400’AGLareusuallynotdepicted.Scale,Enroute,andFeederRingsPlanView:(cont.)MinimumSafeAltitude(MSA)provides1,000’ofobstructionclearancewithin25NMoftheindicatedfacility.Theremaybeasmanyasfoursectors.Doesnotguaranteenavigationorcommunication!OnlyusedforemergenciesorVFRoperations.SegmentsandFeederRoutesCourseReversalFrequencyInformationandSpecialNotesPlanView:(cont.)ProfileView:Showsapproachintheverticalplanecompletewithflightpath,minimumaltitudes,stepdowns,missedapproachprocedure,limitationsoncoursereversal,andTCH.ProfileView:(cont.)Stepdownfixvs.visualdecentpoint(VDP)StepdownallowsdescenttoloweraltitudeorMDAVDPallowsdescenttorunwayfornonprecisionapproachesunderspecialcircumstances.(straight-inlanding,visibilityrequirements)ProfileView:(cont.)ExampleofVisualDescentPoint(VDP)ExampleofaStepdownfixAirportSketch:Displaysrunwaylayout,runwaydimensions,airportlightinginformation,andorientationinformationfortransitionfromapproachtolanding.Inaddition,airportelevationandtouchdownzoneelevations(TDZE)aregiven.LandingMinimums:Minimumsarebasedonaircraftcategories.Aircraftcategoriesareba