教師招聘英語(yǔ)學(xué)科專業(yè)知識(shí)考點(diǎn)梳理

一、名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1.名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則形式1)一般情況下直接加s

book------books

cup-----cups2)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的，先變y為i再加es

city-----cities

family-----families3)以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加s

key-----keys，toy-----toys4)以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的加es

bus-----buses

wish------wishes

watch-----watches5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，大部分情況下加-es

hero-----heroes

potato------potatoestomato-----tomatoes但下面這幾類詞只加-s

a.以“元音+o”或“oo”結(jié)尾的詞，如：radio-----radios

kangaroo-----kangaroosb.一些外來(lái)詞，特別是音樂(lè)方面的詞，如：piano-----pianos

solo-----solos

tobacco-----tobaccosc.一些縮寫(xiě)詞和專有名詞，如：kilo(kilogram/kilometer)-----kilos

photo(photograph)-----photos

Eskimo-----Eskimosd.個(gè)別詞加-es，-s都可以，如：halo-----halos/haloes6)以f、fe結(jié)尾的，先把f、fe變v再加es.leaf----leaves

self---selves

shelf----shelves

life----lives

thief---thieves2.少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的man----men

woman---women

child----childrenfoot-----feet

tooth----teeth

mouse---mice3.單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同deer---deer

fish----fish

sheep----sheep

Chinese----Chinese

Japanese---Japanesemeans(手段，方法）----means

species（物種）----species4.某國(guó)人的復(fù)數(shù)1)中、日不變Chinese----Chinese

Japanese---Japanese2)英、法變Englishman----Englishmen

Frenchman----Frenchmen3)其余s加后面American-----Americans

German----Germans

Australian---Australians二、不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞的特點(diǎn)1)不能直接用數(shù)字表數(shù)量2)不能直接加a或an3)沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式4)可用some、any、lots

of、plenty

of、much修飾5)可用“量詞短語(yǔ)”表示2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量的表示方法a/數(shù)字+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞，如a

piece

of

paper

a

cup

of

tea

a

glass

of

milk三、名詞的所有格1.’s所有格1)用and連接兩個(gè)并列的單數(shù)名詞表示共有關(guān)系時(shí)，這時(shí)只在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“’s.”TomandJerry'sroom

Tom和Jerry共有的房間2)用and連接兩個(gè)并列的單數(shù)名詞表示各有關(guān)系時(shí)，這時(shí)分別在每個(gè)名詞后加“’s.”Tom'sandJerry'srooms

Tom和Jerry各自的房間（分別擁有一個(gè)房間）3)以s結(jié)尾的名詞，變所有格時(shí)在s后加’,不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，仍加’s

Teachers’Day教師節(jié)Children’s

Day兒童節(jié)4)表示店鋪/醫(yī)院/診所/住宅等名稱時(shí)，常在名詞后加’s代表全稱at

the

doctor’s

at

the

Bob’s5)由some、any、no、every與one、body結(jié)合的復(fù)合不定代詞something、anything等和else連用時(shí)，所有格應(yīng)加在else的后面。This

is

somebody

else’spencil.這是別人的鉛筆6)表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的名詞，也可在詞尾加’s來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。an

hour’s

ride

two

weeks’time

China’s

capital2.of所有格of用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的名詞所有格。the

map

of

China中國(guó)地圖the

door

of

the

room房門(mén)3.雙重所有格——“of+名詞所有格”或“of+名詞性的物主代詞”He

is

a

friend

of

my

brother’s.他是我兄弟的一個(gè)朋友。Is

she

a

daughter

of

yours?她是你的女兒?jiǎn)幔克?、名詞作句子成分1.名詞作主語(yǔ)1)表示時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、距離作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Two

hoursisenough

for

us

to

get

there.兩個(gè)小時(shí)就夠我們?nèi)ツ抢锪恕?)量詞短語(yǔ)“數(shù)字+量詞+of+…”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞保持一致。A

pair

of

shoes

is

under

the

bed.Two

pieces

of

paperareon

the

desk.3)名詞+介詞（with、except、along

with…….）+名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與前面的名詞保持一致。The

teacher

alongwith

the

studentsis

planting

trees

on

the

hill.4)短語(yǔ)“neither…nor…,either…or…,not

only…but

also連接主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞實(shí)行就近原則。Neither

he

nor

I

ama

Frenchman.2.名詞作定語(yǔ)1)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般用單數(shù)形式。There

is

a

shoe

factory

near

the

school.2)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，個(gè)別情況用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The

sports

meeting

will

be

held

next

week.3)man、woman作定語(yǔ)表示性別時(shí)，man、woman隨后面的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)而變。one

man

teacher

two

women

teachers考點(diǎn)二冠詞的用法一、a和an的區(qū)別不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開(kāi)頭的詞前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)開(kāi)頭的詞前（即：不看字母看讀音），如：a

boy,a

university,a

European

country,a

useful

bookan

hour,an

honor,an

island,an

elephant,an

umbrella,an

honest

man二、不定冠詞的用法1.泛指某一類人、事或物，這是不定冠詞a/an的基本用法。A

horse

is

an

animal.2.泛指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。A

girl

is

waiting

for

you.3.表示數(shù)量，有“一”的意思，但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有one強(qiáng)烈。I

have

a

computer.4.表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于every.I

go

to

school

five

days

a

week.我一周上五天課。5.用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一”，“再一”。I

have

three

books.I

want

to

buy

a

fourth

one.6.用在某些固定詞組中：a

lot(of),after

a

while,a

few,a

little,at

a

time,have

a

swim,have

a

cold,in

a

hurry,for

a

long

time,have

a

good

time,have

a

look等三、定冠詞的用法1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，這是定冠詞的基本用法。The

book

on

the

desk

is

mine2.指談話雙方都知道的人或事物。Open

the

window,please.3.指上文已經(jīng)提到的人或事物。I

have

a

car.The

car

is

red.4.指世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。Which

is

bigger,the

sun

or

the

earth?5.用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)前。The

first

lesson

is

the

easiest

one

in

this

book.6.用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the

Great

Wall長(zhǎng)城，the

United

States美國(guó)7.用在某些形容詞前，表示某一類人。the

poor窮人,the

blind盲人8.用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”。the

Greens格林一家或格林夫妻倆9.用在方位詞前。on

the

left在左邊，in

the

middle

of在中間10.用在樂(lè)器名稱前。She

plays

the

piano

every

day.11.用在表示海洋，河流，山脈，群島及國(guó)家和黨派等名詞前。the

Black

Sea黑海，the

Yangzi

River長(zhǎng)江12.用在某些固定詞組中：all

the

same仍然；all

the

time一直；at

the

moment此刻；at

the

same

time同時(shí)；by

the

way順便說(shuō)；in

the

morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上；in

the

open

air在戶外，在野外etc.四、零冠詞的用法1.棋類/球類/一日三餐名詞前不用任何冠詞Play

chess

play

football

have

supper【例外】當(dāng)football，basketball指具體的某個(gè)球時(shí)，其前可以用冠詞：I

can

see

a

football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s

the

football？那只足球在哪兒？(指足球，并非“球類運(yùn)動(dòng)”)2.季節(jié)/月份/星期/節(jié)假日名詞前不用任何冠詞In

July,in

summer,on

Monday,on

Teachers’Day3.人名/地名/國(guó)家名前不加冠詞Beijing

is

the

capital

of

China4.學(xué)科/語(yǔ)言/稱呼/職務(wù)名詞前不用冠詞Math

is

hard

to

learn.5.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示類別時(shí)不加冠詞They

are

workers6.名詞前已有物主代詞(my，your，his，her等)、指示代詞(this/these，that/those)、不定代詞(some，any等)及所有格限制時(shí),不用冠詞my

book(正)；my

the

book(誤)7.在表特定的公園，街道，車站，橋，學(xué)校等之前。No.6

Middle

School第六中學(xué)五、用與不用冠詞的差異in

hospital住院in

the

hospital在醫(yī)院里in

front

of在(外部的)前面in

the

front

of在(內(nèi)部的)前面at

table進(jìn)餐at

the

table在桌子旁by

sea乘船by

the

sea在海邊go

to

school(church)上學(xué)(做禮拜)go

to

the

school(church)到學(xué)校(教堂)去two

of

us我們當(dāng)中的兩人the

two

of

us我們兩人(共計(jì)兩人)next

year明年the

next

year第二年a

teacher

and

writer一位教師兼作家(一個(gè)人)a

teacher

and

a

writer一位教師和一位作家(兩個(gè)人)考點(diǎn)三代詞的用法一、人稱代詞1.主格作主語(yǔ)，賓格作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ).He

teaches

usChinese.2.三種人稱代詞并列時(shí)，順序?yàn)?◆單數(shù)：二三一（You,she

and

I）◆復(fù)數(shù)：一二三(we,you

and

they)3.it的一些特別用法①用作形式主語(yǔ)，常用于It’s+adj+to

do

sth句型中②用在句型It

seems

that…中③用在句型It’s

one’s

turn

to

do

sth中④用在句型It’s

time

to

do

sth/for

sth中⑤用在句型It’s+adj+that從句中⑥用作形式賓語(yǔ),用來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞不定式make/think/feel/find+it+adj./n.+to

do

sth二、物主代詞1.形容詞性物主代詞作定語(yǔ)放在名詞前，不能單獨(dú)使用。2.名詞性物主代詞，后面不能加名詞。名詞性物主代詞常與of連用。Our

classroom

is

as

big

astheirs.This

is

a

friend

ofmine.【注】①名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞加一個(gè)名詞（名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞）②形容詞性物主代詞與own連用時(shí)，后面可跟名詞也可不跟名詞my

own

house=a

house

of

my

own三、反身代詞反身代詞的常用搭配：enjoy

oneselfhurt

oneselfteach

oneself=learn…by

oneselfall

by

oneselfhelp

oneself

to…look

after

oneselfleave

sb

by

oneselflose

oneself

insay

to

oneselffor

oneselfdress

oneselfimprove

oneself四、指示代詞1.近指:this

these遠(yuǎn)指:that

those2.用法:①that

those常用來(lái)代替前面出現(xiàn)的人或物，以避免重復(fù)。that代替可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，those代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞。The

weather

in

Guangdong

is

hotter

than

that

in

Qinghai.The

books

in

thisshop

are

cheaper

than

those

in

that

shop.②this,that可代替句子或句子的一個(gè)部分：that代替前面提到的句子，this代替下面提到的句子。He

had

a

bad

cold,that

is

why

he

didn’t

come.Ishallsaythistoyou:heisanhonestman.③在電話用語(yǔ)中this代替自己，而that代替對(duì)方。This

is

Tom

speaking.Who

is

that?五、不定代詞的區(qū)別1.one與it的區(qū)別one代替同類事物中的一種,而it代替上文中出現(xiàn)的某事物。Ileftmybookinmydrawer,buttoday

it

isgone.Idon’tlikethistypeofCDplayer.Couldyoushowmeabetter

one?2.some與any的區(qū)別一般情況下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定、疑問(wèn)句、條件句中，但在表建議的疑問(wèn)句中，仍用some代any，常用于could/would/May開(kāi)頭或what

about/how

about….的句中。May

I

have

some

water?He

asked

me

for

some

paper,but

I

didn’t

have

any.any用于肯定句中，常意為“任何”Anycolourwilldo.任何顏色都行。3.many與much的區(qū)別many+可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，much+不可數(shù)名詞，都相當(dāng)于a

lot

of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞【注意】a

lot

of不能用于否定句中4.each與every的區(qū)別each表示兩者或兩者以上的人或物中的每一個(gè)，而every表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一個(gè)。There

are

trees

and

flowers

on

each

side

of

the

street.【注意】each可以與of連用，each

of作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；而every不能與of連用，只能放在名詞前作定語(yǔ)。Each

of

us

isstudyinghard.5.no

one，nothing與none的區(qū)別◆none可指人也可以指物，可與of連用；none用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，若指可數(shù)名詞，則謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)(較正式)也可用復(fù)數(shù)(用于非正式文體，但更符合慣用法)；側(cè)重指數(shù)量上“一個(gè)也沒(méi)有”，一般用來(lái)回答howmany/much+n,及含any+n引起的疑問(wèn)句，如：Noneofushave/hasseenhim.-Howmanycatsarethereintheroom?-None.-Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveonyou?-None.-Isthereanywaterinthethermos?-None.◆noone通常用來(lái)指人，不與of連用；noone用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；一般用來(lái)回答who,及含anyone、anybody引起的疑問(wèn)句，如：Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.沒(méi)人喜歡沒(méi)有禮貌的人。-Whoisintheroom?-Noone.-Isthereanyoneintheroom?-Noone.◆nothing通常用來(lái)指物。Nothing用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；一般用來(lái)回答what引起的特殊問(wèn)句及含anything的一般問(wèn)句，如：-Whatisinthebox?-Nothing.-Isthereanythinginthesky?-Nothing.6.both/neither/either/all/none/any的區(qū)別①both的否定詞是neither,all的否定詞是none.②both

of作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；neither

of作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Neither

of

the

answers

isright.Both

of

my

parents

areworkers.③詞組both…and…連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。同義詞組:not

only…but

also…反義詞組:neither…nor…Not

only

you

but

also

she

likes

watching

TV.=Bothyou

andshe

like

watching

TV.④詞組either…or…或者……或者……,neither…nor…既不……也不……連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞實(shí)行就近原則。Neither

you

nor

he

is

right.One

of

Lily

and

Lucy

is

going

to

the

park.=EitherLily

orLucy

isgoing

to

the

park.⑤either也可以作副詞，用于否定句中，表示“也（不）”neither通常用在句子（或簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)）的開(kāi)頭，表示“也不”,其后要用倒裝語(yǔ)序（將主語(yǔ)放在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞be之后）Ifshewon'tgo,neithershallI.(＝Ifshewon'tgo,Iwon'teither．)7.other/the

other/others/the

others的區(qū)別①one…the

other…表示兩者之間的一個(gè)……另一個(gè)……②some…others…表示一些……一些……③some...theothers特指某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)一些人...,剩下的人...④another表示三者以上的不確定數(shù)目中的另一個(gè)，只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)。但another+數(shù)字+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=數(shù)字+more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示“另外幾個(gè)……”Would

you

like

anotherapple?I

have

two

brothers.One

is

a

teacher,theotheris

a

worker.Some

are

cleaning

the

classroom,andothersare

sweeping

the

window.There

are

20

teachers

in

our

school.Eight

of

them

are

men

teachers,and

theothersare

women

teachers.8.復(fù)合不定代詞①?gòu)?fù)合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Everything

beginsto

grow

in

spring.②形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí),形容詞放在不定代詞之后。Istheresomethinginterestingintoday’snewspaper?③動(dòng)詞不定式修飾不定代詞時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式放在不定代詞之后。Iwantsomethingtoeat.④any,anything,anyone,anybody也可用于肯定句中，表示任何……/任何物/任何人Hecouldmimicanybody他可以模仿任何人?？键c(diǎn)四數(shù)詞的用法基數(shù)詞：表示人或事物數(shù)量多少的詞序數(shù)詞：表示人或事物順序的詞一、基數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞是表示數(shù)目的詞，一般可寫(xiě)為245或者twohundredandforty-five2.基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式，但遇下列情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)：①與of連用，表示概數(shù)ahundredpeople100個(gè)人hundredsofpeople好幾百人②在一些習(xí)慣用法/固定搭配中Thestudentsarrivedintwosandthrees.學(xué)生們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡搅恕＂踚none's+整十的基數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示在某人...多歲時(shí)inone's40s在某人四十歲的時(shí)候④表示“年代”inthe1930s在20世紀(jì)三十年代...⑤名詞(首字母要大寫(xiě))+基數(shù)詞=the+序數(shù)詞+名詞Lesson

One=the

first

lesson注：有些編號(hào)，一般僅用第一種表達(dá)法。Room

101

101號(hào)房間⑥數(shù)詞前加every,表示每……/每隔……every

ten

days=every

ninth

day每十天(每隔九天)注：every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=every+(序數(shù)詞-1)+單數(shù)名詞二、序數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞【口訣】基變序，有規(guī)律，詞尾要加th。一二三，特殊記，詞尾分別tdd(first

second

third)八去t,九去e，ve要用f替。ty變作tie，再加th莫忘記。若遇幾十幾，只變個(gè)位就可以。2.序數(shù)詞前一般加定冠詞the，但序數(shù)詞前與不定冠詞a/an連用時(shí)，表示“又一，再一”。You’ve

done

it

three

times.Why

not

tryafourth

time?3.當(dāng)序數(shù)詞前有人稱代詞時(shí),用零冠詞Thatremindsmeofmyfirstdog.三、分?jǐn)?shù)1.結(jié)構(gòu)：a)分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞b)當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí)，分母加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾3/4---three

fourths2.分?jǐn)?shù)詞的幾種特殊形式：1/2—a

half/onehalf1/3—one

third=a

third1/4—one

fourth=a

quarter3/4—three

fourths=three

quarters3.分?jǐn)?shù)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)分?jǐn)?shù)詞后面的名詞來(lái)確定。Two

fifths

of

the

milkhasbeendrunk

by

Tom.One

third

of

the

studentsaregirls.四、倍數(shù)倍數(shù)的四種表達(dá)方法：1.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù)+as+adj.+as2.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù)+thesize(weight,amount...)+of3.倍數(shù)/分?jǐn)?shù)+adj.比較級(jí)+than4.by+倍數(shù)考點(diǎn)五介詞的用法一、介詞at/in/on1.表示時(shí)間：1)at表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)，某一時(shí)刻/年齡at

six

o’clock

at

noon

at

that

time

at

the

moment

at

the

age

of...at

night2)in表示時(shí)間段,一天的三個(gè)時(shí)間段以及月份/年/季節(jié)/世紀(jì)/人生的某個(gè)時(shí)期(某人幾十歲時(shí))in

the

morning/afternoon/evening

in

spring

in

2007

in

March

in

the

21st

century

in

his

fifties3)on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上，表示一天中的三個(gè)時(shí)間段名詞前有修飾語(yǔ)或后有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)On

Monday

on

New

Year’s

Day

on

Sunday

morning

on

a

rainy

night

on

the

evening

of

April

1st,20072.表示地點(diǎn)：1)at一般指較小的地點(diǎn)或較具體的位置at

the

station

at

the

cinema2)in表示在較大的地點(diǎn)或一個(gè)有限空間里in

China

in

the

classroom3)on指在某物體的表面上on

the

desk二、介詞in/on/to表方位1.in表示A地在B地范圍之內(nèi)(包含關(guān)系)Tanwan

is

inthe

southeast

of

China.2.on表示A,B地接壤(外切關(guān)系)Hubei

is

on

the

north

of

Hunan.3.to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距(外離關(guān)系)Japan

is

tothe

east

of

China.三、between/among在……之間1.between指兩者之間，“在…….之間”2.among用于三者或三者以上人或物之間，“在……之中”You

sit

betweenhim

and

me.The

song

is

popular

amongthe

students.四、after/in在……之后1.after1)after+時(shí)間段，表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)算起一段時(shí)間后，與過(guò)去時(shí)連用Hecamebackhomeafterthreeyears.他三年后回到家里。2)after+未來(lái)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，表示在未來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)后，與將來(lái)時(shí)連用I'llringyouupaftertwoo'clock.兩點(diǎn)以后我給你打電話。3)after作介詞，after

doing

sth2.in+一段時(shí)間，表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的將來(lái)一段時(shí)間之后，用于將來(lái)時(shí)He

came

back

aftertwo

days.He

will

go

home

afterfinishing

his

homeworkHe

will

come

back

intwo

days.五、with/in/by表示“用……”1.with表示“用…”一般指有形的工具/手段/人體器官He

cut

the

apple

into

halves

witha

knife.注：with還可以表伴隨，表示“帶有，含有”He

came

in

witha

big

smile

on

his

face.2.in表示用某種語(yǔ)言，方式，途徑，或書(shū)寫(xiě)/繪畫(huà)所用的材料，也可表交通方式Can

you

say

it

inEnglish?He

wrote

a

letter

inblue

ink.3.by表示乘坐交通工具，表示方式，方法I

study

for

a

test

byworking

with

a

group.He

makes

a

living

byselling

newspapers.Sheusuallygoestoworkbybike.六、across/through/over/by經(jīng)過(guò)1.across指橫穿，穿過(guò)，表示動(dòng)作從某一物體表面上經(jīng)過(guò)2.through指穿過(guò)，透過(guò)，表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過(guò)3.over表示從某人或某物的上空經(jīng)過(guò)或越過(guò)，不與表面接觸4.by表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)Can

you

swim

acrossthe

river?The

elephant

is

so

big

that

it

can’t

go

throughthe

gate.I

don’t

think

anyone

can

jump

overthe

fence.I

walked

by

the

Bank

of

China

yesterday.七、in

front

of/in

the

front

of“在……前面”1.in

the

front

of表示在…….內(nèi)部的前面2.in

front

of表示在……外部的前面There

is

a

desk

in

thefront

of

our

classroom.There

is

a

big

tree

in

front

of

our

classroom.八、其它介詞的用法1.at的其它用法1)表示”從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.She

is

at

work

now=She

is

working

now.2)at表示”處于……價(jià)格/速度”The

train

ran

at

120

kilometres

an

hour.2.in的其它用法1)in表示”在……方面”，詞組：do

well

in=be

good

at

be

weak

in2)in表示“穿著”，后接表顏色的詞或衣服詞組:be

in+衣服=be

wearing+衣服3.like的用法：1)像/和……一樣，常與系動(dòng)詞連用詞組:look

like

sound

like2)與what連用，“是什么樣子，怎樣”What

is

he

like?He

is

kind.4.off的用法：1)從……下來(lái)，脫離某物體詞組:fall

off2)“休假”，通常放在時(shí)間名詞之后詞組：have+時(shí)間+off

It'smarvelloustohaveadayoff.5.except/besides的用法：1)except表示“除了…….之外，都……”,不包括在范圍之內(nèi)2)besides表示“除了……之外，還有……”，包括在范圍之內(nèi)We

all

went

swimming

exceptLucy.除了露西，我們都去游泳了。We

study

Japanese

and

French

besidesEnglish.除英語(yǔ)外，我們還學(xué)習(xí)日語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)。6.with/without的用法：1)with具有，含有-----反義詞:without沒(méi)有詞組：with

the

help

of=with

one’s

help=because

of=thanks

towithout

one’s

help2)without的用法①without+sb./sth.沒(méi)有某人或某物②without+doing

sth.He

left

here

without

sayingGoodbye

to

us③without

sth常用于if引導(dǎo)的否定的條件句.If

there

is

no

water,we

can’t

live.=We

can’t

live

withoutwater.7.since/for的用法：①since:a).since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)b).現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+一般過(guò)去時(shí)c).since+一段時(shí)間+ago.②for:for+一段時(shí)間=since+一段時(shí)間+ago8.be

made+介詞的區(qū)別：be

made

of由…制成(看得見(jiàn)原材料)be

made

from由…制成(看不見(jiàn)原材料)be

made

in+地點(diǎn)由哪兒生產(chǎn)be

made

by

sb.由某人制造9.表示“數(shù)量的介詞”about,round，around，over①about，round

around表示“大約……”②over表示“超過(guò)”=more

than10.inside/outside的用法inside在……里面------反義詞：outside在….外面九、不用介詞的情況1)當(dāng)時(shí)間狀為:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorrow等時(shí)，不用介詞What

are

you

going

to

do

tonight?2)含有this,that,these,those,last,next,every,each等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不用介詞He

went

to

Wuhan

last

week.3)以all開(kāi)頭的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前面不用介詞.He

has

worked

all

day.4)以some,any,one等構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)前不用介詞.He

met

a

bad

man

one

cold

morning.=He

met

a

bad

man

on

a

cold

morning.考點(diǎn)六連詞的用法一、并列連詞并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組或從句。常見(jiàn)的連詞有：and,but,or,so,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,not

only…but

also等。1.and①and表示“和、且”，在肯定句中連接并列的成分。He

is

laughing

and

talking.②祈使句+and……,表示“那么”之意。=If……Study

hard,and

you

will

succeed.=Ifyoustudy

hard,you

will

succeed.2.but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞，意為“但是”He

is

poor,but

honest.3.or①or有“或”的意思，表示一種選擇Would

you

like

tea

or

water?②祈使句+or…表示“否則”之意。=If…not…,……..Study

hard,or

you

will

fail.=Ifyoudon’tstudy

hard,you

will

fail.③or用在否定句中表示并列關(guān)系。He

can’t

read

or

write.4.both①both表示“兩者都……”，后面的名詞、動(dòng)詞都用復(fù)數(shù)。Both

the

answers

are

right.②both

of….Both

of

us

are

students.我們兩個(gè)都是學(xué)生。③both…and…Both

you

and

she

are

right.你和她都是對(duì)的。5.either/either…or①either表示“兩者當(dāng)中任何一個(gè)”，后有of時(shí)接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，無(wú)of時(shí)接單數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。You

may

wear

either

of

the

hats.②either…or…“不是……就是……,或者……或者……”，動(dòng)詞與臨近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。即“就近原則”。Either

you

or

he

has

to

go=Either

he

or

you

have

to

go.6.neither/neither…nor…①neither表示“兩者都不”，后有of時(shí)接名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，無(wú)of時(shí)接單數(shù)名詞，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Neither

of

the

answers

isright.②neither….nor…表示“既不…….也不……”，動(dòng)詞與臨近的主語(yǔ)保持一致，即“就近原則Neither

you

nor

I

am

right.=Neither

I

nor

you

are

right.二、從屬連詞從屬連詞是引導(dǎo)從句的連詞。1.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞①that連接由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。②who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how連接由特殊疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。③if/whether連接由一般疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)從句。2.引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞·引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。·引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because,as,since等?！ひ龑?dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的if,unless等?！ひ龑?dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等?！ひ龑?dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的sothat,inorderthat等?！ひ龑?dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的sothat,so…that,such…that等?！ひ龑?dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的though,although,evenif等?！ひ龑?dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的than,as…as等?！ひ龑?dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的as,asif/though等?！ひ龑?dǎo)名詞性從句的that,if,whether等。3.不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中的連詞。①because,so不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里，只用其中之一。②though/although,but不能同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子里，只用其中之一。但though可以與yet，still同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)句子中?？键c(diǎn)七形容詞的用法一、以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1.大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。2.有些以-ly結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.TheTimesispublisheddaily.二、用形容詞表示類別和整體1.某些形容詞加上定冠詞可泛指一類人，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如：thedead，theliving，therich，thepoor，theblind，thehungry?！猅hepoorarelosinghope.2.有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。theBritish，theEnglish，theFrench，theChinese.————TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.三、多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，順序：限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別）asmallroundtableadirtyoldbrownshirtanexpensiveJapanesesportscar四、形容詞變副詞方式1.在形容詞詞尾直接加-ly，構(gòu)成副詞。如：usual-usually,bad-badly等。[注]：不是所有以-ly結(jié)尾的單詞都是副詞，某些名詞后加-ly可以轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。如：sisterly,brotherly,friendly,comradely,lovely等。2.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的單詞，變y為i，再加-ly，如：heavy-heavily,happy-happily等，并且要注意這些單詞的變化：polite-politely,true-truly,terrible-terribly等。五、形容詞的同級(jí)比較①as+原級(jí)adj.+as和……一樣Tomisastallashisbrother.湯姆和他哥哥一樣高。②notas/so+原級(jí)adj.+as不如……MyEnglishisnotas/sogoodashis.我的英語(yǔ)不如他的好。六、形容詞的比較級(jí)①比較級(jí)+than...比……更Thisroadiswiderthanthatone.這條路比那條路寬。Thiscomputerislessexpensivethanmine.這臺(tái)電腦比我的便宜。②the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)越……，就越……Thehigherthegroundis,thethinnertheairbecomes.海拔越高，空氣就越稀薄。③比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)越來(lái)越……Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.我們的國(guó)家越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大了?！咀⒁狻竣俦苊怆p重比較。在比較級(jí)前不能再加more，加more就屬于雙重比較。Thisroadismorewiderthanthatone.(×)Thisroadiswiderthanthatone.(√)②相比較的前后兩部分必須是同類比較My

pencil

is

longer

thanyou.(×)My

pencil

is

longer

thanyours.(√)③比較要符合邏輯，要避免與自身相比Tomistallerthananyboyinhisclass.(×)Tomistallerthananyotherboy(或alltheotherboys/anybodyelse/anyoftheotherboys)inhisclass.(√)在比較中，要注意把相比的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)排除出來(lái)，避免與自身相比。誤句中的“anyboy”(任何一個(gè)男孩）包括了湯姆，湯姆不能比他本身還高，不符合邏輯。④有些含有比較級(jí)的句子里，常用that(單數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞)、those(復(fù)數(shù)名詞)代替前面提到的詞，以避免重復(fù)。The

weather

in

Beijing

is

colder

thanthat

in

Guangzhou

in

winter.The

boys

in

our

class

are

more

thanthose

in

your

class.⑤注意比較級(jí)前表示程度可用的修飾語(yǔ)和不可用的修飾語(yǔ)——比較級(jí)前可用修飾語(yǔ)：much，alot，far（.....得多），alittle，abit（一點(diǎn)），still（仍然），even（甚至），twotimes（兩倍），以及具體的數(shù)詞，如：twoyears等修飾。但是不可以用very和many來(lái)修飾。Heisverytallerthanhisbrother.(×)Heismuchtallerthanhisbrother.(√)七、形容詞的最高級(jí)1.基本用法用于三者或三者以上的比較時(shí)，表示“最……”的要用最高級(jí)形容詞。形容詞的最高級(jí)前面要加定冠詞the，后面常有一個(gè)in/of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示比較范圍。Iamthetallestinourclass.我是班里個(gè)子最高的。Mymovementsarethemostgracefulofusthree.三個(gè)人中我的動(dòng)作是最優(yōu)雅的.2.慣用句型①the+序數(shù)詞+形容詞的最高級(jí)+單數(shù)名詞The

Yellow

River

is

the

second

longest

river

in

China.②one

of+the+形容詞的最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞He

is

one

of

the

cleverest

students

in

our

class.八、形容詞原級(jí)與比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)換1.原級(jí)與比較級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)換倍數(shù)+as…as→(倍數(shù)-1)+比較級(jí)+thanThis

room

is

five

times

as

big

as

that

one=This

room

is

fourtimesbigger

than

that

one.2.比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的轉(zhuǎn)換①the+最高級(jí)+of/in...②比較級(jí)+than+any

other+單數(shù)名詞+the

other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+anyone

else+any

of

the

other+復(fù)名③Nobody

else+比較級(jí)+than……Tom

is

the

tallest

boy

in

our

class.Tom

is

taller

than

anyotherboy

in

our

class.Tom

is

taller

than

theotherboys

in

our

class.Nobodyelse

is

taller

than

Tom

in

our

class.考點(diǎn)八副詞的用法一、副詞的分類1.時(shí)間副詞——表示時(shí)間，如：now現(xiàn)在;today今天;soon很快;ago以前2.地點(diǎn)副詞——表示地點(diǎn)，如：there那里;here這里;out在外邊;up在上邊3.方式副詞——描述動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式，如：slowly緩慢地;quickly迅速地;carefully細(xì)心地4.程度副詞——描述行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的程度，如：too太;really的確;quite相當(dāng)5.頻度副詞——表示一定時(shí)間內(nèi)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)，如：always總是；sometimes有時(shí)6.疑問(wèn)副詞——用來(lái)引出特殊疑問(wèn)句，如：why為什么;where在哪里;when什么時(shí)候7.關(guān)系副詞——用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如：where，when，why8.連接副詞——用來(lái)連接句子或從句，如：therefore因此，however但是；用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句或者和動(dòng)詞不定式連用，如when,why,where,how二、副詞的基本用法1.副詞用來(lái)修飾形容詞、其他副詞，一般放在被修飾詞之前。He

plays

the

piano

very

well.2.副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，常放在動(dòng)詞之后。He

got

up

quickly.3.enough修飾adj/adv時(shí)，放在其后.He

is

old

enough

to

go

to

school.三、常見(jiàn)副詞用法辨析1.already與yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句句中，表示“已經(jīng)”；yet用于否定句句末，表示“還”，用于疑問(wèn)句句末，表示“已經(jīng)”He

had

alreadyleft

when

I

called.Have

you

found

your

ruler

yet？2.very，much和very

much的區(qū)別very用于修飾形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)；much用于修飾形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)；修飾動(dòng)詞要用very

much。John

is

veryhonest.This

garden

is

muchbigger

than

that

one.Thank

you

verymuch.3.so與such的區(qū)別①so修飾形容詞或副詞；such修飾名詞。My

brother

runs

so

fast

that

I

can’t

follow

him.He

is

such

a

boy.②so+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，such+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)such+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞He

is

soclever

a

boy.=He

is

sucha

clever

boy.It

is

suchcold

weather.They

are

suchgood

students.③名詞前有many,much,few,little(少量的)用so不用such.(多多少少仍用so)，但little表示“小的”時(shí)用suchThere

are

so

little

sheep

on

the

hill.4.also，too，as

well與either的區(qū)別also，as

well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前；as

well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。My

father

is

a

teacher.My

mother

is

alsoa

teacher.=My

father

is

a

teacher.My

mother

is

a

teacher,too.=My

father

is

a

teacher.My

mother

is

a

teacher

aswell.I

can’t

speak

French.Jenny

can’t

speak

French

either.5.sometime，sometimes，some

time與some

times的區(qū)別sometime：表示將來(lái)的或過(guò)去的某一個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間。sometimes：有時(shí)，不時(shí)=at

timessome

time：一段時(shí)間some

times：幾次，幾倍We’ll

have

a

test

sometimenext

month.Sometimeswe

are

busy

and

sometimes

we

are

not.He

stayed

in

Beijing

for

sometimelast

year.I

have

been

to

Beijing

sometimes.6.ago與before的區(qū)別ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”，常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用，不可以單獨(dú)使用。before指過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)的某時(shí)刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成時(shí)連用，可以單獨(dú)使用。I

saw

him

ten

minutes

agoHe

told

me

that

he

had

seen

the

film

before.7.now，just與just

now的區(qū)別now與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，意為“現(xiàn)在”just與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，表示“剛……”just

now：和過(guò)去時(shí)連用，表示“剛才”Where

does

he

live

now？We

have

justseen

the

film.He

was

here

justnow.8.lonely/alone的區(qū)別1)alone獨(dú)自一人/沒(méi)有同伴,既可作adj也可作adv.2)lonely表示孤獨(dú)、寂寞，也可修飾地點(diǎn)，表示荒涼、偏僻的，常與feel連用。3)alone只作表語(yǔ)(以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞一般只作表語(yǔ)，不作定語(yǔ))，而lonely既可作表語(yǔ)，也可作定語(yǔ))He

lives

aloneon

a

lonely

island.He

is

alone,but

he

doesn’t

feel

lonely.四、副詞的同級(jí)比較1.as+原級(jí)副詞+as，表示前后兩者情況一樣Youwalkasfastashedoes.你和他走路一樣快。2.notas/so+原級(jí)副詞+as，表示前者不如后者Hecan'tusethecomputerso/aswellasyou.他用電腦沒(méi)有你用得好。五、副詞的比較級(jí)①比較級(jí)+than...比……更HeswimsbetterthanIdo.他游泳游得比我好。②the+比較級(jí)，the+比較級(jí)越……，就越……Theharderyouwork,thebetteryou’lllearn.你學(xué)的越用功，你就會(huì)學(xué)得越好。③moreandmore...越來(lái)越……Sheplaysthepianomoreandmorebeautifully.她鋼琴?gòu)椀迷絹?lái)越好聽(tīng)了。六、副詞的最高級(jí)同形容詞最高級(jí)用法基本一致——(the)+副詞最高級(jí)+(in/of/among)Hestudies(the)hardestofthethreeboys.他是這三個(gè)男孩中學(xué)習(xí)最用功的。Shelives(the)nearesttotheschool.她離學(xué)校住的最近?？键c(diǎn)九動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1.概念：經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。也可表示客觀規(guī)律以及在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中表將來(lái)時(shí)（主將從現(xiàn)）2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always,usually,often,sometimes,every

week/day/year/month…,once

a

week,on

Sundays,3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動(dòng)詞：am/is/are②行為動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)。4.否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②don’t/doesn’t+動(dòng)詞原形+……5.一般疑問(wèn)句：①把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；②Do/Does+…+動(dòng)詞原形+…?二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)1.概念：過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過(guò)去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：ago,yesterday,the

day

before

yesterday,last

week(year,night,month...),in

1989,just

now,at

the

age

of

5,one

day,long

long

ago,once

upon

a

time,...3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①be動(dòng)詞；was/were…②行為動(dòng)詞:動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式4.否定形式：①was/were+not;②didn’t+動(dòng)詞原形5.一般疑問(wèn)句：①was或were放于句首；②Did+…+動(dòng)詞原形……?三、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now,at

this

time,these

days,look/listen,can

you

see?Can’t

you

see?之類的暗示語(yǔ)。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：am/is/are+doing4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑問(wèn)句：Is/Are…+doing

sth?四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)1.概念：表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：at

this/that

time

yesterday,at

that

time,at

six,yesterday

evening,from

eight

o’clock

to

nine

o’clock

last

night或以when/while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+when+一般過(guò)去時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)+while+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)/過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+while+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were+doing4.否定形式：was/were+not+doing.5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把was或were放于句首。五、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.概念：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：recently,lately,since...,for...,in

the

past

few

years,already,yet,never,ever,just,before,so

far,once,twice

etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has+done4.否定形式：have/has+not+done5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把have或has放于句首。7.注意①have

been

to/have

gone

to/have

been

in的區(qū)別have

been

to+地點(diǎn)表示曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)人已返回。have

gone

to+地點(diǎn)表示人已去了某地，人還未返回。have

been

in+地點(diǎn)表示在某地呆多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。②與時(shí)間段連用時(shí)，短暫性動(dòng)詞應(yīng)改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Ihaveleftschoolfor20years.(×)Ihavebeenawayfromschoolfor20years.(√)③慣用句型：A)主語(yǔ)+短暫性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式+時(shí)間+agoB)主語(yǔ)+have/has+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+for…./since….ago.C).It’s/Ithasbeen+時(shí)間段+since+短暫性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式D).時(shí)間段+has

passed+since+短暫性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式His

grandfather

died

two

years

ago.His

grandfather

has

beendeadfor

two

years/since2017.It’s/Ithasbeentwo

years

sincehis

grandfather

died.Two

years

haspassedsincehis

grandfather

died.④現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，側(cè)重于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)側(cè)重于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，若詢問(wèn)該動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體的時(shí)間時(shí)，只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Has

he

returned

the

library

book?Yes,he

has.When

did

he

returnit?He

returnedit

yesterday

afternoon.六、過(guò)去完成時(shí)1.概念：以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過(guò)去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：①before+過(guò)去時(shí)間，by+過(guò)去時(shí)間by

the

end

of

last

year(term,month?)②by

the

time+從句（一般過(guò)去時(shí)），主句（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）③用于由when,after,before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，前后兩動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過(guò)去。過(guò)去完成時(shí)+when/before+一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)+after+過(guò)去完成時(shí)④用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had+done4.否定形式：had+not+done5.一般疑問(wèn)句：把had放于句首。七、一般將來(lái)時(shí)1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：tomorrow,next

day(week,month,year),soon,in+一段時(shí)間,by...,the

day

after

tomorrow,this

evening,tonight3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：①shall/will+動(dòng)詞原型②begoingto+動(dòng)詞原型③beto+動(dòng)詞原型④beonthepointof/beaboutto表示”正要做某事”，不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但可和when從句連用4.【慣用句型】祈使句/短語(yǔ)+and/or+主語(yǔ)+willWorkhardandyouwillsucceed.Workhardoryouwillfail.考點(diǎn)十動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)一、語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念語(yǔ)態(tài)是指特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，用以表示動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（ActiveVoice）中主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(PassiveVoice中主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：ManypeoplespeakEnglish.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Englishisspokenbymanypeople.二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。Thehousewasbuiltin1950.2.需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。如果同時(shí)將動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者表達(dá)出來(lái)，可以在發(fā)出者前面加上by。Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.Hewasbroughtupbyhisgrandmother.3.為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提到是誰(shuí)做的這件事。Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are+done2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are

being

done3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have

been

done4）一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were

done5）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were

being

done6）過(guò)去完成時(shí)had

been

done7）一般將來(lái)時(shí)will/shallbedone四、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況1.表示事物自然屬性時(shí)，用實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（主動(dòng)形式）+副詞（有時(shí)不加），表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Thepenwriteswell.這支筆很好寫(xiě)。Themagazinesellswell.這本雜志很好賣。2.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞need,want,require,deserve,demand后接doing形式，可表示tobedone的含義，如：Thehouseneedsrepairing.=Thehouseneedstoberepaired.3.某些連系動(dòng)詞使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而表示被動(dòng)的含義，如：Einstein'stheoryprovedtobecorrect.Good?medicine?tastes?bitter.4.blame和let的不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義Hewastoblamefortheirdeaths.他要為他們的死負(fù)責(zé)。Thehouseistolet.此房出租。5.動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：①當(dāng)不定式與它修飾的詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且與句子的主語(yǔ)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義，如：Wehavemanyproblemstosolve.②sb/sth+be+adj.+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中，若句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，可用不定式的主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)意義，如：Someproblemsarenoteasytosolve.6.在too…to…及enough

to...結(jié)構(gòu)中有時(shí)表示被動(dòng)意義。The

problem

is

too

difficult

to

solve.五、It

is

said

that+從句及其他類似句型一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋that從句”或“主語(yǔ)＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋to

do

sth.”。如：It

is

said

that…據(jù)說(shuō)It

is

reported

that…據(jù)報(bào)道It

is

believed

that…大家相信It

is

hoped

that…大家希望It

is

well

known

that…眾所周知It

is

thought

that…大家認(rèn)為It

is

suggested

that…據(jù)建議Itistakengrantedthat…被視為當(dāng)然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberthat…務(wù)必記住的是六、省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)make/let/have/see/hear/feel/watch/makesbdo

sth→sb+be+made+to

do

sth【口訣】感使動(dòng)詞真叫怪，to來(lái)to去記心懷，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to離去，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)to回來(lái)。The

boss

made

the

workers

work

all

day.The

workers

weremadetowork

all

day

by

the

boss.考點(diǎn)十一情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法1.can用法①表示能力，與be

able

to同義，但can只用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，be

able

to可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。Icandoitonmyself.注：Can

you…?Yes,I

can/No,I

can’t.②表示允許、請(qǐng)求，用could比can語(yǔ)氣更加委婉客氣，常用于could

I/you…..?句型中，若表示同意時(shí)，用can回答而不用could。Could

I

borrow

the

book?Yes,youcan./No,you

can’t.③表示推測(cè)，意為“可能”，常用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中（can’t表示一定不是）Can

it

be

true?會(huì)是真的嗎？It

can’t

be

true.不可能是真的。2.may用法①表示許可或征求對(duì)方的許可（=can），常與第一人稱連用。May

I….?Yes,you

may./Yes,please.No,you

can’t/mustn’t.②表推測(cè)，意為“可能、也許”。常用于肯定句中。Maybe

he

knows

the

news.=He

mayknow

the

news.3.must用法①表示義務(wù)，意為“必須”（主觀意志）。We

must

do

everything

step

by

step.Must

I….?Yes,you

must/No,you

needn’t(don’t

have

to).②mustn’t表禁止、不允許。You

mustn’t

talk

to

her

like

that.③表示推測(cè)，意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑問(wèn)句中must改為can。He

must

be

ill.He

looks

so

pale.She’s

wearing

a

diamond

necklace.She

must

have

a

lot

of

money.4.need用法need既可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，也可用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于各種句式。①用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中?！鯪eed

I….?Yes,you

must/No,you

needn’t.■need+do

sth.變否定句：needn’t

do

sth變疑問(wèn)句：Need

sb

do

sth?②用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞■need+to

do

sth.We

need

tobuysome

school

things.變否定句：don’t/doesn’t/didn’t+need

to

do

sth.變疑問(wèn)句：Do/Does/Did

sb+need

to

sth?Yes,…do/does/didNo,sb

don’t/doesn’t/didn’t.■當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)，sth+need+doing

sth=sth+need

to

be

done.The

table

needs

painting.=The

table

needs

toberepaired.5.had

better用法①had

better+動(dòng)詞原形=It’s

best

to

do

sth.最好做某事②had

better

not+動(dòng)詞原形最好不要做某事We

had

better

notplaythe

computer

games.6.must與have

to用法①一般情況下，兩者可互換。must=have

to②must“必須，應(yīng)該”表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，即說(shuō)話人認(rèn)