高考英語一輪課件專題三定語從句

專題三定句從句考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞的作用及常見關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞的作用及常見關(guān)系副詞的用法非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句在意義和關(guān)系詞方面的區(qū)別考綱解讀命題規(guī)律趨勢(shì)探究命題規(guī)律1.北京近三年高考中定語從句的考點(diǎn)分布如下:2.高考北京卷中,主要考查定語從句的基本用法,設(shè)題方式多樣。3.高考北京卷中注重結(jié)合語境考查定語從句的基本用法。年份201720162015考點(diǎn)關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞考頻分析核心考點(diǎn)考查內(nèi)容考查重點(diǎn)定語從句關(guān)系代詞★★★★★關(guān)系副詞★★★★☆突破方法1.根據(jù)從句前是否有名詞或者句子,并被從句修飾來判斷。2.根據(jù)先行詞初步判斷關(guān)系詞。(1)人作為先行詞,可供選擇的關(guān)系詞有:who(主賓表),whom(賓表),

whose(定),that(主賓表)。(2)物作為先行詞,可供選擇的關(guān)系詞有:that(主賓表),which(主賓表),

whose(定),when(狀),why(狀),where(狀)。人和物共同作先行詞時(shí),關(guān)

系詞只能用that。(3)先行詞為一個(gè)句子時(shí),可用的關(guān)系詞有as,which。3.分析句子成分,確定具體用詞。(1)根據(jù)從句中與關(guān)系詞相關(guān)的動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞,確定從句所缺成分。(2)根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)及特殊情況,確定關(guān)系詞?？键c(diǎn)知識(shí)全面總結(jié)考點(diǎn)一關(guān)系代詞一、關(guān)系代詞的作用及分類1.關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè):(1)連接作用:關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句,把從句和主句連接起來;(2)替代作用:關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞;(3)作成分:關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。從句關(guān)系代詞格用于限制性和非限制性定語從句用于限制性定語從句指人指物既指人又指物主格詞whowhichthat賓格詞who(m)屬格詞whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhichwhose2.關(guān)系代詞的用法分類:關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類有三點(diǎn)依據(jù):(1)根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性;(2)根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物;(3)根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧髡Z、賓語、表語或定語。二、關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法1.限制性定語從句中,必須用關(guān)系代詞that的情況:(1)當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all,much,little,something,everything,anything,

nothing,none等時(shí)。如:Thereisnothingintheworldthatcanfrightenhim.在這個(gè)世界上沒有什么事能嚇倒他。(2)當(dāng)先行詞前面有theonly,thevery(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等詞修飾時(shí)。如:Theonlythingthatwecandois(to)giveyousomemoney.我們唯一能做的事情就是給你一些錢。(3)當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

如:ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverseen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最有趣的電影。(4)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如:ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.這是去蘇州的最后一趟火車。(5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如:Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?你知道他們正在談?wù)摰氖潞腿藛?(6)當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞which時(shí)。如:Whichisthebikethatyoulost?哪輛是你丟的自行車?(7)有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí),其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用which,另外一個(gè)宜用

that。如:Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcould

causepollution.他們偷偷地建了一家小工廠,這家工廠生產(chǎn)的東西能造成污染。(8)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語,而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語時(shí)。如:Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海不再是過去的那座城市了。2.當(dāng)先行詞指物或前面整句話時(shí),定語從句中關(guān)系代詞必須用which的

情況:(1)在非限制性定語從句中,只用which,不用that。如:MoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,whichmade

oneoftheChinesepeople’slong-helddreamscometrue.莫言2012年被授予諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng),這使中國(guó)人長(zhǎng)久以來擁有的夢(mèng)想之一

變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。(2)當(dāng)從句中的介詞提前時(shí),只用which,不用that。如:GuncontrolisasubjectaboutwhichAmericanshavearguedforalong

time.槍支控制是美國(guó)人爭(zhēng)論了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的一個(gè)話題。注意:在一些動(dòng)詞短語中,由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割,因此不能把介詞置

于關(guān)系代詞之前。如:Thisisthepen(which/that)I’mlookingfor.這是我正在尋找的那支鋼筆。不可以說:ThisisthepenforwhichI’mlooking.三、關(guān)系代詞who,whom,that和whose的用法當(dāng)先行詞指人:①在定語從句中作主語時(shí),用who/that,不可省略;②在定

語從句中作賓語時(shí),用whom/who/that,可以省略;③在定語從句中作定語

時(shí),用whose,不可省略。如:Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.(先行詞在定語從句中作主語)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。That’sthegirl(whom/who/that)Iteach.(先行詞在定語從句中作賓語)那就是我教的女孩。Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementsarewellknown.(先行詞在定語從句中作定語)這就是那位成就卓著的科學(xué)家。Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.(注意粗體部分的形式和順序)這就是昨晚窗戶被打壞的那所房子。用關(guān)系代詞填空:①Isthereanything

that

youdon’tunderstandabouttheproblem?②Theworstmatter

that

I’mafraidofhappenedintheend.③Pleasesendusalltheinformation

that

youhaveaboutthecandidate

fortheposition.④Thisistheverybook

that

Ihavebeenlookingfor.⑤Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown,

which

wasverykindofhim.⑥Thehouse

whose

windowsfacetothenorthbelongstohim.⑦Theman

who/whom/that

youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.考點(diǎn)二關(guān)系副詞一、關(guān)系副詞的作用與意義1.關(guān)系副詞的作用(1)連接作用:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)從句,連接主從句。(2)替代作用:關(guān)系副詞在從句中替代先行詞。(3)作成分:關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語。2.主要關(guān)系副詞的意義定語從句中主要的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。when=表時(shí)間的介

詞(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如:in,at,on,under

等)+which;why=表原因的介詞(如:for)+which。如:IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)我還記得我第一次來北京的那一天。Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?(where=inwhich)你能告訴我他上班的辦公室嗎?Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?(why=forwhich)你知道他缺席的原因嗎?二、高考中對(duì)關(guān)系副詞where的考查高考試題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜,從先行詞為“明顯的地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)

為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上,對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞,考生不能只理解為表

示地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的situation,或某事所發(fā)展的stage,或表達(dá)

某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如:Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他們已經(jīng)到了必須分開的地步。這種用法不是僅僅限于定語從句,特殊疑問句中的where,名詞性從句中

的where都有這種用法。如:Wherewillallthistroublelead?這件麻煩事會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么后果?Thatiswhereyouaremistaken.那就是你的錯(cuò)誤所在。單項(xiàng)填空:（

）①Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders

consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.where

B.when

C.who

D.which（

）②—Isthatthesmalltownyouoftenreferto?—Right,justtheone

youknowIusedtoworkforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.whatAC（

）③Iwalkedinourgarden,

TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that（

）④Occasionsarequiterare

Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.whenCD考點(diǎn)三非限制性定語從句一、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用;非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞

起補(bǔ)充說明作用。在非限制性定語從句中,先行詞與定語從句往往由逗

號(hào)隔開。非限制性定語從句相當(dāng)于并列句、狀語從句等。如:Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)他有兩個(gè)兒子,他們?cè)谕患夜旧习?。Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmore

thantwosons.)他有兩個(gè)兒子在同一家公司上班。同義句轉(zhuǎn)換:①Thatishisfather,andheworksinShanghai.Thatishisfather,

who

worksinShanghai.②Iliketheboy,whoisverylovely.Iliketheboy,

because/forhe

isverylovely.③Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,andIthinkitisveryinteresting.Hetoldmeastoryyesterday,

which

Ithinkisveryinteresting.二、非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法1.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在任何情況下都不能省略;2.who(主語),whom(賓語),which(主語,賓語)不能用that代替,也不能互相

替換;3.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定語從句中。單項(xiàng)填空:(

)④Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,

weenjoyeda

splendidviewofthelake.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that(

)⑤They’vewontheirlastthreematches,

Ifindabitsurprisingactually.A.thatB.whenC.whatD.which(

)⑥Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony,

wasverysurprisingtome.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whatBDB考點(diǎn)四關(guān)系代詞as與which的區(qū)別1.

其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。如:Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。(as作主語)Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.這些房子以人們預(yù)料的那樣的低價(jià)出售。(as作賓語)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.他和過去不同了。(as作表語)2....suchas...such為代詞,意為“這樣的人或物”,as在從句中作成分,修飾先行詞

such。如:ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.這本書不是我想要的。(as在從句中作賓語)3.as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有時(shí)還可

插入主句中,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后。相

同的是兩者都可替代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。如:Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldex-

pect.結(jié)果天氣很好,這一點(diǎn)超出了我們的預(yù)料。4.當(dāng)非限制性定語從句放在主句前面時(shí),只能用as。如:Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceevery

month.=Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,as/whichisknownto

everybody.=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceevery

month.=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonce

everymonth.眾所周知,月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈。后兩句屬于名詞性從句范疇。另外,as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中:asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那樣;asiswell-known=asisknowntoall眾所周知;aswehaveexpected正

如我們所預(yù)料的那樣;asoftenhappens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣;ashasbeen

saidbefore正如以前所說的那樣;asismentionedabove正如上面提到的。5.當(dāng)定語從句放在主句后面時(shí),也并不是as就永遠(yuǎn)等于which。(1)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只能用which。如:Hecamehereverylate,whichwasunexpected(notexpected).他來得很晚,這是意料之外的。(2)當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時(shí),后面常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:beknown,be

said,bereported,beannounced等。如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài),一

般用which作主語。如:Shehasbeenabsentagain,asisexpected.她又缺席了,這在預(yù)料之中。Tomhasmaderapidprogress,whichmakesmeveryhappy.湯姆進(jìn)步很快,這使我很高興。(3)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句中含有復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),只能用which引導(dǎo)定語從

句。如:Bettyalwaystellsalie,whichherparentsfindstrange.貝蒂總是說謊,她的父母覺得奇怪。1.用關(guān)系代詞填空①Sheissuchagirl

as

isalwaysfindingfaultwithotherpeople.②Thatstudentthattheteacherthoughtbestplayedtruant(逃學(xué))yesterday,

which

madetheteacherverydisappointed.2.單項(xiàng)填空:(

)③TheBeatles,

manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,came

fromLiverpool.A.whatB.thatC.howD.as(

)④Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandem-

ploymorepeopletokeepitrunning,

meantspendingtensofthou-

sandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.whichDD考點(diǎn)五“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句1.當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用which或whom,并且不能

省略。如:Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn

tbeen

cleanedforatleastayear.他付給男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗戶,這10扇窗戶中大部分至少一年沒擦

了。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn

tasingleperson,towhomshecouldturnfor

help.在黑暗的街道上,她沒有一個(gè)可以求助的人。2.在限制性定語從句中,當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時(shí),可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語,而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞

可以省略。如:Thisisthehero

weareproudof.這就是我們引以為榮的那個(gè)英雄。Thisisthepen

Iwrotetheletterwith.這就是我寫信用的那支鋼筆。3.“復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句常與先行詞用逗

號(hào)分開,定語從句常用倒裝語序。如:Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的樹。4.“介詞+which/whom+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.=Thepoormanhasnohouse(that/which)hecanlivein.=Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.=Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.那個(gè)窮人沒房子住。5.where/when=介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which),有時(shí)為表達(dá)清楚,還可以在關(guān)系

副詞where/when前加介詞from/to等。如:Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadstoJapan,Ko-rea,ThailandandIndia.中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的發(fā)源地,從這里放風(fēng)箏傳到了日本、朝鮮、泰國(guó)和印度。單項(xiàng)填空:(

)①Frank’sdreamistohavehisowngarden

manybeautifulflowers.A.inittoplantB.whichplantC.itplantsD.inwhichtoplant(

)②Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,

weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.theha