2022年考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試題庫及全真模擬沖刺卷含答案帶詳解套卷76

2022年考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試題庫及全真模擬沖刺卷（含答案帶詳解）1.單選題

I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.

Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleetingthought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.

ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewritingtheobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostoppingnogoingback.Nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomeoutfromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.

Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepageasthedeadlinedrawsnear.

Insteadofstaringatablankscreenstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouravailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.

1.Whentheauthorsaysthecreativemindandthecriticalmind“cannotworkinparallel”(Line4Para.1)inthewritingprocess,hemeans（

）.

2.Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis（

）.

3.Whatisthechiefobjectiveofthefirststageofwriting?

4.Onecommonconcernofwritersabout“freewriting”isthat（

）.

5.Inwhatwaydoesthecriticalmindhelpthewriterinthewritingprocess?

問題1選項

A.noonecanbebothcreativeandcritical

B.theycannotberegardedasequallyimportant

C.theyareinconstantconflictwitheachother

D.onecannotusethematthesametime

問題2選項

A.puttingtheiridealinrawform

B.attemptingtoeditastheywrite

C.ignoringgrammaticalsoundness

D.tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts

問題3選項

A.Toorganizeone’sthoughtslogically.

B.Tochooseanappropriatetopic.

C.Togetone’sideasdown.

D.Tocollectrawmaterials.

問題4選項

A.itoverstressestheroleofthecreativemind

B.ittakestoomuchlimetoeditafterwards

C.itmaybringabouttoomuchcriticism

D.itdoesnothelpthemtothinkclearly

問題5選項

A.Itrefineshiswritingintobettershape.

B.Ithelpshimtocomeupwithnewideas.

C.Itsavesthewritingtimeavailabletohim.

D.Itallowshimtositonthesideandobserve.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章的第二段論最后一句Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis在應(yīng)用這二種思維時，必須首先使用創(chuàng)造性思維，而后再使用批判性思維，意思就是二者不可同時使用。D選項‘—個人不能同時運用這二種思維’與之相符，所以正確。A選項‘一個人身上不同時具備這二種思維能力’與作者討論的‘先運用創(chuàng)造思維、后運用批判思維的問題，那么一個人肯定是具有這兩種思維能力的’的觀點不符，排除。B選項‘二者的重要性不可等量齊觀’，文章并未對二者孰重孰輕做出評判，而只是討論了先后問題。所以排除。C選項‘二者始終處于與對方斗爭沖突的狀態(tài)’，文章表明只有當人們想同時使用二者時，才會發(fā)生沖突，如果一前一后使用則不會。所以并不能說始終處于沖突狀態(tài)，所以排除。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段開頭ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”指出了寫作時的壞習(xí)慣是嘗試修改（edit），而解決辦法則是freewriting。所以B選項‘在寫作時試圖進行修改‘與文章說法一致，所以B選項正確。

3.題目問寫作第一個步驟的主要目標是什么。從某種角度來看，文章論述的其實就寫作的順序問題。文章前半部分分析了創(chuàng)造性思維與批評性思維的關(guān)系，推出了必須先運用創(chuàng)造性思維記下想法，而后再運用批判性思維進行修改的觀點（Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis）。后半部分對如何運用創(chuàng)造性思維和批判性思維進行了具體描述。那么根據(jù)文意，寫作的第一步就是運用創(chuàng)造性思維把觀點記下來，記下來的方法就是freewriting，即想到哪里就記到哪里。A選項‘把想法有邏輯性地組織起來’，而要做到“有邏輯性地”組織，顯然應(yīng)是進行了修改，不符合想到哪里就記到哪里，所以A選項排除。B選項‘選擇一個適當?shù)念}目’，全文沒有提到選擇題目問題，排除。C選項‘記下想法’，正確。D選項‘收集原始材料’文章沒有提到材料收集問題，排除。

4.題目問作家們進行“自由寫作”時遇到的共同問題是什么。根據(jù)第四段youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepageasthedeadlinedrawsnear.寫作者必須和時間賽跑，才能在時間用完時將文章修改完畢。因此，作家們的共同問題應(yīng)該是修改時間過緊。A選項‘它過于強調(diào)創(chuàng)造思維‘排除。B選項’用來修改的時間過多‘正確。C選項’它會引來太多的批評‘排除。D選項’自由寫作不能幫助作家清楚地思考‘排除。

5.題目問批判性思維在作家的寫作過程中起到了什么作用。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.指出在獲得前期資料后，即是運用批判性思維的時候。再根據(jù)下一段整段對如何運用批判性思維進行了描述，從中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)批判性思維的主要作用是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉。A選項‘它使文章更加成形。也就是對文章草稿進行修改、精煉的意思，符合最后一段對批判思維的描述，正確。B選項‘它能使作家產(chǎn)生新的想法。根據(jù)文意，批判思維是對現(xiàn)有想法的修改，不會產(chǎn)生新的想法，排除。C選項’它可以節(jié)省作者的寫作時間‘。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段提到thiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhave,意思是在運用批判思維前很可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)時間不夠用，再從“Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftime’，這最后一句話可以看出，即便運用批判性思維，還是把所有的時間都用光了。因此并沒有節(jié)省時間，排除。D選項’它可使作者坐下來審視文章‘。坐下來審視文章的意思就是運用批判性思維本身，不能說本身會對本身起到什么作用，排除。

2.單選題

TherehewasAmerica’sfirstPresidentwithaMBA,themanwholovestoboastabouthisbusinessbackground,whosepresidentialcampaignraisedunprecedentedsumsfromcorporateWalletsandwhosecabinetisstuffedwithchiefexecutives.FaithintheintegrityofAmericanbusinessleaderswasbeingundermined,GeorgeBushsaidfiercely,byexecutives“breachingtrustandabusingpower.”Itwastimefor“anewethicofpersonalresponsibilityinthebusinesscommunity”.Hewasgoingto“endthedaysofcookingthebooks,shadingthetruthandbreakingourlaws”.

Onlymonthsago,theideathatGeorgeBushwouldpubliclylambasteAmerica’scooperatebosseswaslaughable.Asacandidate,bornonthewaveofadecade-longeconomicboomandanunprecedented18-yearbullmarket,hecashedinonAmerican’sloveaffairwithcorporatesuccess.Butthingsaredifferentnow.Thestockmarketbubblehasburstand,despitesignsofeconomicrecovery,WallStreetseemstobesunkingloom.AstringofscandalsatsomeofAmerica’smosthigh-flyingfirmsincludingEnron,Xerox.Tyco,GlobalCrossingandmostrecently,WorldComhasradicallychangedthepublicmood.

Aspoliticalpressureforreformincreases,sotoodoestheheatonMr.Bush.Isthebusinessman’spresidentreallypreparedtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform?DespitethesetjawandaggrievedtoneinNewYork.Probablynot,Mr.Bushthinksthecurrentcrisisstemsfromafewbad-applechiefexecutivesratherthanthesystemasawhole.Hencehefocusesontoughpenaltiesforcorruptbusinessmenandhispleaforhigherethicalstandards.Thepresidentannouncedthecreationofafinancial-crimesSWATteam,attheJusticeDepartmenttorootoutcorporatefraud,andwantstodoublethemaximumprisonsentenceforfinancialfraudfromfivetotenyears.Butheofferedfewconcretesuggestionsforsystemicreform:littlementionofchangestostrengthenshareholders’rights,notevenanendorsementoftheSenatecorporate-reformbill.TherearefewsignsyetthatcleaningupcorporateAmericaisanissuethatanimatesthevoters.PollsshowthatAmericanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessleaders,butpoliticiansdonotseemtobesufferingasaresult.Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingshavefallenfromtheirsky-highs,buttheyarestillverystrong.

Thepresident,therefore,needdonomorethantalktough.ThisalonewillconvinceordinaryAmericansthatheisontopoftheissue.Astheeconomyreboundsandpublicoutagesubsides,theClamorforchangewillbequieter.Democraticattackswillfizzle,andfar-reachingreformbillswillbewatereddownbeforetheybecomelaw.Politically,thegamblemakessense.UnfortunatelyforAmericancapitalism,agreatopportunitywillbemissed.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

2.WecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthatMr.Bush

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMr.Bushismentionedinthispassage?

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthereformis（

）.

5.Thephrase“agreatopportunity"inthelastparagraphreferstoanopportunityto

問題1選項

A.Bushhadtoofferconcretesuggestionsforreformaspoliticalpressureincrease.

B.Atpresent,themaximumprisonsentenceforfinancialfraudisfiveyears.

C.ItislaughablethatMr.BushpubliclyattackedAmerica’scorporatebosses.

D.Americanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessaswellaspoliticalleaders.

問題2選項

A.didn'tintendtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform

B.didnotdoanythingatallforthepresenceofthecurrentsituation

C.tookshareholders'rightintoaccount,buthedidn'tapprovereformbill

D.tooksomemeasurestopavethewayforthereform

問題3選項

A.Mr.BushisthesecondPresidentwithanMBAinAmericanhistory.

B.My.Bushcontributesalottodecade-longeconomicboom.

C.Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingsarestillhigh.

D.MyBushdidn'tgetsupportinhispresidentialcampaign.

問題4選項

A.indifferent

B.optimistic

C.skeptical

D.favorable

問題5選項

A.carryoutreform

B.boomeconomy

C.animatethevoters

D.attackchiefexecutive

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第三段：Isthebusinessman’spresidentreallypreparedtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform?DespitethesetjawandaggrievedtoneinNewYork.Probablynot,雖然在紐約他緊咬牙關(guān)，語氣堅決，但很有可能他不會推行改革。確定A選項‘Bushhadtoofferconcretesuggestionsforreformaspoliticalpressureincrease.隨著政治壓力的增加，布什不得不提出具體的改革建議。‘錯誤，排除。根據(jù)第三段“wantstodoublethemaximumprisonsentenceforfinancialfraudfromfivetotenyears.希望將金融詐騙罪的最高刑期從5年提高一倍至10年。’’確定B選項’現(xiàn)在的商業(yè)欺詐最長的刑期是5年‘正確。C選項根據(jù)語義’布什總統(tǒng)公開批判美國企業(yè)老板是可笑的‘，可判斷表述錯誤。根據(jù)在第三段末尾：PollsshowthatAmericanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessleaders,butpoliticiansdonotseemtobesufferingasaresult.民意調(diào)查顯示，美國人對他們的商界領(lǐng)袖缺乏信心，但政客們似乎并沒有因此而受到影響。確定D選項’Americanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessaswellaspoliticalleaders.美國人對他們的企業(yè)和政治領(lǐng)袖幾乎沒有信心。‘錯誤。

2.由第三段Isthebusinessman’spresidentreallypreparedtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform?DespitethesetjawandaggrievedtoneinNewYork.Probablynot,雖然在紐約他緊咬牙關(guān)，語氣堅決，但很有可能他不會推行改革。確定A選項‘didn'tintendtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform,布什不打算承擔(dān)重任，也不打算大力推進改革’正確。

3.根據(jù)文章第一段“他趁機利用了美國公司的成功”可排除選項B。根據(jù)第三段最后一句PollsshowthatAmericanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessleaders,butpoliticiansdonotseemtobesufferingasaresult.Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingshavefallenfromtheirsky-highs,buttheyarestillverystrong.民意調(diào)查顯示，美國人對他們的商界領(lǐng)袖缺乏信心，但政客們似乎并沒有因此而受到影響。布什總統(tǒng)的支持率已經(jīng)從最高點下降，但是仍然非常強勁。確定C選項‘Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingsarestillhigh.’正確。

4.文章的最后一段講，隨著經(jīng)濟回暖，對改革的呼聲會越來越弱。但對美國的資本主義來講，卻錯失了個好機會。從中可以看出，作者是很希望改革的，他是贊同改革的。所以A選項正確。

5.文章的最后一句話提到“將會錯失絕好的機會”，這個機會指的是前一句提到的‘far-reachingreform’。所以A選項正確。

3.單選題

Banksarenotordinarilypreparedtopayoutallaccounts;theyrelyondepositorsnottodemandpaymentallatthesametime.Ifdepositorsshouldcometofearthatabankcouldn’tpayoffallitsdepositors,thenthatfearmightcauseallthedepositorstoappearonthesameday.Iftheydid,thebankcouldnotpayallaccounts.However,iftheydidnotallappearatonce,thentherewouldalwaysbefundstopaythosewhowantedtheirmoneywhentheywantedit.Mrs.ElsieVaughthastoldusofaterrifyingbankrun(擠兌)thatsheexperienced.Oneday,inDecemberof1925severalbanksfailedtoopeninacitywhereshelived.Theotherbanksanticipatedarunthenextday,andsotheofficersofthebankinwhichMrs.Vaughtworkedasateller(出納員)hadenoughfundsonhandtopayoffasmanydepositorsasmightapply.Theofficerssimplyinstructedthetellerstopayondemand.Nextmorningacrowdgatheredinthebankandonthesidewalkoutside.Thelengthofthelineconvincedmanythatthebankcouldnotpossiblypayoffeveryone.Peoplebegantopushandthentofightforplacesneartheteller’swindows.Clothingwastornandlimbsbroken,butthejamcontinuedforhours.Thepowerofthepanicatmosphereisevidentinthefactthattwotellers,thoughtheyknewthatthebankwassoundandcouldpayoutalldepositors,neverthelesswithdrewthefundsintheirownaccounts.Mrs.Vaughtsaysthatshehaddifficultyrestrainingherselffromdoingthesame.

11.Abankrunoccurswhen______.

12.WhathappenedtosomeofthecustomersofthebankwhereMrs.Vaughtworked?

13.Theessentialcauseofarunonabankis______.

14.ThecrowdsgatheredinMrs.Vaught’sbankandonthesidewalkbecauseof______.

15.Accordingtothepassage,theactionsofthecustomersofMrs.Vaught’sbankwereinfluencedchieflyby______.

問題1選項

A.abankisclosedforoneormoreday

B.employeesofabanktaketheirownfundsoutofthebank

C.toomanydepositorsattempttodrawouttheirmoneyatonetime

D.thereappearlonglinesinfrontofthetellers’windows

問題2選項

A.Theylosttheirmoney.

B.Theygotinjured.

C.Theyhadtoleavepartoftheirmoneyinthebank.

D.Theywereforcedtoputtheirmoneyintootherbanks.

問題3選項

A.lackofsufficientfunds

B.toomanydepositors

C.inefficienttellers

D.lossofconfidence

問題4選項

A.doubt

B.greed

C.anger

D.curiosity

問題5選項

A.thefailureofthebanktopayoffeveryone

B.thefailureofseveralbankstoopen

C.theactionsofthetwotellersinthebank

D.thedifficultywithwhichtheyobtaintheirmoney

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章前三句Banksarenotordinarilypreparedtopayoutallaccounts;theyrelyondepositorsnottodemandpaymentallatthesametime.Ifdepositorsshouldcometofearthatabankcouldn’tpayoffallitsdepositors,thenthatfearmightcauseallthedepositorstoappearonthesameday.Iftheydid,thebankcouldnotpayallaccounts.（銀行通常不會準備支付所有儲戶的款項；它們依賴儲戶不會全部同時要求取款。如果儲戶擔(dān)心銀行無法支付所有存款人，那么這種擔(dān)心可能會導(dǎo)致所有儲戶在同一天出現(xiàn)來取款。如果他們這樣做了，銀行就不能支付所有的儲戶。），說明在所有儲戶同時來取款的時候，會發(fā)生銀行擠兌。因此C選項“有太多的儲戶試圖同時取款”正確。A選項“銀行停業(yè)一天或一天以上時”，B選項“銀行的員工將自己的存款從銀行取出來”，D選項“柜員窗口前出現(xiàn)了長長的隊伍”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯誤。

12.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第三、四句Peoplebegantopushandthentofightforplacesneartheteller’swindows.Clothingwastornandlimbsbroken,butthejamcontinuedforhours.（人們開始推擠，然后爭奪靠近出納員窗口的位置。衣服被撕破，四肢被打斷，但擁堵仍持續(xù)了幾個小時。），沃特夫人工作的銀行一些顧客因為推搡而受傷。因此B選項“他們受傷了”正確。A選項“他們的錢丟了”，C選項“他們不得不把一部分錢留在銀行里”，D選項“他們被迫把錢存入其他銀行”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

13.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二句Ifdepositorsshouldcometofearthatabankcouldn’tpayoffallitsdepositors,thenthatfearmightcauseallthedepositorstoappearonthesameday.（如果儲戶擔(dān)心銀行無法支付所有存款人，那么這種擔(dān)心可能會導(dǎo)致所有儲戶在同一天出現(xiàn)來取款。），說明銀行擠兌本質(zhì)上是因為儲戶擔(dān)心銀行的支付能力，也就是對銀行失去了信心。因此D選項“失去信心”正確。A選項“缺乏足夠的資金”，由原文可知銀行有足夠的資金，所以A錯誤。B選項“儲戶太多”，C選項“柜員效率低下”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C錯誤。

14.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第五、六句Nextmorningacrowdgatheredinthebankandonthesidewalkoutside.Thelengthofthelineconvincedmanythatthebankcouldnotpossiblypayoffeveryone.（第二天早上，一群人聚集在銀行和外面的人行道上。隊伍的長度讓許多人相信，銀行不可能支付所有人的款項。），說明眾人聚集在銀行是因為他們對銀行的支付能力有所懷疑。因此A選項“懷疑”正確。B選項“貪婪”，C選項“憤怒”，D選項“好奇”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C，D錯誤。

15.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由原文可知，因為儲戶擔(dān)心銀行的支付能力，害怕自己不能取出存款，所以才會做出在銀行聚集、擁堵推擠等行為。根源在于severalbanksfailedtoopen“幾家銀行倒閉”，導(dǎo)致所有人都在這家銀行排長隊，進而引起大家的恐慌，所以B選項“幾家銀行的倒閉”是主要原因。原文也說明thebanks…h(huán)adenoughfundsonhandtopayoffasmanydepositorsasmightapply，可知這家銀行是有支付能力的，也不存在取錢困難，所以A和D選項可排除；C選項“兩名出納的行為”其實源自于儲戶的行為，所以并不是儲戶行為的原因，也可以排除。

4.單選題

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthepHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sblood-stream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

36.Thepassageprovidesformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

37.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives,thepHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodisnotadverselyaffectedbytheproductionoflacticacidbecause______.

38.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?

39.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

40.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

D.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobelowestduringthoseperiodsinwhichitexperiencesoxygendeprivation.

問題2選項

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunderwaterreverttoananaerobicmechanism

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive

C.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstream

D.oxygencontinuestobesuppliedtoorgansthatclearlacticacidfromthesealsbloodstream

問題3選項

A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.

B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.

C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

D.Biologistsspeculatethatlaboratorystudiesofthephysiologicalbehaviorofsealsduringdiveslastingmorethantwentyminuteswouldbemoreaccurateifthesealswerenotforciblysubmerged.

問題4選項

A.IandIIIonly

B.IIandIVonly

C.IIandIIIonly

D.I,II,andIVonly

問題5選項

A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofdivesinthewildthatlastlessthantwentyminutes.

B.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.

C.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

D.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaladivesinthewild.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】36.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章第一段是本文的中心觀點，之后的內(nèi)容都圍繞著第一段展開。第一段說到StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanisms…Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.（在實驗室里對威德爾海豹的研究已經(jīng)描述了它的生理機制……然而，最近的實地研究表明，在更典型的野外潛水中，這種海豹的生理行為是不同的。），說明動物在實驗室里和在野外中的生理行為是不同的。因此C選項“動物在實驗室環(huán)境中的生理行為與其在野外的生理行為不一定一致”正確。A選項“對動物在野外的生理行為的觀察是不可靠的，除非經(jīng)過實驗室研究驗證”，B選項“一般來說，在野外觀察動物的生理行為比在實驗室觀察難度要小”，D選項“動物血液中乳酸的含量在缺氧的時期可能最低”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

37.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)acticacid”可以定位到文章第三段第二句Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthem,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.（這樣潛水后，海豹的血液中沒有了高濃度的乳酸，這說明在潛水過程中，海豹的器官并不依賴于實驗室觀察到的無氧代謝，而是從血液中獲得氧氣。），說明在實驗室潛水過程中，威德爾海豹血液的pH值不會因乳酸的產(chǎn)生而受到不利影響，因為這時進行的是無氧代謝，和血液里的氧氣無關(guān)。因此C選項“恢復(fù)無氧代謝的器官暫時與海豹的血液隔離”正確。A選項“只有那些對海豹潛水能力至關(guān)重要的器官才會恢復(fù)到無氧機制中去”，原文沒有提到只有對海豹潛水能力至關(guān)重要的器官，所以A錯誤。B選項“海豹通常在潛水結(jié)束后才會恢復(fù)到無氧代謝狀態(tài)”，原文說的是在實驗室進行潛水實驗時會恢復(fù)到無氧代謝狀態(tài)，不是在潛水結(jié)束后，所以B錯誤。D選項“氧氣繼續(xù)供應(yīng)給清除海豹血液中乳酸的器官”在文中沒有提及，所以D錯誤。

38.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。第一段說到StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanisms…Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.（在實驗室里對威德爾海豹的研究已經(jīng)描述了它的生理機制……然而，最近的實地研究表明，在更典型的野外潛水中，這種海豹的生理行為是不同的。），說明威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時的生理行為和在野外中潛水的生理行為是不同的。因此A選項“最近的野外研究表明，對威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時的生理行為的描述不適用于它在野外最典型的潛水?！闭_。B選項“威德爾海豹已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一些獨特的機制，使它能夠在500米的深度保持潛水狀態(tài)長達70分鐘?！保@只是對威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水時生理行為的描述，不能概括文章主旨，所以B錯誤。C選項“最近的野外研究結(jié)果使生物學(xué)家有必要修正以前對威德爾海豹在野外最長時間潛水時的生理行為的認識?！保闹徽f了兩者有不同，沒有說要對之前的認識進行修正，所以C錯誤。D選項“生物學(xué)家推測，如果不強行將海豹浸入水中，實驗室對海豹在持續(xù)20分鐘以上的潛水期間的生理行為的研究會更加準確。”在文中沒有提及，所以D錯誤。

39.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。題干中給出的四個特點為：1.海豹心臟跳動的速度下降；2.海豹的動脈收縮；3.海豹血液中的乳酸含量減少；4.某些器官的功能暫時停止。由第二段第一句Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygen,anditsarteriesbecomeconstricted（在實驗室里，當海豹潛入水面以下停止呼吸時，它的心臟跳動得更慢，需要的氧氣更少，動脈收縮）可知，在實驗室里觀察到的威德爾海豹在潛水過程中的生理行為有心臟跳動的速度下降、動脈收縮，所以特點1、2正確。由Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.（海豹基本上切斷了流向其他器官的血液，這些器官要么停止運作，直到海豹浮出水面，要么切換到無氧代謝。），說明海豹某些器官的功能暫時停止，所以特點4正確。特點3是海豹在野外潛水時的生理行為，排除3。因此D選項“僅一、二、四”正確。A選項“僅一和三”，B選項“僅二和四”，C選項“僅二和三”均不符合題意，所以A，B，C錯誤。

40.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第三、五句Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.（海豹在水下的較長時間潛水期間，它似乎要么是在探索遙遠的路線，要么是在躲避捕食者，這確實喚起了在實驗室里看到的潛水反應(yīng)。一些生物學(xué)家推測，因為在實驗室潛水時，海豹是被迫潛入水中的，它不知道自己要在水下待多久，所以要做最壞的打算。），說明威德爾海豹在實驗室潛水過程中被強行浸入水中時的生理反應(yīng)和在野外較長時間潛水的反應(yīng)差不多。因此B選項“表現(xiàn)出它們在野外進行較長時間潛水時的生理反應(yīng)特點”正確。A選項“表現(xiàn)出在野外潛水時持續(xù)不到20分鐘的生理反應(yīng)”，C選項“應(yīng)對缺氧的效果比它們在野外典型潛水時的效果要差”，D選項“產(chǎn)生的乳酸量比它們在野外典型潛水時少”均與原文表述的意思相反，所以A，C，D錯誤。

5.單選題

Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearch

effortonnitrogenfixation,(固氮)theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminous(豆科的)plantsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer,onedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas，hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalating,economicburdenonmodemagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosynthetic(合成的)fertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomes(染色體)ofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.

Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantcannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia(氨)anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’sleavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplantsamongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover-havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbiotic(共生的)relationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium(根瘤菌);asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.

Unfortunatelymostofthemajorfoodcropsincludingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybrid(雜種的)varietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960’swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditionalformidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnottounde