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專升本考試復習資料英語語法

一.虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣(Subjunctive

Mood)這一語法項目是各類英語(論壇)考試中心測試的重點之一。虛擬語

氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實,而是一種假

設(shè)、愿望、懷疑或推測。判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實

條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思,看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),能夠

實現(xiàn)是真實條件句,不能使用虛擬語氣;假設(shè)的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件

句,要用虛擬語氣。判斷這個假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況:①與

過去事實相反。西現(xiàn)在事實相反。爭將來事實可能相反。

I:最基本的虛擬語氣句型:

1.

虛擬現(xiàn)在時表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè),其if

從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be一般用were),主句用would/should/

could/might+動詞原形。Ifplaceswerealike,therewouldbe

little

needforgeographers.如果各個地方都一樣,就不需要地理學家了。

2.

虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實相反的假設(shè),if

從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞,主句用would/should/

could/might+have+過去分詞。Ifhehadknownyouraddress

yesterday,hewouldhavetelephonedyou.

3.

虛擬將來時是表示對將來實現(xiàn)的可能性很小的或不確定的假設(shè)。工f從句的謂語

形式用一般過去式或用wereto/should+動詞原形,主句用would/

should/could/might+動詞原形。Ifheweretoleavetoday,he

would

gettherebyFriday

4.

省略if

采用倒裝語序的條件句。有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛

條件句中的連詞if省去,而將had

should,were

等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Ifhehadworkedharder,hewould

havegotthroughtheexams.==^Hadheworkedharder,hewould

havegotthroughtheexams.Ifheweretoleavetoday,hewould

get

therebyFriday.==^Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgetthere

by

Friday.IfIwereinyourplace,Iwouldn'tdothat.==^Were

Iinyour

place,Iwouldn'tdothat.

5.有時虛擬條件句并沒用if從句表示出來,而是用介詞短語(otherwise

or,without,butfor)、上下文或其它方式來表示。如:Wedidn't

knowhistelephonenumber;otherwisewewouldhavetelephoned

him.

Withoutyouhelp,Iwouldn71haveachievedsomuch.Butfor

(''要不是。..o?.”的意思)yourhelp,Iwouldnothavesucceeded.

II:虛擬語氣在從句中用should的情況:

1.

在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的動詞后的從句里,

用should

+

動詞原形,should可以省略。如advise,agree,command,decide,

demand,determine,grant,indicate,insist,order,prefer,

propose,request,require,stipulate,suggest,urge,

vot一.??贾罸的是:suggest,advise,demand,require,propose,

insist,order,request.

Hisdoctorsuggestedthathe(should)takeshortleaveof

absence.

TheauthorproposedthatTV(should.)beturnedoffatleast

onehour

everyday.

2.

在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的名詞后的從句里,

用should

+

動詞原形,shoulcl可以省略。如advice,decision,agreement,

command,decree,demand,determination,indication,

insistence,order,preference,proposal,request,

requirement,

stipulationetc.

ItwasBillzssuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.

Hissuggestionwasthateveryone(should)haveamap.

Hegaveusasuggestionthateveryone(should)haveamap.

3.在工tis/was+形容詞后的that從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu),should可

以省略。

這類形容詞常見的有:advisable,anxious,compulsory,crucial,

desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(絕對必

要),

impossible,improper,important,natural,necessary,

obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,recommended,

urgent,vitaletc.

It'snaturalthatshe(should)doso.

Itisessentialthatwe(should)tellherthenews.

4.在lest和forf一arthat(以免),incas一(以防)從句中用should,

should可以省略。

Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.

Haveyourgunreadyincaseweshouldneedit.

Ill:wish后的that從句中:

1.表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?,從句中過去式。

IwishIknewhisaddress.

IwishIwereyoung.

2.表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)或不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望,從句用過去完成式或would,

could,might+have+過去分詞。

Iwishyouhadwrittentohim.

IwishIcouldhavesleptlongerthismorning,butIhadto

getupand

cometoclass.

3.如果將wish改成wish1,其后that從句中動詞的形式不變。

4.

如果that

從句中用would

一般表示

對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求

Iwishhewouldanswermyletter.

Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.

Iwishyouwouldhelpme.

Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.

IV:在Itrsabout/high/first(second,thirdetc)time后

的that

從句中,用過去式。表示、'該是做什么的時候了〃

Itisabouttimeyouwereinbed.

Itishightimeweleft.

ItisthefirsttimeIcamehere.

V:在wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon

后的that從句中,用過去式或過去完成式,表示''寧愿做什么〃

Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.

Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterday

evening.

VI:

在if

only(''如果。.?。就好了〃的意思)

感嘆句中,謂語動詞與wish賓語從句的虛擬形式相同。

Ifonlyhedidn'tdrivesofast!(現(xiàn)在)

Ifonlyshehadaskedsomeonezsadvice.(過去)

Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(將來)

VII:

在as

if/asthough

從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,用過去式;表示過去想象

中的動作或情況,用過去完成式。

Hespeaksasifhewereonthespot.

ShespoketomeasifIweredeaf.

Thisdeviceoperatedasthoughithadbeenrepaired.

注:1.在asif/asthough句中,如果有可能成為事實,用陳述語

氣。

Helooksasifheisgoingtobeill.

2.

insist

后的從句中,

如果是堅持自己,

用陳述語氣,

堅持別人做什么事情,用虛擬語氣。

Sheinsiststhatsheisright.

SheinsistedthatIshouldfinishtheworkatonce.

非謂語動詞(不定式、分詞、動名詞)

(一)不定式

1、一般用法

1)作主語:Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitis

another.說是一碼事,干是另一碼事。

***形式主語itItisnotfairtoblamethemfortheaccident.

2)作表語:Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanimmediately.

3)作賓語:Heofferedtogowithus.他提出和我們一起去。

★★★形式賓語itWefounditimpossibletogeteverythingready

in

advance.

Iconsideritmydutytopointouttheirshortcomings.

4)作賓語或主語的補足語:Mr.Smithwantshissontobecomea

lawyer.

Thesuspectedmanwasseentoenterthebuilding.

此類動詞還有如ask,advise,allow,compel,encourage,hear,

intend,lead,inspire,order,persuade等。

***hope,

demand,

sugg一st不可接不定式作賓補,但可跟that引出的賓語從句。

HehopedthatIwouldgivehimmorehelp.Thedoctorsuggests

thatmyfather(should)stopsmoking.

*在see,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,

notice等感官動詞,以及l(fā)et,make,have等動詞后面的不定式要省

掉to

.但注意在其被動語態(tài)中,作為主補的不定式要加上to.

Wearemadetowriteacompositioneveryweekbytheteacher.

5)構(gòu)成復合謂語結(jié)構(gòu):

①"besaid(reported,known...)+不定式”可換成:itissaid

(reported,known...)that...

ShanxiProvinceisknowntohaverichcoalreserves.=It

isknown

thatShanxi......

(2)seem(happen,appear,prove,tend)+不定式

Ihappenedtobeoutwhenshecalled.碰巧出去了

(3)belikely(certain,sure,willing,anxious,ready,

bound,

eager,reluctant)+不定式

Theyarelikelytosucceed.Sheisalwaysreadytohelp

others.

6)作定語(一般為后置修飾語)

Heusedtohavealotofmeetingstoattend.Thereisnothing

to

worryabout.

跌語中有一些名詞常跟不定式作定語:ability,

agreement,

ambition,attempt,claim,decision,hope,intention,

failure,

need,refusal,plan,promise,tendency,wish,willingness,

threat,anxiety

Hisattempttosolvetheproblemfailedagain.Their

decisiontogive

uptheexperimentsurprisedus.

(2)thefirst,second,last,only(thing),best

(thing)等后面常跟不定式作定語。

Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.What

isthebest

thingtodo?

7)作狀語(表示目的,原因,結(jié)果等)

Theywillgotothestationtomeettheguests.Weare

overjoyedto

seeyou.

常跟不定式作原因狀語的形容詞有:happy,glad,relieved,

astonished,amazed,overjoyed,surprised,sad

不定式也可作結(jié)果狀語,僅限于learn得知,find發(fā)現(xiàn),see看見,

hear聽見,tob一tolcl被告知,make使得等具有界限含義的動詞,only

to常表示令人不快的結(jié)果。

Hereturnedhometolearnhisdaughterhadjustbeen

engaged.

IhurriedtoProfessorWang'shouseonlytofindhewasout.

定式與inorderto,soasto連用,作目的狀語;與so(such)...

as

t。連用,作目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語。

Inordertocatchthetrain,hehurriedthroughhiswork.

Hewasso

angryastobeunabletospeak.

定式與enough和too...to連用,作程度狀語。

③11too,onlytoo...加不定式不表示否定的意思:『monlytoo

pleasedtohelpyou.我非常愿意幫助你。

8)插入語:Tobefair,hehasworkedhardthesedays.We

don't

likeyouridea,totellyouthetruth.

2、注意問題:

1)不定式的邏輯主語

(1)for+名詞或代詞賓語+不定式:Ifounditimpossiblefor

him

todothejobalone.

(2)不定式獨立結(jié)構(gòu):Heproposedapicnic,hehimselftopay

the

railwaytickets,andJohntoprovidethefood.

在表示人物性格、特點等的形容詞后,用。f引出不定式的邏輯主語:

Itwaswiseofhimtodothat.Ithinkitwrongofhimnot

toaccept

ourinvitation.

常見的這類形容詞有:

absurd荒唐的

bold大月旦的

brave勇敢的

clever聰明的

courageous有勇氣的rude無禮的

considerate考慮周到的foolish愚蠢的honest誠實的polite有

禮貌的

silly傻的

grateful感激的wicked邪惡的thoughtful體貼的careless粗心

right正確的

2)不定式的否定式:not+todoTheydecidednottogiveup

trying.

3)連接詞+不定式:Hewilltellushowtousethelibrary.

4)省to的不定式

語以why開頭的簡單句:Whynotgooutforawalk?Whydo

it

thatway?

@iadbetter,wouldrather...(than),would...ratherthan,

wouldsooner...(than),cannotbut...,can'thelpbut...,

may(might)aswell習慣用法

Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieof

hunger.他寧愿餓死也不上街。

Icould71helpbutwaitforthenextbusto

come.我不得不等下一趟車。

nothing/anything/everythingbut(except)

LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchTV.Johnwilldoanything

but

workonafarm.

****其他的謂語形式要用t。:

Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent.The

doctor

toldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.

3、不定式的“體”式和語態(tài)

體式主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)

一般式towritetobewritten

完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten

進行式tobewriting

完成進行式tohavebeenwriting

(1林式

amsorrytohearthe

news.(不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后,或同時發(fā)生)

0?heyseem

tobehavingameeting.

(不定式動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生)

③heenemywasreportedtohavesurrenderedtwodays

before.(不定式先于謂語動作)

⑵吾態(tài)①B現(xiàn)動作的執(zhí)行者,用主動式:工haveameetingtoattend.

否貝U用被動i吾態(tài):Herearetheclothestobewashed.

②E”表語(或賓語補足語)+

不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,常用不定式的主動式代替被動式:

TheyfoundProfessorJones'lecturehardtounderstand.She

is

nicetotalkto.

③^慣用法:Noneofuswastoblameforthat.

Thedogwasnowheretobefound.

(二)分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)

比較:剝削階級theexploitingclass被剝削階級theexploited

class

正在采花的女孩thegirlgatheringflowers今天早晨采集的花the

flowersgatheredthismorning

落葉fallenleaves凋謝的花fad一dflowers開水boiledwater

新至!J的商品newlyarrivedgoods

1、一般用法

1)作表語,現(xiàn)在分詞常表示特性,過去分詞常表示狀態(tài)。

Hisargumentisveryconvincing.他的論點很令人信月艮。They

were

veryexcitedatthenews.

2)作定語

Don'tdisturbthesleepingchild.Thearrestedmurderer

willbe

triedsoon.那個被逮捕的殺人犯將受到審訊。

分詞作定語的位置

Youmayaskthelady(whois)sittingatthedesk.

Those(whohavebeen)electedascommitteememberswill

attendthemeeting.(當選為委員的人)

3)作賓語(或主語)的補足語

Helikestositonthebeachandwatchtheseagullsflying.

(海鷗)

Theworklefteveryoneexhausted.

4)作狀語

Hearingtheknockonthedoor,theystoppedtalking.(=

When

theyheard...o)

Askedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderful

film.

(=AsIwasaskedto...o)

Theystoodtherewaitingforthebus.(andwerewaiting...o)

Thebanditsfledintothemountains,pursuedbythe

policemen.

(andwerepursued…。)

5)分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

Therainhavingstopped,thesoldierscontinuedtheir

march.

Theboysreturned,theirfacecoveredwithsweat.

演變:Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,abag(being)

inhis

hand.

Hestoppedandturnedabout,hiseyes(being)brightly

proud.

Breakfastover,hewenttohisoffice.

Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.He

wanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.

6)作插入語

Generallyspeaking,Ipreferricetonoodles.Judgingfrom

his

accent,hemustbeasoutherner.

2、體式和語態(tài)

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,wepostponedthe

sportsmeet.

Havingstudiedhardduringtheterm,hepassedtheexam.

Heissaidtohavestudiedhardandpassedtheexam.Who

isthe

patientbeingoperatedon?

(二)動名詞

1、一般用法

1)作主語和表語Seeingisbelieving.Myhobbyiscollecting

stamps.

(1)形式主語itItisnouse/goodquarrelingwithher.Is

it

worthwhiletryingagain?

(2)Thereisno+V-ingThereisnojokingaboutthismatter.

2)作賓語

Heenjoyslisteningtoclassicalmusic.Wemustavoidmaking

such

mistakesagain.

重點記憶

有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別

1)forgettodo忘記要去做某事(未做)

forgetdoing忘記做過某事(已做過或已發(fā)生)

2)stoptodo停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事

stopdoing停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事

3)remembertodo記住去做某事(未做)

rememberdoing記得做過某事(已做)

4)regrettodo對要做的事遺憾

regretdoing對做過的事后悔

5)trytodo努力、企圖做某事

trydoing試一試某種辦法

6)meantodo打算,有意要…

meandoing意味著

7)goontodo繼而(去做另外一件事情)

goondoing繼續(xù)(原先沒做完的事情)

8)proposetodo打算(要做某事)

proposedoing建議(做某事)

9)like/love/hate/prefer這些動詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只

跟不定式,

不能跟動名詞。例如:

Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow.

10)can'thelptodo(不能幫助做)

beafraidtodo不敢去做...(是主觀上的原因不去做,意為''怕;

beafraid

ofdoing擔心出現(xiàn)...

狀況、結(jié)果。(doing

是客觀上造成的,意為''生怕'')

什么是定語

定語是句子成分之一,可以由單詞,短語或從句擔當,對名(代)詞修飾和限制.名

(代)

詞稱為中心詞.

形容詞作定語一般前置,短語和從句作定語要后置,翻譯成”……的".

例如:

a_beautiful_gir【_(形容詞作前置定語)一個美麗的女孩考

a_girl_in_white(介詞短語作后置定語)

一個穿白色衣服的女孩

a_girl_who_is_singing_(定語從句,a_girl為先行詞)

一個正唱歌的女孩

先行詞是人

(人或物)

定語從句定義:

在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。例如:

Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetables.

Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.

定語從句所修飾的詞叫

''先行詞",定語從句放在先行詞的后面。引導定語從句的詞叫''關(guān)系詞

關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。

常用的關(guān)系代詞有:

who/whom(指人),whose(指人的或物的),which(指物)

,that(指人或物)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語,賓語和定語。

關(guān)系副詞有:when(指時間),where(指地點),why(指原因)。

先行詞和關(guān)系詞的關(guān)系

1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

amachine=that

2.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.

theboy=who

3.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtup

byhisgrandfather.theboy's=whose

4.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.

intheschool=where關(guān)系副詞實際上是介詞+先行詞

由關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句

I.That在從句中作主語或賓語

1.指物

Theplaneisamachinethatcanfly.

2.指人

Let'saskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere.

II.Which在從句中作主語或賓語(指物)

Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn'tneedmuchwater.

Ill.Who,whom在從句中作主語和賓語(指人)

TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada.

修飾物體時關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)分

使用that的情況:

1.當先彳亍詞是all,everything,nothing,something,anything,

everyone,

everybody,nobody,anyone,anybody等不定代詞時。

eg.Doyouhaveanythingthatisimportanttotellme?

2.當先行詞被all,any,some,no,not,every,一ach等修飾時。

eg.Ihavesomebooksthatareverygood.

3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞所修飾時。

eg.ThisisthefirstbookthatIboughtmyself.

ThebiggestbirdthatIcaughtisthisbird.

4.當先行詞被thevery,thelast,thenext,theonly等詞修飾

時。

eg.ThisistheverybookthatIlostyesterday.

5.當先行詞又有人又有物時。

eg.Iwon'tforgetthethingsandthepersonsthatIsaw.

只能使用which的情況

1.非限制性定語從句中。

eg.Maryhasabook,whichisveryprecious.

2.在介詞之后。

eg.Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.

3.當主句中的主語被that修飾時。

eg.ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.

as與which的區(qū)另ll:

限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the

same修飾時,關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用which

(葉口such連用,這時的as相當于who,which

Wendyisnotsuchafoolasshelooks.

⑵和same連用

Youmustshowmyfriendthesamerespectasyoushowme.

whose在從句中作定語(指人也能指物)

TheteacherpraisedthestudentwhoseEnglishis

thebestinourclass.

whose=thestudent's

Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine.

whose=thehouse'swindow

由''介詞+關(guān)系代詞which(whom)〃引導的定語從句

詞的賓語,那么這個介詞可以提到從句前,構(gòu)成''介詞+關(guān)系代詞which

(whom)〃引導的定語從句。

在英語里,把介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前的用法更加正式。

Theladder

onwhichIwasstandingbeganto

slip.我站的那個梯子開始滑動。(stand與on搭配)

關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句

When指時間

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.

Where指地點

Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.

Why指原因

Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan'tdothat.

IstillrememberthedaywhenIcamehere.

ThisisthehousewhereIlivedlastyear.

Therearemanyreasonswhypeopleliketraveling.

Idon'tlikethewaythatyouspeak.

系副詞和先行詞的關(guān)系

關(guān)系副詞實際上是介詞+先行詞

限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句

1.與主句關(guān)系密切

2.不可省

3.無逗號與主句分開

4.常譯作定語

非限制性定語從句

1.只是對先行詞詞義的補充

2.省去不影響主句意思

3.用逗號于主句分開

4.常譯為并列句或從句

5指物或事只能用which

1)限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;

非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與

主句之間通常用逗號分開。

IhaveafatherwhocanspeakJapanese.

我有一個會說日語的父親(暗示不只有一個父親)

Ihaveafather,whocanspeakJapanese.

我有一個父親,我的這個父親會說日語。(暗示我只有一個父親)

英語主謂一致用法

1)名詞性從句及不定式、動名詞作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。

例.Tofinishtheworkinadvanceiswhathewants.

Smokingcigarettesisdangeroustoyourhealth/

但是,what引導名詞從句作主語時,其表語是復數(shù)形式時,系動詞也可以是復

數(shù)形式。

例.Whatwebadlyneedherearequalifiedteachers.

2)當主語是單數(shù),后面是艮著由including,with,togetherwith,

alongwith,

like,inadditiont。,aswellas,ratherthan,but,except,

morethan,

accompaniedby等連接的短語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

例.Maryaswellashersisterlikeslisteningtomusic.

Mybestfriendratherthananyoneelsehasgotthefirst

prizeinthe

speechcontest.

3)one,oneof,every,everyone,everybody,each,manya,

either,neither,

no

one,nobody,anyone,anybody,

someone,somebody用作主語或修飾主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

例.Manyastudentdoesn'tliketodotheirhomework,(many

astudent=manystudents)

Eitherofstudentsisgoingtocompeteforthepresidentof

the

students'union.Morethanonepersonwasinvolvedint

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