英語46級公開課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

土木工程專業(yè)外語

Englishforspecialpurposes(ESP)incivilengineeringSchoolofCivilEngineeringHaoZhangPhD.第1頁ContactInformation:E-mail:sjzrizh@gmail.(Preferred)Office：交通應(yīng)急保障中心807專業(yè)外語學(xué)習(xí)群：116885151Mainresearchfeild:Bridge&StructureEngineering,StructuralHealthMonitoringIfyouneedanyhelp,pleasefeelfreetocontactwithme.Youareweletomyofficeanytime.第2頁Requirement:Ifyouhaveurgentmattersandyoucannotetomyclass,pleaseletmeknow,otherwise,youwillberegardedasabsent.Ifyouareabsentthreetimes,youwon’thavetherighttotakethefinalexamination.Itmeansthatyoucannotgetthecreditofthiscourse.Pleasekeepsilenceduringlecture.第3頁1.CourseIntroductionObjectivesinthiscourseToconsolidatetheabilitytousetheEnglishlanguageinthefollowingdesignatedfields,andTohaveaconsideratelyprofoundknowledgeofConstructionmaterials,highwayengineering,bridgeengineering,andtunnelengineering,esp.,Theterms,processes,andtheadvancedtechnicalknowHowindesign,construction,andmaintenanceinthethesefields第4頁1.CourseIntroductionCharecatersofthiscourse（1）wide（2）Miscellaneous（3）longtermThestatusofthiscourseinyourspecializedsystemImprovingprehensiveability第5頁1.CourseIntroduction工程------engineering

航天工程-----aerospaceengineering

農(nóng)業(yè)工程-----agriculturalengineering

建筑工程-----architecturalengineering

機(jī)械工程-----mechanicalengineering

土木工程-----civilengineering工程師-------engineer第6頁CivilEngineering

1.Definition:thepracticalapplicationoftheoreticalsciences,suchasphysicsorchemistry,forthebenefitofmankind(mostsimplebutnotdefining).

Civilengineeringisaprofessionalengineeringdisciplinethatdealswiththeconstructionanddesignofpublicandprivatesectorworkssuchasbridges,roads,damsandbuildings.1.CourseIntroduction第7頁CivilEngineering2.SubdivisionsofCivilEngineeringStructuralengineering；Hydraulicengineering；Sanitaryorenvironmentalengineering；geotechnical

engineering；transportationengineering；materialsengineering；coastalengineering；surveying；urbanplanning；andconstructionengineering.

1.CourseIntroduction第8頁1.CourseIntroductionCivilengineeringEngineeringStructure（1）Member（2）Materials（3）TypeEngineeringMechanics

AnalysisandDesignofstructure第9頁大學(xué)英語科技英語聽、說、讀、寫重點(diǎn)在閱讀、翻譯和寫作。基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)階科技文獻(xiàn)閱讀和翻譯平常應(yīng)用CET4和CET6聽、說、讀、寫詞匯、語法、句型各專業(yè)英語2.ESPandGeneralEnglish(GE)

第10頁3ThecharacteristicsofESP歸納：語言特點(diǎn);語法特點(diǎn);詞匯特點(diǎn);構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)行文清楚、客觀、精練、嚴(yán)密文體簡練、準(zhǔn)確、清楚信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在事實(shí)內(nèi)容大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句非限定動(dòng)詞后置定語復(fù)合詞與縮略詞長句各種方法表示數(shù)字和否定第11頁3.1語言特點(diǎn)語言簡潔，表達(dá)明確，不重潤飾Usuallythefoundationsforthepiersmustrestonbedrock,andoftenunderwater.Onetechniqueforworkingintheseconditionsisbymeansofacofferdam.Pilesusuallymadeofinterlockingsteelplatesaredrivenintothewaterbed.Thewateristhenpumpedoutfromwithintheareathathasbeenenclosed.一般，橋墩基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)安頓在巖床上，且往往位于水下。在這種狀況下，可采用圍堰技術(shù)施工。先把想好好鎖定鋼板樁打入河床，然后從鋼板樁所圍區(qū)域內(nèi)向外抽水。第12頁邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，要領(lǐng)清晰，關(guān)系分明Theyieldcriterionforamaterialisamathematicaldescriptionofthebinationofstressesthatwouldcauseyieldofthematerial.Inotherwordsitisarelationshipbetweenappliedstressesandstrength.Theyieldcriterioncanbewritten:材料屈服準(zhǔn)則指也許導(dǎo)致材料屈服應(yīng)力組合數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式。換句話說，它表達(dá)作用應(yīng)力與“強(qiáng)度”之間關(guān)系。3.1語言特點(diǎn)第13頁3.2語法特點(diǎn)1）非人稱語氣和客觀態(tài)度，常用It構(gòu)造、名詞化構(gòu)造

Itiseasiertomakechangesindesignandtocorrecterrorsduringconstruction(andatlessexpense)ifweldingisused.

It

isestimatedthataboutonethirdofallaccidentshappenwhenitisdark,althoughobviouslythereismoretrafficduringdaytime.Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatwaterisdisplacedbysolidbodies.阿基米德最先發(fā)現(xiàn)固體排水原理。Archimedesfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.名詞化構(gòu)造，首先簡化了同位語從句，另一方強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement這一事實(shí)第14頁2）較多采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Examp3:Beforeanycivilengineeringprojectcanbedesigned,asurveyatsitemustbemade.英國利茲大學(xué)JohnSwales記錄，科技英語中謂語至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)造。強(qiáng)調(diào)與客觀使用時(shí)要注意：重要信息置于句首;盡量防止使用第一、二人稱3.2語法特點(diǎn)第15頁3）大量使用非限定動(dòng)詞，即否認(rèn)式、動(dòng)名詞、目前分詞和過去分詞。Examp4:Thetotalweightbeingless,itispossibletobuildmuchtallerbuildings.Examp5:Thedemandsforsophisticatedanalysis,coupledwithsomeseriouslimitationonputationalcapability,ledtoahostofspecialtechniquesforsolvingacorrespondingsetofspecialproblems.3.2語法特點(diǎn)第16頁A)Adirectcurrentisacurrentwhichflowsalwaysinthedirection.B)Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowinginthesamedirection.在科技英語中，不常使用非限制定語從句，而使用非限定動(dòng)詞，即非謂語動(dòng)詞使用分詞短語替代定語從句或狀語從句；使用分詞獨(dú)立構(gòu)造替代狀語從句或并列分句；使用不定式短語替代多種從句；介詞十動(dòng)名詞短語替代定語從句或狀語從句在科技文中，普通將how，wh-詞引導(dǎo)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成how,wh-詞引導(dǎo)不定式短語。從而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)愈加簡練、緊湊3.2語法特點(diǎn)第17頁4）較多地使用祈使語氣和公式化表達(dá)方式常用Assumethat,Supportthat,let,等祈使語氣表達(dá)方式。Examp6:SupposethatP=0atx=y.3.2語法特點(diǎn)5）條件語句較多Examp7:Thehugeinvestmentinhighwayinfrastructurewillbeerasedquicklyifpropermaintenanceandrehabilitationproceduresareenforcedandfunded.Examp8:IfsubstitutingEq.(1)into(7),weobtainF=xyz.第18頁6）長句較多，但一般較簡潔清晰Examp9:Itisimportantalsothatthedesignerbeawareofthemethodofconstructionorerectiontobeemployedsince,incertaincases,theloadingconditionstowhichamemberissubjectedduringerectionmayinduceastressconditionwhichexceedsthatduetotheserviceloadsofthestructure.3.2語法特點(diǎn)7）省略句較多Examp10:Ifnotwellmanaged,theprocedureforconstructionmaybemoreexpensive.第19頁3.3詞匯特點(diǎn)1)專業(yè)和半專業(yè)詞匯可在網(wǎng)上下載有關(guān)專業(yè)詞匯表公路工程詞匯表如：standard（名詞）standardize（動(dòng)詞）,former（形容詞）theformer（名詞）等

2)較多使用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換第20頁3）詞綴和詞根如dis-,in-,multi-,super-,sub-等，見附錄3.3詞匯特點(diǎn)4）縮寫、數(shù)學(xué)符號及其表達(dá)式Fig.(figure)-------圖Eq.(equation)m/s(meter/second)In.(inch)FIDIC

ISO第21頁3.4構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)上述語言、語法和詞匯特點(diǎn)屬專業(yè)英語“語域分析”內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容形成了專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ)。更深入，還需要理解專業(yè)英語在段落及文章層面上構(gòu)造特點(diǎn)，理解隱含在語言運(yùn)用之中邏輯思維過程，才能把握文章要點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)，提高閱讀和理解能力。一般，在一種自然段中，總有一句話概括出本段落重點(diǎn)，其位置常位于段首或段未，很少出目前段中。它對理解本段意思起至關(guān)重要作用，應(yīng)予以足夠注視。此外還應(yīng)注意各個(gè)自然段之間邏輯關(guān)系，邏輯關(guān)系對理解句子意思也有很大協(xié)助。第22頁4.1常用數(shù)字英語讀法1/2onehalf,ahalf,oneovertwo1/3athird,onethird,oneoverthree2/3twothirds,twooverthree1/10atenth,onetenth,1/4aquarter,onequarter,onefourth,oneoverfour3/4threequarters,threefourths4.SpeakingofESP常用數(shù)字讀法常用數(shù)學(xué)符號讀法土木專業(yè)詞匯讀法文章讀法Speaking第23頁234/679twohundredandthirtyfouroversixhundredandseventynine0.3zeropointthree,Opointthree,naughtpointthree,pointthree.0.03zeropointzerothree,OpointOthree,naughtpointnaughtthree,point naughtthree.0.67zeropointsixseven,Opointsixseven,naughtpointsixseven,point sixseven,twoandahalfthreeandthreefifthsonehundredthirtysevenandthreeoverfourzeropointthreerecurring,pointthreerecurringfivepointeightsixseven,sixsevenrecurring第24頁2%twopercent2‰twopermille3/8%threeeighthspercent,threeeighthsofonepercent.2/3mtwothirdsofameter3/4kmthreequartersofakilometer7.8m/ssevenpointeightmeterspersecond15℃fifteendegreeCentigrade34℉thirtyfourdegreesFahrenheit10KNtenkiloNewton20mmtwentymillimeters二、常用數(shù)學(xué)符號讀法(Englishreadingforfrequently-usedmathematicalsymbols）第25頁+

plus-minus×multipliedby,times÷dividedby±plusorminus＝

isequalto,equals,is≡isidenticallyequalto,identicallyequals≈isapproximatelyequalto,approximatelyequalstheabsolutevalueofxxbar,themeanvalueofxbprimebdoubleprime,bsecondprime,btwoprimebsubscriptone,bsubonebsuperscripttwo,bsupertwoxdotxtwodotsfunctionfofxDeex,differentialxthenthderivativeofywithrespecttox第26頁thepartialderivativeofywithrespecttoxdelintegralbetweenlimitsaandbbracketaplusbbracketclosedtheratioofatobxsquare,xsquared,thesquareofx,thesecondpowerofx,xtothesecondpowerthesquarerootofxthefifthrootofxsquarenthdelintegralinfinityxcube,xcubed,thecubeofx,thethirdpowerofx,xtothethirdpowerlogxtothebasenFactorialx第27頁一、教學(xué)內(nèi)容(theteachingcontent)5