Unit+12+Lesson+1+Scientific+Breakthroughs+高中英語北師大新版（2019）選擇性必修第四冊

Unit12InnovationLesson1ScientificBreakthroughs—ReadingComprehensionYuanLongping—

HybridRice(1972)J.L.Baird—Television(1926)BalzerVonPlaten&CarlsMunters—Refrigerator(1923)Whatdoyouthinkarethemostimportantinventionsordiscoveriesofthe20thcentury?Canyounameafewinventors?Whatmakesthemgreat?premierscientistpioneersofthe20thcenturytobecommittedtotobeinspiredbytobeproposedbytoimprovethequalityofhumanlife先驅(qū)，先鋒1.What’sthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

（

）A.Peoplehavemadeamazingdiscoveriesinmedicine,communicationandtransportB.Itishardtochoosethesinglemostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury.C.Scientistshavefoundhowtosplittheatom.D.Theworldhaschangedcompletely.2.Whatmakesithardtosingleoutthemostimportantdiscovery?()A.Allthediscoveriesarenotkeptonrecord.B.Therearetoomanyimportantadvancesinourlife.C.Thediscoverieshavehadlittleeffectonthequalityofhumanlife.D.Theworldhaschangedcompletelyandourknowledgeoftheworldislimited.BB3.Whatdoes“E=mc2”leadpeopletobelieve?()A.Wecantraveltoouterspaceatgreatspead.B.Somethinginnaturecankilldeadlybacteria.C.Asmallpieceofmasscanproducehugeamountsofenergy.D.Thesmallestparticleinnatureremainsundiscovered.4.Whatwasthefirstcomputeroriginallydesignedtodo?()A.Tomakepeoplearoundtheworldconnected.B.Todelivermedicalmessagesmoreefficiently.C.TogetanadvantageoverothersintheColdWar.D.TohelptheUSNavysolvetheirmilitaryproblem.CD5.What’sthemainideaofthetext?A.Thedevelopmentinexploringthespace.B.Themedicaldiscoveriesofthe20thcentury.C.Somefamouspioneersinscienceandtheirdiscoveriesofthe20thcentury.D.Themostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury.CIfyouhadtochoosethesinglemostimportantdiscoveryofthe20thcentury,youwouldhavearealproblemonyourhands.Injust100years,theworldhaschangedcompletely.Amazingdiscoveriesweremadeinmedicine,communicationsandtransport,nottomentionourknowledgeoftheworldandspace.if引導的虛擬語氣，表達與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。if引導的從句謂語用一般過去時，主句謂語用would+動詞原形havesthonone’shand手頭有某事待處理跟不用說=letalonehave/hasdone現(xiàn)在完成時（表示時間的標志詞injust100years僅僅100年來）如果說必須在20世紀重大發(fā)現(xiàn)中選出最重要的一項，這可是個棘手的問題。在僅僅100年中，世界就完全變樣了。醫(yī)學，通信和交通方面都有驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，更別提我們隊世界和太空的認識了。虛擬語氣在if引導的非真實性條件句中的用法虛擬條件句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反與過去事實相反與將來事實相反If+主語+did/were主語+woulddoIf+主語+haddone主語＋wouldhavedone1.If+主語+did/were2.If+主語+weretodo3.If+主語+shoulddo主語＋

woulddoshould/might/couldshould/might/couldMedicaladvancesrangedfromdiscoveringthecausesofdiseasesundermicroscopesto

stagingoperationstoreplace

diseasedorganswithdonatedones.Communicationschangedwiththeintroductionofmobilephone,andthewaywecorrespondwentfromwritingletterstoemailingandsendinginstantmessages.rangefrom...to范圍從...到...施行手術(shù)replaceAwithB用B替換A隨著省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句，修飾先行詞thewaygo-went-gone熟詞生意，“改變”醫(yī)學的進步范圍很廣，從利用顯微鏡揭示病因，到施行手術(shù)用捐贈的器官替換病變的器官。移動電話的使用給通信帶來了改變，我們的通信方式從寫信變?yōu)榘l(fā)電子郵件和發(fā)即時消息Westartedflyingaroundtheworld,launchingsatellitesintoorbitand,atthesametime,scientistsfiguredout

howtosplittheatom,previouslythoughttobethesmallestparticleofmatterintheuniverse.算出，弄懂how引導的賓語從句動介之后跟賓從定語后置，修飾atom原子我們開始坐飛機環(huán)游世界，發(fā)射衛(wèi)星到軌道。同時科學家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何分裂原子，在此之前，原子被認為是宇宙中最小的物質(zhì)微粒。Althoughitisimpossibletochoosethemostimportantdiscovery,itispossibleto

singleoutafewpioneersofthe20thcentury.Herearesomeofthem.盡管不太可能選出哪項發(fā)現(xiàn)是最重要的，但是挑選出20世紀的幾位先驅(qū)還是可能的。例如以下幾位。

itisimpossibletodo做某事是不可能的形式主語todo不定式為真正主語

挑選出

先驅(qū)Oneofthe20thcentury’spremierscientistswasAlbertEinstein.Inthesummerof1905,thisoutspokenyoungmanwasrockinghisone-year-oldbabywhenhewassuddenlyinspired.Subsequently,“E=mc2”wasborn.Itshowed(howasmallpieceofmasscouldproduceanunbelievableamountofenergy.)Einsteinthenshowedinhis“theoryofrelativity”(thatnoteventime,massorlengthareconstant—theychangeaccordingtoourexperienceofthem.)

oneof+n.復數(shù)...之一

bedoing...when...正在做某事,這時突然

v.搖晃20世紀最杰出的科學家，愛因斯坦是其一。1905年夏天，這個坦率的年輕人給他一歲的孩子晃動搖籃時，突然受到啟發(fā)。于是，“E=mc2”誕生了。它證明了一小塊物質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生巨大的能量。愛因斯坦隨后在他的“相對論”中指出，即使是時間、質(zhì)量或長度也不是恒定不變的，它們根據(jù)我們對它們的感知而變化。

how引導賓語從句

相對論

根據(jù)that引導賓語從句

n.物質(zhì)In1928,anotherimportantfindingwasmadebybiologistAlexanderFleming.Beforehewentonholiday,Flemingleftadishofbacteriainhislaboratory.Whenhecameback,henoticedsomethingstrange.Hedouble-checkedandsawabluemouldinthedisharoundwhichthebacteriahadbeendestroyed.1928年，另一項重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)由生物學家亞歷山大·弗萊明發(fā)現(xiàn)了。在去度假之前，弗萊明在實驗室里放了一個培養(yǎng)細菌的器皿。回來時，他注意到器皿里有點兒奇怪。經(jīng)過反復檢查，他發(fā)現(xiàn)器皿里有一種藍色的霉菌，而霉菌周圍的細菌已經(jīng)被殺死了。

goonholiday去度假leave-left-leftv.留下

細菌培養(yǎng)皿

n.實驗室

v.反復檢查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導定語從句，which指代前面先行詞mould過去完成時被動：hadbeendoneThisbluemouldwasinfactthenaturalformofpenicillin,

whichFlemingperceivedcouldbeusedtokillbacteria.Afewyearslater,penicillinwasbeingmass-producedandhelpingtosavethelivesofmillions.Flemingremainedhumbleabouttheamazingoutcomeofhisdiscovery.“Naturemadepenicillin,”hesaid,“Ijustfoundit.”這種藍色的霉菌實際上是自然狀態(tài)的青霉素，弗萊明認為它可以用來殺死細菌。數(shù)年后，青霉素開始大量生產(chǎn)，幫助挽救了數(shù)百萬人的生命。弗萊明對他這一驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)態(tài)度謙虛，他說：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了它?！笔聦嵣蟦.狀態(tài)v.大量生產(chǎn)which引導非限制性定語從句,指代penicillin被用來DuringWorldWarⅡ,whenFleming’sdiscoverywasfirsthelping

tocurepeople,theUSNavywaslookingforwaysofimprovingtheaccuracyoftheirmissiles.ThenavyturnedtoEckert,anengineer,andMauchly,aphysicist,todealwiththeproblemandproduceamachinetodothe

jobinajointeffort.Althoughtheyonlyfinishedafterthewarin1946,itdidnotmatter.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，正當弗萊明的發(fā)現(xiàn)首次用來幫助治愈疾病時，美國海軍正在尋找提高導彈精度的方法。海軍求助于工程師?？颂睾臀锢韺W家莫克利，兩人共同制造一臺機器來完成這項工作。盡管機器在1946年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后才完成這項工作，但這沒關(guān)系。當...時turntosb(forhelp)

向某人(求助)通過共同努力盡管,引導讓步狀從才處理,解決Thishugemachinewastheworld’sfirstcomputer,butitwas

nothinglikeourcomputerstoday.Itmeasured100feetlongbyover10feethighandweighedover30,000kilograms.With18,000tubes,thousandsofcircuitsand6,000switches,itusedsomuchenergythatwhenitwasturnedon,thelightsinthelocaltownwentout!

這臺巨大的機器是世界上第一臺計算機，但是與今天的計算機完全不同。它長100英尺，高10英尺，重30000多公斤。它有18000個顯像管，數(shù)千條電路和6000個開關(guān)，耗電量異常巨大，以致于當它啟動的時候，當?shù)厮械臒舳枷缌耍⊥耆幌?，根本不像量度為n.height高度熄滅有著如此...以致于...

結(jié)果狀語從句n.length長度v.weigh—n.weight打開Withthedevelopmentofcomputers,peopleexpectedto

getmorethingsdoneefficiently.DuringtheColdWar,a“hugenetwork”ofcomputerswasproposedbytwoAmericanscientists.Withcomputerstalkingtooneanother,itwouldenablegovernmentleaderstocommunicatewitheachother.隨著計算機的發(fā)展，人們期望能高效地完成更多事情。冷戰(zhàn)期間，兩位美國科學家提出了一個由計算機組成的"巨大網(wǎng)絡(luò)"。由于計算機能相互傳遞信息，政府領(lǐng)導人可以相互溝通。隨著期待做某事getsthdone使某物被完成enablesbtodosth使某人能夠做某事由...提出v.傳遞信息由于,因為Bytheendofthe1960s,somemini-networkswereestablished,butonlyafewcomputerscouldconnecttothem.In1990,TimBerners-LeeinventedtheWorldWideWeb,which

enabledcomputersallovertheworld

tocommunicatewitheachother.Nowadays,lifewithouttheInternetformostpeopleisunimaginable.到20世紀60年代末，一些小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)建立起來，但只有少數(shù)計算機可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯納·李發(fā)明了萬維網(wǎng)，使世界各地的計算機能夠相互通信。如今，對大多數(shù)人來說，沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活是難以想象的。到......末引導非限制定語從句無法想象的全世界Bytheendofthe1960s,somemini-networkswereestablished,butonlyafewcomputerscouldconnecttothem.In1990,TimBerners-LeeinventedtheWorldWideWeb,which

enabledcomputersallovertheworld

tocommunicatewitheachother.Nowadays,lifewithouttheInternetformostpeopleisunimaginable.到20世紀60年代末，一些小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)建立起來，但只有少數(shù)計算機可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯納·李發(fā)明了萬維網(wǎng)，使世界各地的計算機能夠相互通信。如今，對大多數(shù)人來說，沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活是難以想象的。到......末引導非限制定語從句無法想象的全世界Thesepioneersofthe20thcenturywerealldedicatedtoimprovingthequalityofhumanlifeonEarth.Humanlifeonthisplanethasbeentransformedintoa“globalvillage”,with

allthedifferentcountries

linkedinthechainofcommoninterests.

bededicatedto+n./doing致力于……在地球上have/hasbeendone現(xiàn)在完成時被動隨著賓語賓補這些20世紀的先驅(qū)都致力于改善地球上人類的生活質(zhì)量。不同國家因共同利益而連接起來，使得這個星球上人類的生活已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤暗厍虼濉薄.利益Thereisnodoubtabout

it.Withoutthebreakthroughsofthesepioneersinscienceandtechnology,whetherluckyor

planned,theworldasweknowittodaywouldbeacompletelydifferentplace.Thereis/wasnodoubtaboutsth./that+主謂，毫無疑問……whether…or…不管是…還是…adj.提前計劃的adv.徹底地，完全地毫無疑問，如果沒有這些先驅(qū)取得的科技突破，無論這些突破是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的還是計劃之中的，我們今天所熟知的世界將是一個完全不同的地方。1.Althoughitisimpossibletochoosethemostimportantdiscovery.it形式主語todo真正主語學英語很重要ItisimportanttolearnEnglish.2.thisoutspokenyoungmanwasrockinghisone-year-oldbabywhenhewassuddenlyinspired.bedoing...when...正在做某事，這時突然...他正在看小說，這時老師突然走了過來Hewasreadingafictionwhentheteachercameover.3.Hedouble-checkedandsawabluemouldinthedisharoundwhichthebacteriahadbeendestroyed.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

引導定語從句

Sheisthegirl___________Iwenttothemovielastweek.

Ineverforgettheday_____________shesaidgoodbbyetome.withwhomonwhich4.With18,000tubes,thousandsofcircuitsand6,000switches,itusedsomuchenergythatwhenitwasturnedon,thelightsinthelocaltownwentout!

so...that引導__________從句，when引導__________從句。翻譯:1.風太大了，他幾乎無法前行。_________________________________________________________2.Shewassoscaredtoseethesnakethatshedidn'tmove._______________________________________________________結(jié)果狀語Thewindwassostrongthathecouldhardlymoveforward.她看到蛇后嚇得一動不動。時間狀語with+賓語+賓補____________________________（窗開著）__________________________