印度氣候變化情況分析報告-外文版培訓(xùn)課件

POLITICS

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SOCIETYClimatechangeinIndiaCHAPTER

01OverviewAnnualanomaliesingloballandandoceansurfacetemperaturefrom1880to2023,basedontemperaturedeparture(indegreesCelsius)Globallandandoceantemperatureanomalies1880-20231.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.63Description:Sincethe1980s,theannualtemperaturedeparturefromaveragehasbeenconsistentlypositive.In2023,thegloballandandoceansurfacetemperatureanomalystoodat1.19degreesCelsiusabovethe20thcenturyaverage,thelargestrecordedacrossthedisplayedperiod.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1880to2023Source(s):NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationClimatechangeperformanceindexofeachofthemembersoftheGroupof20(G20)forumasof2024,bycategoryClimatechangeperformanceindexofG202024,bycountryClimatechangeperformanceindexGHGemissions20Renewableenergy30EnergyuseClimatepolicy5001040607080IndiaGermanyEU-27UKBrazilIndonesiaFranceMexicoItalySouthAfricaAustraliaChina4Description:Indiahadthehighestclimatechangeperformanceindex(CCPI)scoreamongG20membersin2024,atmorethan70points.Ontheotherhand,SaudiArabiascoredthelowestamongtheGroupof20,withChinaandtheU.S.(themainGHGemittersworldwide)alsorankinginthebottom10.ReadmoreNote(s):Argentina,Australia,Brazil,Canada,China,India,Indonesia,Japan,SouthKorea,Mexico,Russia,SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,Turkey,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,EU;2023;100pointsisthemaximumscore*;*Eachperformancecategory[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):NewClimateInstituteLargestcontributorstogreenhousegasemissionsworldwidein2022,bycountry(inbillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)Greenhousegasemissionsworldwide2022,bycountryEmissionsinGtCO?e024681012141618ChinaUnitedStatesIndia15.763.93.6EU-27Russia2.6Brazil1.31.21.2IndonesiaJapanIran1Mexico0.85Description:Chinawastheworld'slargestcontributortoglobalgreenhousegasemissionsin2022,releasingalmost16billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO?e).China'sGHGemissionswerealmostequaltothecombinedemissionsoftheUnitedStates,India,andtheEuropeanUnion.Thesefouremittersaccountedformorethan50percentofglobalGHGemissionsin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022Source(s):EDGAR/JRCCarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromenergyintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bycountryorterritory(inmillionmetrictons)CO2emissionsAPAC2022,bycountryCO2emissionsinmillionmetrictons02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000ChinaIndia10,550.22,595.8Japan1,065.7IndonesiaSouthKoreaAustraliaThailandMalaysiaTaiwanVietnamSingaporePakistanOtherAPAC692592.4376.3275.3272.9272.4270208.8208.3206.26Description:In2022,carbondioxideemissionsinChinaamountedtoapproximately10.55billiontons,morethanhalfofthe?totalCO2emissionsintheAsia-Pacificregionthatyear.Incomparison,SriLankaemittedabout20milliontonsofCO2in2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2022Source(s):Kearney;KPMG;TheEnergyandResourcesInstituteAnnualaverageeconomicdamageduetoclimate-relatedhazardsintheAsia-Pacificregionin2020,bycountry(inbillionU.S.dollars)AnnualaveragelossesfromclimatehazardsAPAC2020,bycountryLossesinbillionU.S.dollars050100150200250ChinaIndiaJapan237.9787.1583.35SouthKoreaPakistanThailandBangladeshVietnam24.2815.7612.4911.3110.83MyanmarSriLankaNepal3.661.71.631.461.12CambodiaAfghanistan7Description:In2020,naturalhazardssuchastropicalcyclones,floods,anddroughtsaccountedforeconomiclossesofcloseto238billionU.S.dollarsinChina.TheMaldivesexperiencedfinanciallossesofaround22millionU.S.dollarsrelatedtoclimatehazardsthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2020Source(s):UNESCAP;WorldMeteorologicalOrganizationShareofconsumersworriedaboutclimatechangeintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bycountryorterritoryShareofconsumersworriedaboutclimatechangeAPAC2022,bycountryShareofrespondents30%0%10%20%40%50%60%PhilippinesIndonesiaJapan55.6%54.8%50.6%ThailandIndia47.2%46.6%46.6%MalaysiaVietnamSingaporeHongKongAustraliaChina45.8%40%36.8%29%25.6%8Description:InasurveyconductedacrosselevenmarketsintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,55.6percentofrespondentsinthePhilippinesstatedtobeworriedaboutclimatechange.Incontrast,25.6percentofChineserespondentssharedthisconcern.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2022;6,000respondentsSource(s):SandpiperCommunicationsCHAPTER

02EmissionsGreenhousegasemissionsinIndiainselectedyearsbetween1990and2020,bysector(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)GHGemissionsinIndia1990-2020,bysectorAgricultureBuildingManufacturing/ConstructionIndustrialProcessesElectricity/HeatOtherFuelCombustionWasteFugitiveEmissionsTransportation3,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005000199019952000200520102015202010Description:India'selectricityandheatsectorproducedthe1.12billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO2e)in2020,makingitthelargestsourceofgreenhousegasemissionsthatyear.AgriculturewasoncethelargestemitterofGHGsinIndia,butwhileemissionsfromthissectorhaverisen30percentsince1990,thosefromtheelectricityandheatsectorhaveincreasedfive-fold.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1990to2020Source(s):ClimateWatchCumulativecarbondioxideemissionsinIndiafrom1858to2022(inmillionmetrictons)CumulativeCO?emissionsinIndia1858-202270,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000011Description:Indiahasproducedapproximately60billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(GtCO?)fromfossilfuelsandindustrysince1858.India'scumulativeemissionsreached11?GtCO?in1990,andhaveincreasedfive-foldsincethen,owingtoeconomicgrowthandtheincreasedconsumptionoffossilfuels.TherapidriseinemissionsmeansIndiaisnowtheseventh-biggest?carbonpolluterinhistory.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1858to2022Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWIDCarbondioxide(CO?)emissionsfromfossilfuelandindustrialpurposesinIndiafrom1970to2022(inmillionmetrictons)CO?emissionsfromfossilfuelandindustrialpurposesinIndia1970-20223,0002,5002,0001,5001,00050001970

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202212Description:CarbondioxideemissionsfromfossilfueluseandindustrialpurposesinIndiaincreased6.5percentin2022,reachinganewrecordhighof2.7billionmetrictons(GtCO?).Emissionsplummeted8.7percentin2020duetoCOVID-19-relatedlockdownsandrestrictions.ThiswasIndia'sfirstannualemissionsreductionformorethatfortyyears.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1970to2022Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.(2023))Annualmethane(CH?)emissionsinIndiafrom1990to2021(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)MethaneemissionsinIndia1990-202195090085080075070065013/statistics/1284586/india-methane-emissionMethaneemissionsinIndiareachedahighof897millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO?e)in2021.MethaneemissionsinIndiahaveincreasedmorethan30percentsince1990.Indiaisthesecond-largestemitterofmethaneworldwide.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1990to2021Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.(2023));OWIDAnnualnitrousoxide(N2O)emissionsinIndiafrom1990to2021(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)NitrousoxideemissionsinIndia1990-202130028026024022020018016014012010014Description:Emissionsofnitrousoxides(N?O)inIndiareachedahighof272.3millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentin2021.India'snitrousoxideemissionshaveincreasedbyalmost90percentsince1990.ThemainsourceofnitrousoxideemissionsinIndiaistheagriculturesector.ReadmoreNote(s):India;1990to2021Source(s):Expert(s)(Jonesetal.(2023));OWIDProjectedgreenhousegasemissionsinIndiafrom2022to2050,byscenario(inbilliontonsofCO?equivalent)ProjectedGHGemissionsinIndia2022-2050,byscenarioBusinessasusualDoaswepromisedWeachievethegoal8765432107.45.754.64442.3120222035205015Description:Indiaemittedaboutfourbillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO?e)worthofgreenhousegasesin2022.AccordingtoWorldDataLab,thisfigureisforecasttoincreaseupto7.4GtCO?eby2050underabusinessasusualscenario–thatisascenariowithoutdrasticdeviationsintechnologyadvancementorpolicy-makingfrompastexperiences.Ontheotherhand,ifthecountryandsectorsareconsistentwithlimitingglobalwarmingto1.5degreeCelsius,India's[...]ReadmoreNote(s):India;2022Source(s):WorldDataLabCHAPTER

03ImpactsWarmestyearsonrecordinIndiafrom1901to2023,basedonannualmeantemperatureabovelongperiodaverage(indegreesCelsius)HottestyearsonrecordinIndia1901-2023AnomalyindegreesCelsius0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8201620232009201720100.710.650.550.540.5317Description:2023isthesecond-warmestyearinIndiasincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.Thatyear,thetemperatureanomalyinthecountryreached0.65°Cabovethelongtermaverage(1981-2010).Thiswasaslightdecreasefromtheaveragetemperaturein2016,whichranksasthehottestyear.?ThreeofthefivewarmestyearsinIndiahaveallbeenrecordedinthepast10years.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;1901to2023;Longperiodaveragebasedon1981-2010periodindegreeCelsiusSource(s):IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment;TimesofIndiaAveragenumberofheatwavedaysinIndiafrom2010to2022NumberofheatwavedaysinIndia2010-2022300253250200182172164150100501371341139587774139290201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202218Description:About172heatwavedayswererecordedacrossIndiain2022,asignificantincreasecomparedtothepreviousyear.Inrecentyears,theseeventsweremoreintenseinthenorthernregionsofthecountry,coincidingwithdroughts,watershortageandanalreadyinadequateinfrastructure.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2010to2022Source(s):IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment;MOSPIShareoflandaffectedbydroughtinIndiafromJanuary2022toFebruary2024ShareoflandaffectedbydroughtinIndia2022-202430%25%20%15%10%5%0%Jan5,

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202319Description:AsofFebruary7,2024,approximately26percentofthetotallandareaofIndiawasaffectedbydroughtconditionsrangingfrommoderatetoexceptional.Thiswasmorethandoublethelandareathatwasaffectedbydroughtinthesamemonththepreviousyear.AroundninepercentofIndia'slandareawassufferingfromextremedroughtconditionsinFebruary2024.ReadmoreNote(s):India;January2022toFebruary2024;Asofthefirstavailabledatapointofeverymonth;BasedontheStandardPrecipitationIndex(SPI);Includesalldroughtcategories(D1-D4)frommoderatedroughttoexceptionaldroughtSource(s):IITGandhinagar(IndiaDroughtMonitor)TreecoverlossinIndiacausedbywildfiresfrom2002to2022(inhectares)TreecoverlossinIndiacausedbywildfires2002-20225004504003503002502001501005043138228126722922419717917617316414114213612212310410396646202002

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202220Description:TreecoverlossbywildfiresinIndiaamountedto382hectaresin2022,representinganincreaseofalmost36percentfromthepreviousyear.Duringtheperiodinconsideration,treecoverlossbywildfireswashighestin2017,at431hectares.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2002to2022Source(s):GFWNumberofnamedtropicalcyclonesintheSouthIndianOceanfrom1990to2022NumberofnamedstormsintheSouthIndianOcean1990-2022252015105021Description:In2022,therewere16namedstormsregisteredintheSouthIndianOcean,downbytwostormsincomparisontothepreviousyear.Thisequaledtheaveragerecordedforthebasinintheperiodbetween1990and2022,at16namedstormsperyear.Thehighestcountrecordedwithintheindicatedperiodwasin1994,withatotalof22namedtropicalcyclones.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1990to2022Source(s):CSU;NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration;VarioussourcesNumberofinternaldisplacementsofpeopleduetoweather-relateddisastersinIndiafrom2008to2022(inmillions)Internaldisplacementsfromweather-relateddisastersinIndia2008-202210987654321020082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202222Description:Since2008,thenumberofinternaldisplacementsofpeopleduetoweather-relatednaturaldisastersinIndiahavefluctuated.Thenumberofinternaldisplacementsofpeopleduetoweather-relatednaturaldisastersinIndiaamountedto2.5millionpeoplein2022.Floodingeventswereresponsibleforthemajoritydisplacementsthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2008to2022;Includesdrymassmovement,drought,erosion,wildfire,flood,wetmassmovement,waveaction,andextremetemperature.Source(s):IDMCNumberofdeathsduetoheatstrokeinIndiafrom2010to2021NumberofdeathsduetoheatstrokeinIndia2010-20212,5002,0001,5001,0005001,9081,3381,2741,2741,2471,2481,2161,127890793530374020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202123Description:Heatstrokecausedabout374deathsacrossIndiain2021,adecreasefromthe530deathsrecordedinthepreviousyear.Duringtheperiodinconsideration,thehighestnumberofdeathsduetoheatstrokeoccurredin2015.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2010to2021Source(s):MOSPI;NCRB(India)NumberofdeathsduetofloodsinIndiafrom2010to2021NumberofdeathsduetofloodsinIndia2010-20211,2009659591,000800600400200094884677570065658554149650042020102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202124/statistics/1007627/india-number-of-deaths-due-to-floodsFloodsacrossIndiacausedatotalof656deathsin2021,downfromsome959deathsrecordedintheperviousyear.Overthelastdecade,thehighestnumberofdeathsduetofloodsacrossthecountrywasin2010,withadeathtollof965people.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2010to2021Source(s):MOSPI;NCRB(India)CHAPTER

04MitigationandadaptationElectricityproductionvolumefromrenewablesourcesinIndiafrom2010to2022(interawatthours)ElectricitygenerationvolumefromrenewablesinIndia2010-2022400350300250380.87333.49315.67303.16263.61234.9208.21202.04203.21187.920015010050173.62165.25142.610201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202226Description:In2022,Indiageneratedabout380terawatthoursofelectricityfromrenewablesources.Thatyear,therenewablesourcesaccountedforroughly20.5percentofIndia'selectricitygeneration.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2010to2022Source(s):EmberRenewableenergycapacityinIndiafrom2009to2023(inmegawatts)RenewableenergycapacityinIndia2009-2023200,000175,929180,000163,209160,000147,390134,774140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,0000128,475118,227105,25990,41678,58471,89463,589201360,460201258,053201152,259201048,3042009201420152016201720182019202020212022202327Description:ThetotalrenewableenergycapacityinthesouthAsiancountryofIndiawasaround176gigawattsin2023.Thiswasupfromabout134.8gigawattsin2020andwasalsothepeakvaluewithintheperiodinconsideration.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2009to2023Source(s):IRENARenewableenergyinvestmentinIndiafromfinancialyear2020to2022(inmillionU.S.dollars)RenewableenergyinvestmentinIndiaFY2020-202216,00014,00012,00014,39710,0008,3618,0006,3896,0004,0002,0000FY2020FY2021FY202228Description:In2022,therenewableenergyinvestmentinIndiawas14,397millionU.S.dollars.Renewableenergyinvestmentsawadecreaseinthepreviousfinancialyearduetothepandemic.However,in2022,therenewableenergyinvestmentsawanincreaseof125percentfromthelastfiscalyear.ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2020toFY2022Source(s):IEEFA;JMKMarketsizeofbatteryelectricvehicleinIndiafrom2018to2022(in1,000units)MarketsizeofBEVinIndia2018-2022605040302048.2614.692021104.772.021.230201820192020202229Description:In2022,themarketsizeofbatteryelectricvehicles(BEV)reached48thousandunitsinIndia.Thiswasahugeincreaseincomparisonwiththepreviousyear.Duringthesameyear,themostpopulartypeofBEVwasSUVandcrossover.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2018to2022Source(s):AutoPunditzOperationalpublicelectricvehiclechargingstationsinIndiaasofMarch2023,byleadingstatesPublicEVchargingstationsinIndia2023,byleadingstatesnumberofchargingstations800

1,00002004006001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000DelhiKarnataka1,845704660MaharashtraTamilNaduUttarPradeshTelangana441406365Rajasthan254230222192HaryanaAndhraPradeshKerala30Description:AsofMarch2023,DelhihadthelargestnumberofpublicelectricvehiclechargingstationsinIndia,closeto1.9thousandstations.ItwasfolloweddistantlybyKarnatakaat704stations.InIndia,themajorityofelectricvehicleswereelectrictwoandthreewheelers.ReadmoreNote(s):India;asofMarch2023Source(s):eninconInvestorpreferenceforclimateactionsectorsofinvestmentinIndiain2022InvestorpreferenceforclimateactionsectorsofinvestmentIndia202270%65%61%60%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%57%ClimatetechCirculareconomySustainableenergyElectricvehicles31Description:InasurveyconductedamonginvestorsinIndiawhohavemadeatleastoneclimate-positiveinvestmentsince2021,itwasfoundthatclimatetechandcirculareconomywerethemostpreferredsectorsforfutureinvestments.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;2022;200+investorsSource(s):Climake;UnitusCapitalAssetvalueofESG-focusedfundsinIndiafromMarch2018toMarch2022AssetsofESGfocusedfundsIndia2018-2022140124.58120109.8910080604020036.0522.69March2019March2020March2021March202232Description:AsofMarch2022,theassetsvalueofESG-focusedfundsinIndiarosetoaround124billionIndianrupees.Thiswasastarkrisefromover22billionU.S.dollarsin2019.AnESGfundisaninvestmentvehiclethatincorporatesenvironmental,governmental,andsocialfactorsintotheinvestmentprocess.ReadmoreNote(s):India;March2019toMarch2022Source(s):BusinessToday;MorningstarCHAPTER

05PublicopinionExtenttowhichIndiansbelievelocalclimatehassignificantlychangedoverthelast10to20yearsin2024ClimatechangeperceptioninIndia2024Notreally5.2%Yes,ithaschangedquiteabit40.5%Yes,ithassomewhatchanged54.3%34Description:AccordingtoasurveypublishedinMarch2024,approximately95percentofrespondentsinIndiabelievelocalclimatehastatleastsomewhatchangedoverthelast10to20years.IntheAsia-Pacificregion,thePhilippineswasthecountryweremostpeoplewereworriedaboutclimatechange.ReadmoreNote(s):India;2024*;10,779respondents;18yearsandolder;*Thesourcedoesnotspecifywhenwastheexactsurveydate.

ReadmoreSource(s):Livemint;Varioussources(DevelopmentIntelligenceUnit(DIU))EventsthatpromptedpeopleinIndiatobelievetheclimateischangingin2024,bytypeofareaPerceptiononclimatechangeimpactinIndia2024ShareofrespondentsRural5%Urban10%0%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%55%46.3%48.1%Heatwavesandprolongedsummers43%ExcessiverainfalleventsSpreadingofairandwaterbornediseasesRepeateddroughts46.1%32.5%31.8%37.1%33.3%23.9%Deterioratingairquality27.2%30.8%Cropfailure26.9%23.9%21.6%FloodingincitiesandotherlyingareasDrinkingwatershortage21.2%22.8%19.7%20.9%Foodshortage19.4%Monsoonf