2025高考英語步步高大一輪復習講義人教版語法專題專題二　第1講　名詞

2025高考英語步步高大一輪復習講義人教版語法專題專題二第1講名詞第1講名詞MrSmithisverybusybecauseherunsseveralcompanies①.Heworkssevendays①aweekand12months②ayear.Inhissparetimehelikeswatchingfootballmatches③.Helikeseatingtomatoes④buthedoesn’teatvegetableswithleaves⑤.Hehastwopethorses⑥andheoftenridesthemwithhisfriendsonMrBlack’sfarm⑦becausehethinksthesceneryofthefarm⑧isverybeautiful.MrBlackisafriendofhis⑨，whoraisessomecows⑥andgoats⑥.[規(guī)則感悟]1.可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)①以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es；以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，加-s。②以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es(如果詞尾-ch發(fā)音為/k/，要加-s，如stomach)。④以-o結(jié)尾加-es的單詞有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞，多變f或fe為v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s的單詞，如：屋頂(roof)上的首領(lǐng)(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可數(shù)名詞直接加-s。2．名詞的所有格⑦有生命名詞，不以-s結(jié)尾的名詞加-’s；以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞都加-’。⑧無生命名詞，通常用of所有格表示。⑨雙重所有格的構(gòu)成形式為“名詞＋of＋名詞所有格”或者“名詞＋of＋名詞性物主代詞”。1．不規(guī)則變化的名詞復數(shù)(1)通過內(nèi)部元音變化構(gòu)成復數(shù)。如：foot—feet腳goose—geese鵝tooth—teeth牙齒mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人woman—women女人(2)有些名詞的單復數(shù)形式相同。如：sheep—sheep綿羊deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中國人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法series—series系列species—species物種crossroads—crossroads十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器(3)有的名詞在詞尾加-ren或-en構(gòu)成復數(shù)。如：child—children孩子ox—oxen公牛(4)由man，woman構(gòu)成的復合名詞在變成復數(shù)時，與man，woman的變化形式相同。如：gentleman—gentlemen紳士Englishman—Englishmen英國男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠，手藝人注意：German，human的復數(shù)形式為Germans，humans。(5)外來詞的不規(guī)則復數(shù)形式。如：analysis—analyses分析basis—bases基礎(chǔ)crisis—crises危機thesis—theses論文medium—media媒介物phenomenon—phenomena現(xiàn)象2．復合名詞的單復數(shù)變化(1)中間沒有連字符也沒有間隔的復合名詞將最后一個詞變成復數(shù)形式。如：birthday—birthdays生日blackboard—blackboards黑板bookshelf—bookshelves書架gentleman—gentlemen紳士(2)中間有連字符或間隔的復合名詞將其中主要的詞變成復數(shù)形式。如：bookworm—bookwormsson-in-law—sons-in-lawlooker-on—lookers-onpasser-by—passers-bystory-teller—story-tellers(3)無主體名詞時通常在最后一個詞后加復數(shù)詞尾。如：grown-up—grown-upsstandby—standbys(4)“man/woman＋名詞”構(gòu)成的合成詞變復數(shù)時，man/woman和名詞均變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)。womensingers女歌手menservants男仆人(5)常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工廠)，manners(禮貌)，instructions(指導；用法說明)，times(時代)等。(6)一些固定短語中的名詞只用復數(shù)形式，常見的有taketurnstodosth，inhighspirits，makefriendswith，shakehandswith，makepreparationsfor，make(both)endsmeet，takepainstodo等。3．名詞所有格的特殊形式(1)并列的名詞變所有格時，若表示不同的所有關(guān)系，則分別在兩個名詞后加-’s；如果表示共有關(guān)系，則只在最后一個名詞后加-’s。如：KateandMary’sroom凱特和瑪麗共有的房間Kate’sandMary’srooms凱特和瑪麗各自的房間(2)表示店鋪或某人的家時，名詞所有格之后的shop，house，home等常省去。如：atthedoctor’s(office)在(醫(yī)生的)診所里atthebarber’s(shop)在理發(fā)店atMrGreen’s(house)在格林先生家對點練習1．Theteamwhowonthethreeworldchampionships(championship)wouldalwaysgetthiscup.2．Duringthefestival，whichlaststhreeorfourdays，peoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipateinavarietyofrichandcolourfulactivities(activity)．3．Thebestsolutionmightbetofindtheweaknesses(weakness)intheideaandtotryandstrengthenthem，ratherthanusethemsimplyasanexcuseforrejectingthewholeidea.4．Timmisandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseonpassers-by(passer-by)．5．WeusuallyexpectHollywoodheroes(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.6．Hegoestothebarber’s(barber)tohavehishaircuteverymonth.Tolearnmoreknowledge①，Ihavetodolotsofhomework①everydayandhavenotime①tohavefun②ordohousework①.LastweekwehadanexambutIdidn’tperformwell.However，myteachersaidthatIhadmadegreatprogress②.Sothisexamisnotafailure③.Onthecontrary，itisasuccess③inaway.[規(guī)則感悟]①不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式，也不能與不定冠詞連用。②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news為永久性不可數(shù)名詞，前面不能加不定冠詞，也不能具體化。③抽象名詞具體化：?表示情感、情緒的抽象名詞強調(diào)具體的人或事的時候，可以在前面加不定冠詞，如asurprise，acomfort等。?表示“一……”的概念時，常與動詞構(gòu)成詞組，名詞前常常有形容詞。如haveagoodtime，haveagoodknowledge/commandof等。1．不可數(shù)名詞不可以用數(shù)目計算，多為物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞，沒有復數(shù)形式，常見的有：fun樂趣homework作業(yè)bread面包wealth財富progress進步equipment設(shè)備room空間weather天氣work工作music音樂news新聞meat肉word消息traffic交通luck運氣housework家務(wù)milk牛奶advice建議man人類orange橙汁knowledge知識furniture家具baggage/luggage行李information信息2.抽象名詞與a(n)連用時，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的動作、行為或類別。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.英語知識在國際貿(mào)易中是必不可少的。Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.讀這種小說就是浪費時間。Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.她為自己做錯的事向母親道歉。3．有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些飲料，adrink一杯飲料，threedrinks三杯飲料；hishair他的頭發(fā)，afewgreyhairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，aglass一個玻璃杯。對點練習1．Wordcamethathewouldstartyetanothertradewaragainstothercountriesashewouldn’tkeephiswordonthatmatter.(word)2．Asawarreporter，Jennywentthroughalotofadventurousexperiences，whichcontributedtoherrichexperienceinherjob.(experience)3．Idon’tthinkIamafailure；itissaidthat/failureisthemotherofsuccess.(冠詞填空)1．動詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-alapprove贊成→approval贊成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到達→arrival到達；到達者；到來物refuse拒絕→refusal拒絕propose提議→proposal提議；建議-ance/-enceappear出現(xiàn)→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌perform表演→performance表演guide指引→guidance引導；指導exist存在→existence存在prefer較喜歡→preference偏愛refer參考；查閱→reference參考；查閱depend依靠→dependence依賴；依靠-ion/-tion/-ationdirect指揮；指導→direction方向；指導expect期待→expectation期待；期望invite邀請→invitation邀請；請柬solve解決→solution解決compete競爭→competition比賽；競爭describe描述→description描寫repeat重復→repetition重復explain解釋→explanation解釋pronounce發(fā)音→pronunciation發(fā)音-s(s)iondiscuss討論→discussion討論admit承認→admission承認；準許加入decide決定→decision決定-inghear聽→hearing聽力；聽覺listen聽→listening聽；聽力-mentachieve達到；完成→achievement成就develop發(fā)展→development發(fā)展argue爭論→argument爭論；論據(jù)punish懲罰→punishment懲罰-ure/-turefail失敗→failure失敗press壓；擠→pressure壓力mix混合→mixture混合物expose暴露→exposure面臨；暴露-yrecover恢復→recovery恢復；痊愈discover發(fā)現(xiàn)→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)-er/-orteach教→teacher老師announce播報→announcer播音員conduct指導，指揮→conductor指揮；售票員其他常見變化choose選擇→choice選擇vary相異→variety多樣化；品種tend傾向→tendency趨向；趨勢，grow生長→growth生長marry結(jié)婚→marriage婚姻pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒2.形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-cyfluent流利的→fluency流利；流暢accurate準確的→accuracy準確(性)private私有的→privacy隱私efficient效率高的→efficiency效率-domfree自由的→freedom自由wise明智的→wisdom智慧-nessdark黑的→darkness黑暗weak虛弱的→weakness虛弱kind友好的→kindness善良cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠a(chǎn)ware知道的；意識到的→awareness知道；意識-thwarm溫暖的→warmth溫暖true真的→truth真相deep深的→depth深(度)strong強壯的→strength力量long長的→length長度wide寬的→width寬度-y/-ty/-itydifficult困難的→difficulty困難honest誠實的→honesty誠實safe安全的→safety安全cruel殘忍的→cruelty殘忍responsible負責的→responsibility責任-cedifferent不同的→difference不同(之處)silent沉默的；不說話的→silence寂靜patient有耐心的→patience耐心absent缺席的→absence缺席present出席的→presence出席confident自信的→confidence信心convenient方便的→convenience便利important重要的→importance重要(性)significant重要的，意義重大的→significance重要性，重大意義對點練習1．SinceJune2017，rightbeforethearrival(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas，MengMengandJiaoQing，IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorecomfortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.(2023·新課標Ⅱ)2．Whentheanswerwasno，shedeclinedtheinvitation(invite)．(2022·浙江1月)3．Chinahasaresponsibility(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.(2022·全國乙)4．In1844，theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser，whoperformedtheirmarriage(marry)ceremonyin1842.(2021·浙江6月)5．Historicalaccuracy(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.(2020·新課標Ⅰ)1．Also，technologicalknow-howhasbecomearequirement(require)formostjobsinanincreasinglydigitalworld，asthecomputerhasbecomeacommontoolinmostprofessions(profession)．2．Thisswitchhasdecreasedpollution(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.3．Theseconditions(condition)provideafavorableenvironmentforthebluesandalwood(檀香)treeandricegrowing，offeringthematerialsneededtomakethebestXuanpaper.4．Daoxiaonoodlesisoneofthemostpopulardishes(dish)datingbacktotheYuanDynasty.第2講數(shù)詞MisterSmithissixty①yearsoldandyesterdaywashis60th②birthday.Hestillremembersinthe1990s③whenhewasinhisthirties③，hedrankdozensof④bottlesofbeeraday.However，hespentthousandsof④dollarsinhospital.Later，twofifths⑤ofhissparetimewasspentintakingexercise.[規(guī)則感悟]①數(shù)詞的基本形式為基數(shù)詞。②表示數(shù)詞的順序往往用序數(shù)詞。大部分是在基數(shù)詞的基礎(chǔ)上加-th。以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞，把-y變成-ie再加-th。③“inthe＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”表示“在某個世紀幾十年代”。“inone’s＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”表示“在某人幾十多歲時”。④具體數(shù)字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million等詞時，后面直接加名詞復數(shù)；表示籠統(tǒng)數(shù)目時，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/millionsof＋名詞復數(shù)。⑤分數(shù)表達：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。當分子大于1時，分母序數(shù)詞加-s，如：1/3：onethird,2/3：twothirds。1．易錯基數(shù)詞thirteen十三fourteen十四fifteen十五eighteen十八nineteen十九twenty二十thirty三十forty四十fifty五十ninety九十2．易錯序數(shù)詞first第一second第二third第三fourth第四fifth第五eighth第八ninth第九eleventh第十一twelfth第十二3．序數(shù)詞的使用(1)序數(shù)詞在句中主要作定語，一般情況下序數(shù)詞前要加定冠詞。ThisisthesecondintangibleculturalheritageblockinGuangzhou.這是廣州第二個非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)街區(qū)。(2)序數(shù)詞前有時加不定冠詞，表示“又一、再一”，相當于another。Wouldyoulikeasecondcupoftea?你還想再來一杯茶嗎？(3)有時序數(shù)詞作狀語，不加冠詞。Hecameoutfirstinthecontest.他在比賽中獲得第一名。對點練習1．Petergotamodelshipfromhisuncleonhisthirteenth(thirteen)birthday.2．Twothirds(three)ofthestudentsinourclasshavebeentoDisneyland.3．Linda，therearetoomanymistakesintheninth(nine)lineofyourpassage.4．Hemadequiteafewfriendsduringhistwenties(twenty)．5．Itisreportedthattheearthquakehasleftthousands(thousand)ofpeoplehomeless.1．Withoutasecond(two)thought，heagreedtojointheclub.2．30%oftheriverhasbeenpolluted(pollute)bythewaterfromthefactoryalreadyandmanyfishhavedisappeared.3．Then，whenIwasinthefifth(five)grade，IwantedtobeateacherbecauseIlikedmyEnglishteacherverymuch.(2019·全國Ⅱ)第3講形容詞和副詞Iboughtaninteresting①novelyesterday.Thebookissointeresting②thatIcanhardlyletgoofit.Worried③aboutmystudy，mymothertookitaway.However，Ifoundmymotherabsorbed④init.Mymotherisreadingthenovelattentively⑤nowandsheisquite⑤movedbyit.Obviously⑥，shewon’treturnthebooktomesoon.[規(guī)則感悟]①修飾名詞，往往用形容詞作定語。②在系動詞之后，往往用形容詞作表語。③表示情緒和精神狀態(tài)的形容詞可以作狀語。④在“感官或使役動詞＋賓語”之后，形容詞可以作賓補，說明賓語的狀態(tài)。⑤副詞可以描述某個動作的情況或者描述動作、行為或狀態(tài)的程度。⑥副詞可以放在句首，作評論性狀語，修飾整個句子。1．形容詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則(1)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的規(guī)則類別例詞詞尾加-ycloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，wind→windy，salt→salty詞尾加-(e)dgift→gifted，talent→talented，experience→experienced，detail→detailed，age→aged詞尾加-ful/-lessmeaning→meaningful/meaningless，care→careful/careless，help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，use→useful/useless，thank→thankful/thankless詞尾加-ablecomfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，remark→remarkable，fashion→fashionable，reason→reasonable詞尾加-ousdanger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humor→humorous詞尾變-ce為-tabsence→absent，confidence→confident，difference→different，elegance→elegant，persistence→persistent，significance→significant詞尾(去e)加-almusic→musical，person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional，profession→professional詞尾去-e加-al或-ialagriculture→agricultural，culture→cultural，globe→global，universe→universal，virtue→virtual，commerce→commercial，finance→financial詞尾加-lyfriend→friendly，week→weekly，love→lovely詞尾加-enwood→wooden，wool→woolen詞尾去-e或-y加-etic/-icathlete→athletic，energy→energetic，scene→scenic，economy→economic，history→historic其他常見變化habit→habitual，fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific，medicine→medical，day→daily，influence→influential，south→southern注意以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)名詞加后綴-y變成形容詞時，要雙寫該輔音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e結(jié)尾的名詞加-y變形容詞時要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。(2)動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞的規(guī)則類別例詞詞前加-alive→alive，wake→awake，sleep→asleep詞尾加-ed/-dexcite→excited，educate→educated，relax→relaxed，challenge→challenged，crowd→crowded，balance→balanced詞尾(去e)加-ingsurprise→surprising，convince→convincing，frighten→frightening，appeal→appealing，reward→rewarding，invite→inviting詞尾(去e)加-ableaccept→acceptable，respect→respectable，enjoy→enjoyable，adjust→adjustable，afford→affordable，bear→bearable，suit→suitable，recognize→recognizable詞尾(去e)加-ive/-ative/-itiveact→active，attract→attractive，compare→comparative，compete→competitive，create→creative，impress→impressive，relate→relative，select→selective注意以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)名詞加后綴-y變成形容詞時，要雙寫該輔音字母再加-y，如：sun→sunny，fun→funny等。以-e結(jié)尾的名詞加-y變形容詞時要去掉e再加-y，如：noise→noisy，ice→icy，taste→tasty等。2．形容詞變副詞的規(guī)則類別例詞(1)一般形容詞變副詞直接在其后加-ly。quick→quickly，anxious→anxiously(2)以輔音字母＋e結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly，以元音字母＋e結(jié)尾的形容詞去掉e再加-ly。immediate→immediately，polite→politely，true→truly(3)以輔音字母＋le結(jié)尾的形容詞要去掉e再加-y。possible→possibly，probable→probably(4)以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i再加-ly。happy→happily，healthy→healthily(5)以ic結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-ally。economic→economically，basic→basically(6)以ll結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-y。full→fully，dull→dully注意下面這兩個單詞是特殊的形式：whole→whollypublic→publicly3．常見的以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞(1)表示時間的形容詞：hourly每小時的；daily每天的；weekly每周的；monthly每月的；yearly每年的；timely及時的，適時的。(2)表示人的形容詞：manly有男子氣概的；womanly女性特有的；motherly慈母般的；fatherly慈父般的；comradely同志般的。(3)表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容詞：lovely可愛的；friendly友好的；ugly難看的；lively活潑的；lonely孤獨的；unfriendly不友好的；kindly親切的；sickly多病的；elderly年長的。(4)表示事物特征、環(huán)境、情況、狀態(tài)的形容詞：likely可能的；orderly整齊的；deadly致命的；chilly寒冷的；disorderly亂七八糟的；unlikely不大可能發(fā)生的。4．如何區(qū)分-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞與-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞(1)-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞主要用于修飾物或事，表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征，常譯為“令人……的”。(2)-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞通常用于說明人的感受，常譯為“感到……的”，也可以修飾事物，多修飾smile(微笑)，appearance(外貌)，face(面部表情)，voice(聲音)，look(表情)，expression(表情)等表示人的情緒狀況的名詞。Hehadapleasedsmileonhisface.他臉上露出了滿意的微笑。Hetoldmethenewsinaveryexcitedvoice.他以非常激動的聲音告訴了我這個消息。5．?？嫉倪B接性副詞though然而，可是；meanwhile在此期間；therefore/thus/consequently因此，所以；moreover/furthermore而且，此外；besides而且，另外，還有；however然而；instead相反，代替；anyway/anyhow盡管，即使這樣；otherwise否則。Theyoungmancouldn’taffordanewcar.Instead，heboughtausedone.那個年輕人買不起新車，便買了一輛二手的。Thehousewastooexpensiveandtoobig.Besides，I’dgrownfondofourlittlerentedhouse.這個房子太貴、太大了。而且，我已經(jīng)越來越喜歡我們租的小屋了。6．意義不同的同根副詞(1)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(closeadv.不遠地；接近地,closelyadv.密切地))(2)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(freeadv.免費地,freelyadv.自由地))(3)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(hardadv.努力地,hardlyadv.幾乎不))(4)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(lateadv.晚，遲,latelyadv.近來))(5)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(mostadv.非常；幾乎，差不多,mostlyadv.主要地))(6)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(wideadv.盡可能遠地；充分地,widelyadv.廣泛地))(7)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(highadv.高,highlyadv.高度地))(8)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(deepadv.深地；在深處,deeplyadv.深刻地))(9)eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(nearadv.在附近,nearlyadv.幾乎))對點練習1．Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheirpersonal(person)storiescheerfully.2．Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousanddisappointed(disappoint)．3．I’llneverforgettheamazing(amaze)tripIhadinBeijing，ChinaandIhopetogotherenexttimewithmyfriends.4．Hespentsevendaysinthewindandsnow，coldandhungry(hunger)．5．Inthestudy，GBSwasusedtoprovideahighly(high)efficientwayofdemonstratingquantumcomputationalspeedupinsolvingsometasks.6．Thetitlewillbeofficially(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.7．Luckily(lucky)，healsohasacowwhichproducesmilkeveryday.8．Iamterribly(terrible)sorrythatIcan’tgotothebookstorewithyouattheappointedtime.

Inmyfamily，mymotheristhethinnest①.Myfatherismuchtaller②thanherandme，butheistwiceasheavyas③mymother，andbecomingfatterandfatter④.Heisquiteworriedbecausethefatter⑤heis，themorelikely⑤heistobeill.[規(guī)則感悟]①形容詞和副詞變比較級或最高級，一般直接加-er或-est；以e結(jié)尾的直接加-r或-st；以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞注意雙寫結(jié)尾輔音字母；以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，將y變?yōu)閕再加-er或-est；多音節(jié)詞前面加more或most。兩者或兩部分之間比較，多用比較級；三者或三者以上的比較，可以使用最高級。②比較級常常和than連用，并且可以被much，alittle，abit，even，far，still等詞修飾。③倍數(shù)表達法：·A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋adj./adv.比較級＋than＋B·A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋as＋adj./adv.原級(＋名詞)＋as＋B·A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size，length，height，weight等)＋of＋B④“adj./adv.比較級＋and＋adj./adv.比較級”表示“越來越……”。⑤“the＋比較級．..，the＋比較級．..”表示“越……，就越……”。1．少數(shù)以-er，-ow，-y或-le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，可以加-er構(gòu)成比較級，加-est構(gòu)成最高級。clever→cleverer→cleverestnarrow→narrower→narrowesteasy→easier→easiestsimple→simpler→simplest2．有些形容詞沒有程度可分或其本身就表示某種程度，因此沒有比較級和最高級。這類形容詞有right(正確的)，wrong(錯誤的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，first(第一的)，wooden(木制的)，final(最后的)，east(東方的)，last(最后的)等。3．有些形容詞和副詞變比較級或最高級時為不規(guī)則變化，需牢記。good/well→better→bestbad/ill→worse→worstmany/much→more→mostlittle→less→leastold→older/elder→oldest/eldestfar→farther→farthest(指具體空間上)far→further→furthest(指抽象程度上)4．比較級的基本用法(1)同級比較①as＋adj./adv.(原級)＋as...“和……一樣”；notas/so＋adj./adv.(原級)＋as...“不如……”Sincepeoplearefondofhumour，itisaswelcomeinconversationasanywhereelse.因為人們喜歡幽默，所以在談話中或其他任何地方它都是受歡迎的。②當as...as結(jié)構(gòu)中有名詞時，可用以下結(jié)構(gòu)：as＋形容詞原級＋a(n)＋n.＋as...as＋many＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＋as...as＋much＋不可數(shù)名詞＋as...I’mnotalittletiredtodayaftergivingtheroomathoroughcleaningandIhaveneverhadastiringadayastoday.今天對房間進行了大掃除之后我非常累，我從來沒有過比今天更累的一天了。(2)比較級比較“形容詞/副詞比較級＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”?！發(fā)ess＋形容詞/副詞原級＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……”。Iknowmysisterbetterthananyoneelse.Onceshehasmadeuphermind，nothingcanchangeit.我比其他任何人更了解我姐姐。她一旦下定決心，沒有什么能夠改變。5．比較級的特殊用法①“more＋原級＋than＋原級”表示“與其說……不如說……”。Thegirlwasmorefrightenedthanhurt.與其說這個女孩是受了傷，不如說是受到了驚嚇。②“morethan＋主語＋can＋謂語”表示“非……所能；……不能”。ThebeautyofthecityismorethanIcandescribe.這座城市的美是我所不能描述的。③形容詞比較級前一般不用冠詞，但如果出現(xiàn)表示范圍的短語時，就需要加定冠詞。Ofthetwosisters，Maryisthecleverer.這兩姐妹中，瑪麗更聰明。6．比較級形式表示最高級含義在某個特定范圍內(nèi)，同類事物對比，可用以下比較級結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級含義。①比較級＋than＋anyother＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)②比較級＋than＋theother＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)③比較級＋than＋anyone/anythingelse④比較級＋than＋anyoftheother＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)⑤“否定詞＋比較級”也可表示最高級含義。ChinaisthelargestcountryinAsia.Thatis，itislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.中國是亞洲最大的國家。即中國比亞洲其他任何國家都要大。Nomanisbetterthanyouintheworld.人世間沒有人比你好。Ihaven’treadamoreinterestingnovel.這是我讀過的最有趣的小說了。7．最高級的基本用法(1)形容詞最高級(＋名詞)＋表示范圍的狀語Sheisthemostactivestudentinourclass.她是我們班最活躍的學生。(2)oneof＋形容詞最高級＋名詞復數(shù)Shanghaiisoneofthebiggestcitiesinourcountry.＝Shanghaiisamongthebiggestcitiesinourcountry.上海是我國最大的城市之一。(3)序數(shù)詞＋形容詞最高級＋名詞Africaisthesecondlargestcontinentintheworld.非洲是世界上第二大洲。對點練習1．Themore(much)wedoforthoseinneed，thehappierwe’llbe.2．Roadsafetyhasarousedwider(wide)attentionofthepublicthanbefore.3．Duringtheendofthe19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe20thcentury，BeijingOperafinallyformedandbecamethebiggest(big)ofalloperasinChina.4．Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfaster(fast)thantraditionalgarbageasawhole.5．Ihaveseldomseenmymotheras/sopleasedwithmyprogressassheisnow.1．Whenthehousewasbuilt，itwasmuchsmaller(small)thanitistoday.(2021·浙江6月)2．Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings)，thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappersencasinghot，tasty(taste)soupandsweet，freshmeat，arefarandawaymyfavoriteChinesestreetfood.(2023·新課標Ⅰ)3．Onedaytheemperorwantedtogethisportrait(畫像)donesohecalledallgreatartiststocomeandpresenttheirfinest(fine)work，sothathecouldchoosethebest.(2020·全國Ⅲ)4．Asthesmallboatmovedgently(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.(2020·全國Ⅲ)層級一基礎(chǔ)達標練單句語法填空1．LastOctober，whiletendinghergardeninMora，Sweden，LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmallcarrots(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.2．Handlethemostimportanttasksfirst，andyou’llfeelarealsenseofachievement(achieve)．3．Althoughheresearchescloning，hisintention(intend)hasneverbeentocreatecopiesofhumans.4．Intheearlyfifties(fifty)，researchersfoundthatpeoplescoredhigheronintelligencetestsiftheyspokemorethanonelanguage.5．Sheisthetwelfth(twelve)tutor，whohascometolookafterhischildrensincetheirmotherdied.6．Theoldmangoestotheparkeverythird(three)day，joggingwithhisfellows.7．Butthesuccessfultestdrillingforfireicedoesnotmeanitcanbeextractedforindustrial(industry)use.8．Theworld’spopulationisincreasingatasurprising(surprise)rateandourenvironmentisfacinggreatpressure.9．Nowadaysit’sthesecondlargest(large)cityinBulgariaandit’sasignificanteconomic，educationalandculturalcenter.10．Huizhouisfamousforitsstone，woodandbrickcarvings，whicharewidely(wide)usedinthedecorationoflocalhouses.層級二高考真題練單句語法填空1．Fableswerepartoftheoraltraditionofmanyearlycultures，andthewell-knownAesop’sfablesdatetothesixth(six)century，B.C.Yet，theformofthefablestillhasvaluestoday，asRachelCarsonsaysin“AFableforTomorrow”．(2023·全國甲)2．Different(difference)fromtraditionalfables，Carson’sstoryendswithanaccusationinsteadofamoral.(2023·全國甲)3．However，Carson’sthemeisamoreweightywarning(warn)aboutenvironmentaldestruction.(2023·全國甲)4．Theremarkable(remark)developmentofthiscity，whichisconsciouslydesignedtoprotectthepastwhilesteppingintothemodernworld，meansthereisalwayssomethingnewtodiscoverhere，andIcouldbephotographingBeijingforthenext50years.(2023·全國乙)5．NomatterwhereIbuythem，onesteamerbasketisrarely(rare)enough，yettwoseemsgreedy，andsoIamalwaysleftwantingmorenexttime.(2023·新課標Ⅰ)6．Theytalktothefloodofinternationaltouristsandtovisiting(visit)Chinesezookeeperswhooftencometocheckonthepandas，whichareonloanfromChina.(2023·新課標Ⅱ)7．Theyalsoneedtobereadytogiveinterviews(interview)inEnglishwithinternationaljournalists.(2023·新課標Ⅱ)8．So，whataretheylearning？Basically(basic)，howtodescribeapanda’slife.(2023·新課標Ⅱ)9．JohnOlson，aformerphotographer(photograph)andhisteamturnpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.(2022·浙江6月)10．Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmoremeaningful(meaning)．Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40-dayjourney.(2022·全國甲)層級三語篇提能練語法填空(2023·浙江1月改編)DuringChina’s1.dynastic(dynasty)period，emperorsplannedthecityofBeijingandarrangedtheresidentialareasaccordingtosocial2.classes(class)．Theterm“hutong”，3.originally(original)meaning“waterwell”inMongolian，appearedfirstduringtheYuanDynasty.IntheMingDynasty，thecenterwastheForbiddenCity，surroundedinconcentric(同心的)circlesbytheInnerCityandOuterCity.Citizensofhighersocialclasseswerepermittedtolive4.closer(close)tothecenterofthecircles.Thelargesiheyuanofthesehigh-rankingofficialsand5.wealthy(wealth)businessmenoftenfeatured6.beautifully(beautiful)carvedandpaintedroofbeamsandpillars(柱子)．Thehutongstheyformedwereorderly，linedby7.spacious(space)homesandwalledgardens.Fartherfromthecenterlivedthecommonersandlaborers.Theirsiheyuanwerefarsmallerinscaleand8.simpler/moresimple(simple)indesignanddecoration，andthehutongswerenarrower.Hutongsrepresentanimportant9.cultural(culture)elementofthecityofBeijing.ThankstoBeijing’slonghistoryascapitalofChina，almosteveryhutonghasitsstories，andsomeareevenassociatedwithhistoric10.events(event)．Incontrasttothecourtlifeandupper-classculturerepresentedbytheForbiddenCity，theSummerPalace，andtheTempleofHeaven，thehutongsreflectthecultureofgrassrootsBeijingers.1．形容詞的名詞化表達某些形容詞可以用“beof＋抽象名詞”來表達。例如：beimportant＝beofimportancebebeneficial＝beofbenefitbevaluable＝beofvaluebehelpful＝beofhelpbeuseful＝beofuseeq\x(典例)(2023·天津6月)作為一名來自中國的交換生，我認為不同國家之間的文化交流是非常重要的。AsanexchangestudentfromChina，Ibelievethatculturalexchangebetweendifferentcountriesisofgreatimportance.eq\x(運用)(2022·全國甲)說到海洋，它對世界非常重要，然而，它的污染正變得越來越嚴重。Whenitcomestoocean，it’sofgreatimportancetotheworld；however，itspollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.2．副詞的名詞化表達某些表示情緒的副詞可以用“介詞＋名詞”短語表達。例如：angrily＝withangeranxiously＝withanxietycuriously＝withfortably＝incomfortpeacefully＝inpeacehurriedly＝inahurryjoyfully＝withjoyeq\x(典例)(2022·浙江1月)亨德森博士很高興看到我們完成的項目并滿意地對我們說：“一個人可以走得很遠，但一群人可以走得更遠?！盌rHendersonwasverygladtoseeourcompletedprojectandsaidtouswithsatisfaction，“Onepersoncangofar，butagroupofpersonscantravelfarther.”eq\x(運用)(2023·浙江1月)上周末，我?guī)е闷嫘膮⒓恿藢W生會組織的“認識我們身邊的植物”活動。Lastweekend，Iparticipatedina“GettingtoKnowthePlantsAroundUs”activityorganisedbyourStudentCouncilwithcuriosity.3．活用帶有比較級的句型(1)the＋比較級．..，the＋比較級．..eq\x(典例)(2023·全國乙)我在冰上練習得越多，我就越熟練，很快就滑得很自如了。ThemoreIpractisedskatingontheice，themoreskilledIwas，andIsoonskatedontheicesmoothly.eq\x(運用)(2022·全國甲)正如你們所知，參與的人越多，海洋環(huán)境就越好。Asyouknow，themorepeopleareinvolved，thebettertheoceanenvironmentis.(2)“否定詞＋比較級”表達最高級含義eq\x(典例)(2022·全國乙)我認為，在英語學習中，沒有比自律更重要的了。AsfarasI’mconcerned，nothingismoreimportantthanself-disciplineinEnglishlearning.eq\x(運用)(2023·新課標Ⅰ、Ⅱ)沒有什么比老師的鼓勵更重要。沒有老師的鼓勵，我就不可能獲獎。Nothingismoreimportantthanmyteacher’sencouragement.Withoutit，Icouldn’thavewontheprize.第1講冠詞MyfriendLindaisanhonestgirl①studyinginauniversity①.Weareofanage②，andwebothdrinkacupofmilk③aday④.Sowethinkacow⑤isveryuseful.[規(guī)則感悟]不定冠詞的用法①表示泛指“某個”。當說話人第一次提及某人、某物時通常用不定冠詞；在發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭的單詞前用a，在發(fā)音以元音音素開頭的單詞前用an。②表示“同一，相同”。③表示“一”這個數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強烈。④表示“每一”，相當于per/each/every。⑤表示“一類”事物。1．不定冠詞a/an用在序數(shù)詞前，表示“再一，又一”。Hemissesthegoldmedalinthehighjump，buthewillgetasecondchanceinthelongjump.他在跳高比賽中錯失了金牌，但是在跳遠比賽中他還有機會。2．不定冠詞a/an表示“某一個”，相當于some/acertain。AMrWhitewithsomebigbagsiswaitingtoseeyouattheschoolgate.一位拿著幾個大袋子的懷特先生正在學校門口等著見你。3．不定冠詞與物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞連用。抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞在表示“概念”時，其前常用零冠詞；但在表示具體的人或事物時變成了可數(shù)名詞，需要與不定冠詞連用，表示“一個、一種、一場、一陣”等。具有此用法的名詞有物質(zhì)名詞——rain，snow，fog，wind，drink，coffee，beer，fire，paper等；抽象名詞——success，failure，surprise，pleasure，beauty，wonder，comfort，danger，shock等。Afterwepreparedalltheequipmentforanoutdoorphotography，suddenlyaheavyraincame.我們?yōu)閼敉鈹z影準備好所有設(shè)備后，突然下起了大雨。Tonyisafamouspianist.I’mabsolutelycertainthathisconcertthisSundaywillbeasuccess.托尼是一位著名的鋼琴家。我十分確信這個星期天他的音樂會一定會成功。4．有些不可數(shù)名詞如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of時，前面需要用不定冠詞。如：haveaknowledgeof...“了解……”；haveagoodunderstandingof...“對……有很好的了解”。Onlybyreadingthelatestissueofthismagazinecanyouhaveaknowledgeoftheastronauts’lifeinspace.只有讀了這本雜志的最新一期，你才能了解宇航員在太空的生活。5．“a＋most＋形容詞”表示“很……，非常……”，most在此不表示最高級含義，相當于very，而“the＋most＋多音節(jié)形容詞”為多音節(jié)形容詞的最高級形式，表示“最……”。Foragreatmanymenandwomen，romancecanbeamostimportantpartofmarriage.對許多男人和女人來說，愛情是婚姻中非常重要的一部分。ItisoneofthemostoriginalworksofimaginationintheEnglishlanguage.它是英語中最具原創(chuàng)性的想象作品之一。6．不定冠詞常見的固定搭配。haveagiftfor有……的天賦getalift/ride搭便車payavisitto參觀lendsbahand幫助某人asaresult因此atadistance離一段距離awasteof……的浪費be/goonadiet節(jié)食makealiving謀生asamatteroffact事實上inasense/way在某種意義上allofasudden突然對點練習1．InChineseculture，eachyearisrelatedtoaChineseanimalaccordingtothe12-yearcycle.2．Henotonlyisthebeststudentinourclass，butalsohasanexcellentsenseofhumour.3．HesmiledbackasiftogivemeareceiptandIwouldpreservehissmileforalongtime.4．Onething