2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析

2019年全國碩士研究生招生考試《英語一》真題及解析材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答1-20題Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,an（江南博哥）dothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnightscanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1題答案是_____.A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查詞義辨析和上下文語境。首句為主題句：今天，我們生活在一個GPS定位系統(tǒng)，數(shù)字地圖和其他導(dǎo)航應(yīng)用程序都能在我們的智能手機(jī)中找到的世界里?？崭袼诰渲赋觯何覀冎械腳_______在沒有電話的情況下直接走進(jìn)樹林?？崭窬淝罢劦轿覀兩钤谝粋€靠智能手機(jī)指引的世界里，所以句意為在沒有手機(jī)的情況下我們很少有人走進(jìn)樹林。本句由without和few構(gòu)成雙重否定表肯定。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)填入few“幾乎沒有人”，符合題意，故選c。查看材料2.【完形填空】第2題答案是A.put

B.take

C.run

D.come正確答案：C參考解析：此題考查固定搭配。runonbattery表示手機(jī)用電池發(fā)動，運(yùn)行。其他選項：puton“穿上，使運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”，takeon“承擔(dān)，呈現(xiàn)”，comeon“快點(diǎn)，開始”，代入文中，語義不通順，故選c。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3題答案是_____.A.SinceB.If

C.ThoughD.Until正確答案：B參考解析：此題考查邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰渥g文：_____你在沒有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，______找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_____文明之地。聯(lián)系上下文，此處為假設(shè)的情況，故填入if，符合題意，故選B。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4題答案是____.A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally正確答案：D參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，_____找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你導(dǎo)航_______文明之地。此處literally表示“確實地，真正地”，代入原文，語義通順，即確實找不到北方，故選D。代入其他選項后，不符合原文意思，故排除。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5題答案是____.A.back

B.next

C.around

D.away正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句譯文：如果你在沒有手機(jī)和指南針的情況下迷路，確實找不到北方，我們有一些技巧可以幫助你_____導(dǎo)航文明之地。前文講lost(迷路)，此處填入back(回到)文明之地，相互呼應(yīng)，故選A。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6題答案是______.A.ontoB.off

C.across

D.along正確答案：B參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析和詞組搭配。空格所在句的譯文為：當(dāng)你____路徑，但不是完全____的區(qū)域，你需要回答兩個問題：在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪條_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?通過后半句的問題，能了解到前面是當(dāng)你偏離軌道，迷失蹤跡的時候。B項off意為“逃離，離開”符合語義要求，故選B。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7題答案是______.A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪湔f迷失蹤跡，偏離軌道?？崭袼诤蟀刖鋌ut開頭，所填入的形容詞需要和前面構(gòu)成邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，雖然偏離軌道，但也不是完全不熟悉的路。只有D項unfamiliar“不熟悉的”，符合題意。A項意為“不吸引人的”，B項意為“寬敞的”，C項意為“未改變的”，均不符合題意，故排除。查看材料8.【完形填空】第8題答案是_____.A.site

B.point

C.way

D.place正確答案：C參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓耗阈枰卮饍蓚€問題，在這個特殊區(qū)域，哪個_____是下坡?哪里有最近的水源?空格處所填的詞需要符合上下文語境。c項意為“道路”，即哪個是下坡路?符合語義要求。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9題答案是_____.A.So

B.Yet

C.Instead

D.Besides正確答案：A參考解析：此處考查詞邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袼诰涞那耙痪渲赋觯荷钤谏焦鹊娜耍径伎康疄樯?。后面也就是空格所在句：_____如果你下山，沿著水走，你_____會發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的跡象。很明顯空格處所填的連詞和前面構(gòu)成因果邏輯關(guān)系，只有A項符合題意，故選A。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10題答案是______.A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渚湟猓核匀绻阆律?，沿著你找到的水一直走，你_____會看到人類的跡象?？崭裉幩璧母痹~需要符合本句語境并使句子通順。D項eventually“最后，終于”，符合語義要求，故選D。A項意為“立刻”，B項意為“有意地”，c項意為“出乎意料地”，三個選項代入空格均不符合題意。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11題答案是______.A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.confused正確答案：A參考解析：空格所在句提到：如果你之前去過這個地方，一定要注意熟悉的景象，你或許會_____識別出一塊特征明顯的巖石或樹木能如此快速地幫助你恢復(fù)方位感。此句明顯體現(xiàn)了積極褒義的感情色彩，根據(jù)這個線索，可直接選出A項為正確答案，即“你或許會驚訝于……”查看材料12.【完形填空】第12題答案是______.A.problemB.option

C.view

D.result正確答案：B參考解析：這里提到了一個關(guān)鍵詞another，所以說明它所指代的內(nèi)容在上文中提到過，且后面有冒號解釋說明：爬到高處，尋找人類居住的跡象。說明這也是另一種方法，所以只有option最合適，故選B。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13題答案是______.A.AboveallB.IncontrastC.OnaverageD.Forexample正確答案：D參考解析：此處考查上下文邏輯。此處需要根據(jù)空格前后兩句話之間的語義關(guān)系來選擇?？崭袂疤岬健傲硪粋€辦法就是來尋找有人類居住的跡象”是一種大致的方法，后面內(nèi)容是具體分析，所以用表示舉例分析的forexample最合適，故選D。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14題答案是_____.A.bridgeB.avoid

C.spot

D.separate正確答案：C參考解析：結(jié)合原文語境，“即使是在茂密的森林里，你也能夠_____林木線的縫隙。”所以這里填上的動詞需與縫隙搭配，只有spot“觀察”，符合題意，故選C。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15題答案是_____.A.fromB.through

C.beyond

D.under正確答案：B參考解析：空格處需填入介詞來和前面的動詞carve及后面的名詞woods構(gòu)成順暢的語義搭配。Carve_____thewoods：在森林中開辟道路，B項through用法最恰當(dāng)，故選B。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16題答案是_____.A.postsB.links

C.shades

D.breaks正確答案：D參考解析：本題空格前有一個指示代詞these，通過語義，“these_____”指代上文的“roads，traintracks，andotherpaths”，并有定語從句“peoplecarvethroughthewoods”修飾，從語義上看，breaks“岔路口”最合適，即朝著這些岔路口走，找到一條出路，故選D。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17題答案是______.A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hidden

D.limited正確答案：A參考解析：本題所在句子“scan…for_____lightsources”，與本段開頭“l(fā)ookforsignsofhumanhabitation”結(jié)構(gòu)一致，語義相關(guān)，空格處所填的形容詞和human意思相近，選擇artificial“人造的”。除此之外，該空后所列舉的兩種光源的共同特點(diǎn)就是artificial“人工的，人造的”，故選A。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18題答案是____.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally正確答案：A參考解析：本空位于段首，并由逗號隔開，所以考查上下文邏輯。空后為條件狀語從句“assumingyou”，與上文構(gòu)成順接遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，選項中，只有finally表順接遞進(jìn)，故選A。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19題答案是_____.A.memoriesB.marks

C.notes

D.belongings正確答案：B參考解析：空格后的定語從句“weleaveonthelandscape”，由語義得知此處應(yīng)填“標(biāo)記”，即假設(shè)你迷失在一個人類常去的地方，尋找我們在風(fēng)景中留下的標(biāo)記，故選B。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20題答案是______.A.restrictB.adopt

C.lead

D.expose正確答案：C參考解析：本空主要考查語義搭配，所填動詞需要與主語“Trailblazes，tiretracksandotherfeatures”，賓語“you”，以及不定式“tocivilization”之間構(gòu)成完整語義，所以此處填lead“引導(dǎo)”最合適，即引導(dǎo)你回歸文明之地，故選C。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答21-25題FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations."Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism."Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.查看材料21.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto______.A.enhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.正確答案：A參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“paragraph1”和“onemotiveinimposingthenewrule”可定位在文章第一段第三句“Themainpurposeofthis‘clawback’ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution．”，由此可知這個規(guī)則的主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機(jī)構(gòu)的信任。對比四個選項，只有A項enhancebanks’senseofresponsibility“增加銀行的責(zé)任感”與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。查看材料22.【閱讀理解PartA】AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_____.A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.B.governments'impatienceindecision-making.C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.D."short-termism"ineconomicactivities.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干中的AlfredMarshall可定位在文章第二段最后一句“…AlfredMarshall，indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike…”，其中的“thisfinancialimpatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是AlfredMarshall描述“短期主義”的行為就像……，由此可知，D項“short-termism”ineconomicactivities“經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的‘短期主義”’為正確答案。其他選項在原文均未提及，故排除。查看材料23.【閱讀理解PartA】Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe_____.A.indirect.B.adverse.C.minimal.D.temporary.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“transientinvestment”定位到文章第三段第二句“Transientinvestors，whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies，canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty．”，由此可知，短期投資會對公司的長期規(guī)劃設(shè)阻，并影響客戶的忠誠度。B項adverse“不利的”對應(yīng)原文“hinder”，故為正確選項。ACD項在原文并未提及，故排除。查看材料24.【閱讀理解PartA】TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate_____.A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.C.theapproachestopromoting"long-termism".D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五、第六段，第五段為美國的例子，主要講述美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀。第六段為法國的例子，主要講述法國持股兩年以上者擁有更多的選票權(quán)。第六段首句承前啟后講到“Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage'longtermism'"，即促進(jìn)“長期主義”還有很多做法。C項theapproachestopromotinglong-termism“促進(jìn)‘長期主義’的方法”，與原文一致，故為正確答案。查看材料25.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismB.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueC.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers正確答案：B參考解析：主旨大意題。綜觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融企業(yè)的“短期主義”投資和“長期主義”投資展開。第一段由金融管理者制訂一項限制高管津貼措施引出全文中心話題，促進(jìn)金融投資的“長期主義”規(guī)劃；第二段介紹了目前英國銀行高管中“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第三段指出“短期主義”投資的弊端；第四段主要介紹美國現(xiàn)階段仍然通過技術(shù)手段使得“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行；第五、第六段點(diǎn)明美法兩國為促進(jìn)“短期主義”投資所采取的措施；文章尾段再次呼應(yīng)首段，點(diǎn)明英國新政提醒銀行家們注重“長期主義”投資。B項Patience對應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的short-termism和long．termism，Corporate本身在文章就多次出現(xiàn)，所以為最佳標(biāo)題。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答26-30題Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions'statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.查看材料26.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.B.Students'indifferencetoGPAs.C.Colleges'neglectofGPAs.D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句，句子主干“Gradeinflation…isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation…”可知高校分?jǐn)?shù)膨脹問題通常被認(rèn)為是消費(fèi)者至上時代的產(chǎn)物。選項Theinfluenceofconsumerculture“消費(fèi)者至上文化的影響”正是該句原因的同義表達(dá)，故選D。查看材料27.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干要求定位到文章第三段第二句。該句中的thispractice對應(yīng)題干中的gradeforgiveness，firststarted對應(yīng)題干中的original，而以不定式短語“…togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses．”為目的，即……給他們第二次機(jī)會去上課，對應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案為A項Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning“幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)”。查看材料28.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto______.A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.boosttheirstudentenrollments.C.improvetheirteachingquality.D.meetlocalgovernments'needs.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到文章第五段第一句。通過第一句話可以看出“gradeforgiveness”滿足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句體現(xiàn)。因此，本題真正的答案出于第二句“Forpublicinstitutions’statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention——sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney．”，即對于大學(xué)來講，國家的基金有時候是跟一些因素有關(guān)的。比如，畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢。由此可知“gradeforgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國家的基金，這與A項obtainmorefinancialsupport“獲得更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”匹配，故選A。

查看材料29.【閱讀理解PartA】Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.B.Tocomplementeachother.C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題目定位到文章第六段最后一句“Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned．”，解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文“Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob，itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe．”可知由于學(xué)生和家長都希望通過大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證明學(xué)生的能力——或者說至少看起來如此，即學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo)，所以正確答案選C。查看材料30.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby______.A.assessingitsfeasibility.B.analyzingthecausesbehindit.C.comparingdifferentviewsonit..D.listingitslong-runeffects.正確答案：B參考解析：由題干可知，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討gradeforgiveness的實踐操作，實際是考全文的主旨寫作手法，方法即是串讀每段段落的大意句，把握作者的論述角度。文章的每段都突出了gradeforgiveness能夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了gradeforgiveness的原因。因此，該題答案是B項analyzingthecausesbehindit。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答31-35題ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI"vision"todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,"ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.查看材料31.【閱讀理解PartA】MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit______.A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段最后一句話“Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb，theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome．”，即甚至在電燈發(fā)明之前，作者創(chuàng)作了這部舉世矚目的推測性小說，這部小說預(yù)示了很多即將到來的技術(shù)所帶來的很多道德倫理方面的問題。由此可知C項“涉及了一些今天Al人工智能帶來的擔(dān)憂”為正確答案，其中，involves對應(yīng)foreshadow，someconcerns對應(yīng)manyethicalquestions。其余選項在原文均無依據(jù)，故排除。查看材料32.【閱讀理解PartA】InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness______.A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.正確答案：D參考解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干信息DavidEagleman找到定位點(diǎn)第四段第二句“‘Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere．”’，即我們?nèi)匀惶幵跊]有確鑿的理論解釋“意識”是什么，而且也不能發(fā)明機(jī)器實現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。從這句話就能選擇D項istoolimitedforUStoreproduceit“對于我們來說我們能力太有限以致于不能去復(fù)制它”。查看材料33.【閱讀理解PartA】Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles______.A.canhardlyeverbefound.B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.C.causeslittlepublicconcern.D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段第二句。該句出現(xiàn)forexample，可知autonomousvehicle是具體例子。文中的例子是為了證明論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)往前看，即證明第一句的觀點(diǎn)：涉及人工智能的倫理問題在我們身邊，說明問題依然存在。B項與題干結(jié)合，含義為：找出由自動駕駛車帶來的人工智能倫理問題的解決方法超出了我們的能力，與文章含義一致。A項過于絕對，CD項原文未提及，故選B。查看材料34.【閱讀理解PartA】Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof______.A.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.正確答案：A參考解析：根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第七、第八段。但第七段都是在講Google’spledge，繼續(xù)看第八段，開頭while，表轉(zhuǎn)折，whilethestatementisvague，與vague意思相反的即是作者的觀點(diǎn)。vague“模糊的、曖昧的”，是負(fù)向情感的詞語，相反方向應(yīng)是正向情感。BC項都是負(fù)向情感，D項雖是正向情感，但程度太深，所以選A。查看材料35.【閱讀理解PartA】Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitableD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl正確答案：C參考解析：本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話題，即新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。第二段更是明確指出AI引起了一些問題。第三段和第四段是對第二段的詳細(xì)論述，表明我們并不能確定智能化的程度，以及因為所處環(huán)境的復(fù)雜無法定義人類自我意識。而在第五段轉(zhuǎn)折之后明確指出Al所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及了。全篇復(fù)現(xiàn)了Al和conscience這兩個關(guān)鍵詞，因此正確答案為C項“人工智能的道德問題：復(fù)雜但是不可避免”。背景材料材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答36-40題StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusinessandEntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision."查看材料36.【閱讀理解PartA】TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill______.A.betterbusinesses'revolutionswithstates.B.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.D.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段第一句“StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates．”，由此可知最高法院的裁決可能讓州政府去強(qiáng)制消費(fèi)者在網(wǎng)上購物時要上交銷售稅，直接得出c項makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax“讓更多的在線購物者支付銷售稅”。查看材料37.【閱讀理解PartA】ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions______.A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.正確答案：D參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段“…thatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually．Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases．”，由此可知，州政府抱怨之前的政策導(dǎo)致每年稅收損失慘重，原政策讓州政府很難收取網(wǎng)上購物的營業(yè)稅。綜合可知，D項wereconsideredunfavorablebystate“州政府認(rèn)為原政策對州不利”為正確答案。查看材料38.【閱讀理解PartA】AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas______.A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.B.broughtprosperitytothecountry.C.harmedfairmarketcompetition.D.boostedgrowthinstates'revenue.正確答案：C參考解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第二句“‘EachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates’…”，由此可知實體店規(guī)定導(dǎo)致州政府稅收虧損嚴(yán)重，由第三句“…therule‘limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield．”’可知該規(guī)定限制了州政府尋求長期繁榮的能力，并妨礙了所有市場參與者公平競爭，從而得出C項harmedfairmarketcompetition“破壞了市場公平競爭”。查看材料39.【閱讀理解PartA】WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?A.Internet

entrepreneurs.B.Big-chainowners.C.Third-partysellers.D.Smallretailers.正確答案：B參考解析：根據(jù)題干細(xì)節(jié)“mostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling”定位到文章第五段第一句“Therulingisavictoryforbigchains…”，由此可知這項裁決對于大型連鎖公司來說是個勝利，從而得出B項Big-chainowners“大型連鎖公司”。查看材料40.【閱讀理解PartA】IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor______.A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.D.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.正確答案：A參考解析：整篇文章首段直接點(diǎn)明最高法院通過新的裁決，征收在線營業(yè)稅。然后第二、第三、第四段列出一些與此有關(guān)的案例，第五、第六、第七段論其對行業(yè)內(nèi)各界的影響。由此得知A項giveafactualaccountofitanddiscussitsconsequences“給出了事實說明并討論其影響”為正確答案。文章中并未提及最高法院裁決得制定過程，故排除B項。文章第五段至第七段雖然提到，新裁決之下有“贏家”，也有“輸家”，但這只能說明新裁決并不是對所有組織都有利，而且文章也只是在末尾提到了小企業(yè)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)并未從新裁決中獲得益處，并沒有花大篇幅強(qiáng)調(diào)這一矛盾，故排除c項“用相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)陳述其要點(diǎn)”。文章在闡述新裁決的相關(guān)影響時，簡單列舉了一些案例，但并未就案例本身所造成的影響進(jìn)行分析，故排除D項“列舉了一些與此相關(guān)的案例，并分析了它們的影響”。材料題根據(jù)以下材料，回答41-45題A．Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningab