2014年6月六級(jí)考試真題（三）

PAGE8PAGE72014年6月大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試真題(三)PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayexplainingwhyitisunwisetojudgeapersonbytheirappearance.Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartⅡ ListeningComprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronwithasinglelinethroughthecentre. 1.A)Surfingthenet. C)Packingabirthdaygift. B)Watchingatalkshow. D)Shoppingatajewelrystore. 2.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams. A)Heissureofhissuccessintheexam. B)Hedoesn’tknowifhecandowellintheexam. C)HeusedtogetstraightA’sintheexamshetook. 3.A)Themanisgenerouswithhisgoodcommentsonpeople. A)Thewomanisunsureiftherewillbepeaceintheworld. B)Thewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperstories. C)Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumannature. 4.A)Studyforsomeprofession. C)Stayinbusiness. B)Attendamedicalschool. D)Sellhisshop. 5.A)Moremoney. C)Acollegeeducation. B)Fairtreatment. D)Shorterworkhours. 6.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip. C)ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood. B)Shemissedthecomfortsofhome. D)ShewillnotgotoMexicoagain. 7.A)Cheerherselfupabit. C)Seekprofessionaladvice. B)Findamoresuitablejob. D)Takeapsychologycourse. 8.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow. C)Hehasignoredhisfriendssincegraduation. B)Whathewearsdoesnotmatchhisposition. D)Hefailedtodowellatcollege.Questions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 9.A)Togosightseeing. C) Topromoteanewchampagne. B)Tohavemeetings. D) Tojoininatrainingprogram. 10.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassengercomplaints. B)Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining. C)Itcancutdowntheexpensesforairtravel. D)Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairtravel. 11.A)Tookbalancedmealswith champagne. C) Refrainedfromfishormeat. B)Atevegetablesandfruitonly. D) Avoidedeatingrichfood. 12.A)Manyofthemfounditdifficulttoexerciseonaplane. B)Manyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirwell-being. C)Notmanyofthemchosetodowhatshedid. D)Notmanyofthemunderstoodtheprogram.Questions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 13.A)Atafair. C)Inacomputerlab. B)Atacafeteria. D)Inashoppingmall. 14.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology. C)Thepurchasingofsomeequipment. B)Theorganizingofanexhibition. D)Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket. 15.A)Datacollection. C)Corporatemanagement. B)Trainingconsultancy D)Informationprocessing.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 16.A)Improvethemselves. C)Followtheculturaltradition. B)Getridofemptydreams. D)Attemptsomethingimpossible. 17.A)Byfindingsufficientsupportforimplementation. B)Bytakingintoaccounttheirownabilitytochange. C)Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirultimategoals. D)Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryingthemout. 18.A)Toshowpeoplehowtogettheirlivesbacktonormal. B)Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletoloseweight. C)Toremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesonfoodbags. D)Toillustratehoweasilypeopleabandontheirgoals.PassageTwoQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 19.A)Michael’sparentsgotdivorced. C)Karen’smotherdiedinacaraccident. B) KarenwasadoptedbyRayAnderson. D)Atruckdriverlosthislifeinacollision. 20.A)Heranaredlightandcollidedwithatruck. C) Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar. B)Hesacrificedhislifetosaveababygirl. D)HegotmarriedtoKaren’smother. 21.A)Thereportedheroturnedtobehisfather. C)Suchmisfortuneshouldhavefallenonhim. B)Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoolate. D)Itremindedhimofhismiserablechildhood.PassageThreeQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 22.A)Germany. B)Japan. C)TheUS. D)TheUK. 23.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends. C) Byputtinginmorehourseachweek. B)Byworkinglonghourseveryday. D) Bytakingshortervacationseachyear. 24.A)Tocombatcompetitionandraiseproductivity. C) To helpthemmaintaintheirlivingstandard. B)Toprovidethemwithmorejobopportunities. D) Topreventthemfromholdingasecondjob. 25.A)Changetheirjobs. C)Reducetheirworkinghours. B)Earnmoremoney. D)Strengthenthegovernment’srole.SectionCDirections：Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Nursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnursesaretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,weare26toprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonothaveanylegalormoral27anyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,assessphysicalaswellasemotionalproblems,28 patient-relatedservices,andmakeallofournursingdecisionsbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.If,inanycircumstance,wefeelthataphysician’sorderisinappropriateorunsafe,wehavealegal29toquestionthatorderorrefusetocarryitout.Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyentertheprofession.Theemotionaland30stress,however,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisa31reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.Itissometimesrequiredthatweworkovertime,andthatwechangeshiftsfourorfivetimesamonth.Thatdisturbsourpersonallives,32oursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjob-relatedfriendsandactivities.Thequalityofnursingcareis33dramaticallybythesesituations.Mosthospitalsarenowstaffedbynewgraduates,asexperiencednursesfinallygiveuptryingtochangethesystem.Consumersof34relatedserviceshaveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenoughyettodemandchanges35.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,theywillfindthatmostcriticalhospitalcarewillbeprovidedbynew,inexperienced,andsometimesinadequatelytrainednurses.PartⅢ ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.MillionsofAmericansareenteringtheir60sandaremoreconcernedthaneveraboutretirement.Theyknowtheyneedtosave,buthowmuch?Andwhatexactlyaretheysavingfor—tospendmoretime36thegrandkids,gotraveling,orstartanothercareer?Itturnsoutthathusbandsandwivesmayhave37 differentideasaboutthesubject.Thedeepestdivideisinthewayspousesenvisagetheirlifestyleintheirlateryears.FidelityInvestmentsInc.found41percentofthe500couplesitsurveyed38onwhetherbothoratleastonespousewillworkinretirement.Wivesaregenerallyrightregardingtheirhusbands’retirementage,butmen39 theagetheirwiveswillbewhentheystopworking.Andhusbandsareslightlymore40abouttheirstandardoflivingthanwivesare.Busyjuggling(窮于應(yīng)付)careersandfamilies,mostcouplesdon’ttakethetimetositdown,41ortogether,andthinkaboutwhattheywouldliketodo5,10or20yearsfromnow.They42theyareonthesamepage,butthe43istheyhaveavoidedeventalkingaboutit.Ifyouareself-employedorinajobthatdoesn’thaveastandardretirementage,youmaybemoreapttodelaythinkingabouttheseissues,Itisoftena44retirementdatethatprovidesthecatalyst(催化劑）tostartplanning.Gettinglaidofforacceptinganearly-retirement45canforceyourhand.Butdon’twaituntilyougetaseverance(遣散費(fèi)）checktobeginplanning.A)assumeF)illustratingK)radicallyB)confidentialG)mysteriouslyL)realityC)disagreeH)observeM)separatelyD)formulaI)optimisticN)spoilingE)forthcomingJ)packageO)underestimateSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhatIfMiddle-ClassJobsDisappear?[A]ThemostrecentrecessionintheUnitedStatesbeganinDecember2007andendedinJune2009,accordingtotheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.However,twoyearsaftertheofficialendoftherecession,fewAmericanswouldsaythateconomictroublesarebehindus.Theunemploymentrate,inparticular,remainsabove9%.Somelabormarketindicators,suchastheproportionoflong-termunemployed,areworsenowthanforanypostwarrecession.[B]Therearetwowidelycirculatednarrativestoexplainwhat’sgoingon.TheKeynesiannarrativeisthattherehasbeenamajordropinaggregatedemand.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbelargelycuredbyusingmonetaryandfiscal(財(cái)政的）stimulus.Themainanti-Keynesiannarrativeisthatbusinessesaresufferingfromuncertaintyandover-regulation.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbecuredbyhavingthegovernmentcommittoandfollowamorehands-offapproach.[C]Iwanttosuggestathirdinterpretation.Withoutrulingoutaroleforaggregatedemandorfortheregulatoryenvironment,Iwishtosuggestthatstructuralchangeisanimportantfactorinthecurrentrateofhighunemployment.Theeconomyisinastateoftransition,inwhichthemiddle-classjobsthatemergedafterWorldWarⅡhavebeguntodecline.AsErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeputitinarecente-bookRaceAgainsttheMachine:“Therootofourproblemsisnotthatwe’reinagreatrecession,oragreatstagnation(停滯）,butratherthatweareintheearlythroes(陣痛）ofagreatrestructuring.’’[D]Infact,IbelievetheGreatDepressionofthe1930scanalsobeinterpretedinpartasaneconomictransition.Theimpactoftheinternalcombustionengine(內(nèi)燃機(jī)）andthesmallelectricmotoronfarmingandmanufacturingreducedthevalueofuneducatedlaborers.Instead,bythe1950s,amiddleclassoflargelyclerical(從事文秘考必工作的）workerswasthemostsignificantpartofthelaborforce.Between1930and1950,theUnitedStateseconomyunderwentagreattransition.Demandfellforhumaneffortsuchaslifting,squeezing,andhammering.Demandincreasedforworkerswhocouldreadandfollowdirections.Theevolutionaryprocesseventuallychangedusfromanationoflaborerstoanationofclerks.[E]Theproportionofemploymentclassifiedas“clericalworkers”grewfrom5.2%in1910toapeakof19.3%in1980.(However,by2000thisproportionhadedgeddownto17.4%.)Overall,workersclassifiedasclericalworkers,technicalworkers,managersandofficialsexceeded50%ofthelaborforceby2000.Correspondingdeclinestookplaceinthemanualoccupations.Workersclassifiedaslaborers,otherthanfarmhandsorminers,peakedat11.4%ofthelaborforcein1920butwerebarely6%by1950andlessthan4%by2000.Farmersandfarmlaborersfellfrom33%ofthelaborforcein1910tolessthan15%by1950andonly1.2%in2000.[F]Theintroductionofthetractorandimprovementsinthefactoryrapidlyreducedthedemandforuneducatedworkers.Bythe1930s,amarginalfarmhandcouldnotproduceenoughtojustifyhisemployment.Sharecropping,nevermuchbetterthanasubsistenceoccupation,wasnolongerviable（可行的）。Meanwhile,machineswerereplacingmanufacturingoccupationslikecigarrollingandglassblowingforlightbulbs.[G]Thestructural-transitioninterpretationoftheunemploymentproblemofthe1930swouldbethatthedemandforuneducatedworkersintheUnitedStateshadfallen,butthesupplyremainedhigh.Thehighschoolgraduationratewasonly8.8%in1912andstilljust29%in1931.By1950,ithadreached59%.Withanewgenerationofworkerswhohadcompletedhighschool,themismatchbetweenskillsandjobshadbeengreatlyreduced.[H]WhattookplaceafterWorldWarⅡwasnottherevivalofa1920seconomy,withitssmallfarmingunits,urbanmanufacturing,andpluralityoflaborers.Instead,the1950ssawthecreationofanewsuburbaneconomy,withapluralityofwhite-collarworkers.Withanexpandedtransportationandcommunicationsinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)，businessesneededtelephoneoperators,shippingclerksandsimilaroccupations.Ifyoucouldread,followsimpleinstructions,andsettleintoaroutine,youcouldfindajobinthepost-wareconomy.[I]Thetrendawayfrommanuallaborhascontinued.Evenwithinthemanufacturingsector,theshareofproductionandnon-supervisoryworkersinmanufacturingemploymentwentfrom,over85%justafterWorldWarⅡtolessthan70%inmorerecentyears.Toputthisanotherway,theproportionofwhite-collarworkinmanufacturinghasdoubledoverthepast50years.Onthefactoryflooritself,workhasbecomelessphysicallydemanding.Instead,itrequiresmorecognitiveskillsandtheabilitytounderstandandcarryoutwell-definedprocedures.[J]Asnotedearlier,theproportionofclericalworkersintheeconomypeakedin1980.Bythatdate,computersandadvancedcommunicationsequipmenthadalreadybeguntoaffecttelephoneoperationsandbanking.TheriseofthepersonalcomputerandtheInternethaswidenedtheimpactofthesetechnologiestoincludenearlyeverybusinessandindustry.[K]Theeconomytodaydiffersfromthatofagenerationago.Mortgageandconsumerloanunderwriters(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估人）havebeenreplacedbycreditscoring.Recordstoreshavebeenreplacedbymusicdownloads.Bookstoresareclosing,whilesalesofbooksonelectronicreadershaveincreased.Dataentryhasbeenmovedoffshore.Routinecustomersupportalsohasbeenoutsourced(外包）overseas.[L]Thesetrendsservetolimittheavailabilityofwell-definedjobs.Ifajobcanbecharacterizedbyaprecisesetofinstructions,thenthatjobisacandidatetobeautomatedoroutsourcedtomodestlyeducatedworkersindevelopingcountries.TheresultiswhatDavidAutorcallsthepolarizationoftheAmericanjobmarket.[M]UsingthelatestCensusBureaudata,MatthewSlaughterfoundthatfrom2000to2010therealearningsofcollegegraduates(withnoadvanceddegree)fellbymoreinpercentagetermsthantheearningsofhighschoolgraduates.Infact,overthisperiodtheonlyeducationcategorytoshowanincreaseinearningswasthosewithadvanceddegrees.[N]Theoutlookformid-skilljobswouldnotappeartobebright.Communicationstechnologyandcomputerintelligencecontinuetoimprove,puttingmoreoccupationsatrisk.Forexample,manypeopleearnalivingasdrivers,includingtrucksandtaxicabs.However,theageofdriverlessvehiclesappearstobemovingcloser.Anotherexampleisinthefieldofeducation.Inthefallof2011,anexperimentwithanonlinecourseinartificialintelligenceconductedbytwoStanfordprofessorsdrewtensofthousandsofregistrants（報(bào)名者）。Thisincreasesthestudent-teacherratiobyafactorofclosetoathousand.Imaginethenumberofteachingjobsthatmightbeeliminatedifthiscouldbedoneformath,economics,chemistry,andsoon.[O]It’simportanttobearinmindthatwhenweofferastructuralinterpretationofunemployment，a“l(fā)ossofjobs”meansanincreaseinproductivity.Traditionally,economistshavearguedthatproductivityincreasesareagoodthing,eventhoughtheymaycauseunemploymentforsomeworkersintheshortrun.Inthelongrun,theeconomydoesnotrunoutofjobs.Rather,newjobsemergeasoldjobsdisappear.Thestorywetellisthataveragewell-beingrises,andthemorepeopleareabletoadapt,themorewidespreadtheimprovementbecomes. 46.Evenfactoryfloorworktodayhasbecomeintellectuallychallengingratherthanphysicallydemanding. 47.Increasesinproductivityprovebeneficialthoughsomepeoplemaylosetheirjobstemporarily. 48.Theunemploymentrateremainedhigheventwoyearsafterthegovernmentdeclaredtherecentrecessionwasover. 49.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecenthighunemploymentrateismainlycausedbyadecreaseofmiddle-classjobs. 50.Thecreationofasuburbaneconomyinthe1950screatedlotsofofficejobs. 51.Inthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,onlypeoplewithpostgraduatedegreesexperiencedanincreaseinearnings. 52.Oneeconomicstheorysuggestsusingmonetaryandfiscalstimulustocopewithaneconomicrecession. 53.Thepopularityofonlinecoursesmayeliminatemanyteachingjobs. 54.Computertechnologyhasbroughtaboutrevolutionarychangesintherecordandbookbusiness. 55.White-collarworkersaccountedformorethanhalfofthelaborforcebytheendofthe20thcentury.SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.?ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Deepreading”—asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb—isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldjeopardizetheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellasthepreservationofacriticalpartofourculture:thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.Recentresearchincognitivescienceandpsychologyhasdemonstratedthatdeepreading—slow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity—isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemeredecodingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelyhelpfultothedeepreadingexperience.Abook’slackofhyperlinks(超鏈接）,forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions—ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?—allowinghertoremainfullyimmersedinthenarrative.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,indirectreferenceandfiguresofspeech:bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthescenewereunfoldinginreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain?propellingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy(認(rèn)同）。Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe’rebrowsingthroughawebsite.Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe“digitalnatives”towhomitissofamiliar.Lastmonth,forexample,Britain’sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen. 56.Whatdoestheauthorsayabout“deepreading”? A)Itservesasacomplementtoonlinereading. B)Itshouldbepreservedbeforeitistoolate. C)Itismainlysuitableforreadingliterature. D)Itisanindispensablepartofeducation. 57.Whydoestheauthoradvocatethereadingofliterature? A)Ithelpspromotereaders’intellectualandemotionalgrowth. B)Itenablesreaderstoappreciatethecomplexityoflanguage. C)Ithelpsreadersbuildupimmersivereadinghabits. D)Itisquicklybecominganendangeredpractice. 58.Inwhatwaydoesprintedreadingdifferfromonlinereading? A)Itensuresthereader’scognitivegrowth. B)Itenablesthereadertobefullyengaged. C)Itactivatesadifferentregionofthebrain. D)Ithelpsthereaderlearnrhetoricaldevices. 59.Whatdothestudiesshowaboutonlinereading? A)Itgraduallyimpairsone’seyesight. B)Itkeepsarousingreaders’curiosity. C)Itprovidesup-to-dateinformation. D)Itrendersreadinglessenjoyable. 60.WhatdowelearnfromthestudyreleasedbyBritain’sNationalLiteracyTrust? A)Onscreenreadersmaybelesscompetentreaders. B)Thosewhodoreadinginprintarelessinformed. C)Youngpeoplefindreadingonscreenmoreenjoyable. D)Itisnoweasiertofindafavoritebookonlinetoread.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Manycurrentdiscussionsofimmigrationissuestalkaboutimmigrantsingeneral,asiftheywereabstractpeopleinanabstractworld.ButtheconcretedifferencesbetweenimmigrantsfromdifferentcountriesaffectwhethertheircominghereisgoodorbadfortheAmericanpeople.Theverythoughtofformulating-immigrationlawsfromthestandpointofwhatisbestfortheAmericanpeopleseemstohavebeenforgottenbymanywhofocusonhowtosolvetheproblemsofillegalimmigration.Itishardtolookfor“theidealoutcome”onimmigrationintheabstract.EconomicsprofessorMiltonFriedmanoncesaid,“Thebestistheenemyofthegood,”whichtomemeantthatattemptstoachieveanunattainableidealcanpreventusfromreachinggoodoutcomesthatarepossibleinpractice.Toomuchofourcurrentimmigrationcontroversyisconductedintermsofabstractideals,suchas“Weareanationofimmigrants.”O(jiān)fcourseweareanationofimmigrants.Butwearealsoanationofpeoplewhowearshoes.Doesitfollowthatweshouldadmitanybodywhowearsshoes?Theimmigrantsoftodayareverydifferentfromthosewhoarrivedhereahundredyearsago.Moreover,thesocietyinwhichtheyarriveisdifferent.Tome,itisbettertobuildawallaroundthewelfarestatethanthecountry.Butthewelfarestateisalreadyhere—and,farfromhavingawallbuiltaroundit,thewelfarestateisexpandinginalldirections.Wedonothaveachoicebetweenthewelfarestateandopenborders.Anythingwetrytodoasregardsimmigrationlawshastobedoneinthecontextofahugewelfarestatethatisalreadyamajor,inescapablefactoflife.Amongotherfactsoflifeutterlyignoredbymanyadvocatesofdefactoamnesty(事實(shí)上的大救）isthatthefreeinternationalmovementofpeopleisdifferentfromfreeinternationaltradeingoods.Buyingcarsorcamerasfromothercountriesisnotthesameasa