2024年3月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)CET真題試卷含答案

6月四級(jí)試卷PartII

ReadingComprehension

(35minutes)PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoreofsuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet(芭蕾舞).Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports。girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children’sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.

“Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機(jī))thataffectstheirparents,”saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren’stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethehome.(Nevertheless,childreninbothdouble-incomeand“malebreadwinner”householdsspentcomparablemountsoftimeinteractingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspentonly9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)

Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsomeverymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerfulwayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabouthimself,”saysT.BerryBrazelton,professoratHarvardMedicalSchool

Thechildrensampledspentaquarteroftheirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watchingtelevision.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneofthefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.Ifthey’respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTVset,however,kidsaren’treplacingitwithreading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmoreinterestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustoveranhouraweekreading.Let’sfaceit,who’sgotthetime?21.

Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch”(Line1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans________.

A)childrenhavelittletimetoplaywiththeirparents

B)childrenarenottakengoodcareofbytheirworkingparents

C)bothparentsandchildrensufferfromlackofleisuretime

D)bothparentsandchildrenhavetroublemanagingtheirtime22.

Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenbySandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis______.

A)quiteconvincing

B)partiallytrue

C)totallygroundless

D)ratherconfusing23.

Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelopsbetterif______.

A)hehasplentyoftimereadingandstudying

B)heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhisownway

C)hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschoolactivities

D)heisfreetointeractwithhisworkingparents24.

TheauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthatAmericankids______.

A)areengagedinmoreandmorestructuredactivities

B)areincreasinglyneglectedbytheirworkingmothers

C)arespendingmoreandmoretimewatchingTV

D)areinvolvedlessandlessinhouseholdwork

25.

Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.

A)extracurricularactivitiespromotechildren’sintelligence

B)mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwithTVsetsswitchedoff

C)effortstogetkidsinterestedinreadinghavebeenfruitful

D)mostparentsbelievereadingtobebeneficialtochildrenPassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorandcarmanufacturer,oncesaid,‘ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness.”BythishemeantthattheU.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthebusinessworld.

FewwouldarguewithFord’sstatement.AbriefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshowshowmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthinkaboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyeverynewspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthedealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporationsarereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnewscanappearineveryothersection.Mostnationalnewshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthepoliciesoftheFederalReserveBankareallheavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,businessnewsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoftenreferredtoas“theentertainmentindustry”or“showbusiness.”

ThepositivesideofHenryFord’sstatementcanbeseenintheprosperitythatbusinesshasbroughttoU.S.life.OneofthemostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromallovertheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStatesisthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproducedinabundance(大量地)becausetheU.S.economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmorewealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterwayoflife.

ThenegativesideofHenryFord’sstatement,however,canbeseenwhenthewordbusinessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthetermbigbusiness—referringtothebiggestcompanies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehavehadtofighthardforhigherwages,betterworkingconditions,andtherighttoformunions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputesareover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.Downsizing—thelayingoffofthousandsofworkerstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshigh--createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.26.

TheunitedStates

A)whichencouragesfreetradeathomesandabroad

B)wherepeople’schiefconcernishowtomakemoney

C)whereallbusinessesaremanagedscientifically

D)whichnormallyworksaccordingtothefederalbudget27.

TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.isevidencedbythefactthat______.

A)mostnewspapersarerunbybigbusinesses

B)evenpublicorganizationsconcentrateonworkingforprofits

C)Americansofallprofessionsknowhowtodobusiness

D)evenartsandentertainmentareregardedasbusiness28.

Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoosetosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat______.

A)theycanstartprofitablebusinessesthereB)theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusiness

C)theywillmakeafortuneovernightthere

D)theywillfindbetterchancesofemployment29.

HenryFord’sstatementscanbetakennegativelybecause______.

A)workingpeoplearediscouragedtofightfortheirrights

B)therearemanyindustriescontrolledbyafewbigcapitalists

C)thereisaconflictingrelationshipbetweenbigcorporationsandlabor

D)publicservicesarenotrunbythefederalgovernment30.

Acompany’seffortstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshighmayresultin______.

A)reductioninthenumberofemployeesB)improvementofworkingconditionsC)fewerdisputesbetweenlaborandmanagementD)ariseinworkers’wagesPassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofalltheirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.Whenhecametoanalysetheirembarrassinglapses(差錯(cuò))inascientificreport,hewassurprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellintoafewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobeentirelyrandom(隨機(jī)的).

Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleavingherhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdogherearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonherear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainislikeacomputer,”explainstheprofessor.“Peopleprogrammethemselvestodocertainactivitiesregularly.Itwasthewoman’scustomeverymorningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthenputonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongotreversedintheprogramme.”Aboutoneintwentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreportedwerethese“programmeassemblyfailures.”

Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselvesdoing–anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappeartobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatourzaniest(荒唐可笑的).Thesearetwohourssometimebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfourandsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneightandtenp.m.“Amongmenthepeakseemstobewhenachangeoverinbrain‘programmes’occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoandfromwork.”Womenonaveragereportedslightlymorelapses–12.5comparedwith10.9formen–probablybecausetheyweremorereliablereporters.

Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthattheabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoingthingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,youwouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberoferrorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsbyconcentratingmorecouldmakethingsalotworse–evendangerous.31.

InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthesubjects______.

A)tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendtoforgetthings

B)toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesatrandom

C)toanalysetheirawkwardexperiencesscientifically

D)tokeeparecordofwhattheydidunintentionally32.

ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat______.

A)certainpatternscanbeidentifiedintherecordedincidents

B)manypeopleweretooembarrassedtoadmittheirabsent-mindedness

C)mentendtobemoreabsent-mindedthanwomen

D)absent-mindednessisanexcusablehumanweakness33.

“Programmeassemblyfailures”(Line6,Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople______.

A)oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutinesbeforehand

B)tendtomakemistakeswhentheyareinahurry

C)unconsciouslychangethesequenceofdoingthings

D)arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyaretootired34.

Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat______.

A)absent-mindednesstendstooccurduringcertainhoursoftheday

B)womenareverycarefultoperformactionsduringpeakperiods

C)womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsofabsent-mindedness

D)men’sabsent-mindednessoftenresultsinfunnysituations35.

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.

A)peopleshouldavoiddoingimportantthingsduringpeakperiodsoflapses

B)hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledothingstheyaregoodat

C)peopleshouldbecarefulwhenprogrammingtheiractions

D)lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedtolackofconcentrationPassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

It’snosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbehealthierandhappierwithadoptiveparentsthanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.That’sespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremaininabusivehomesbemusethelawblindlyfavorsbiologicalparents.It’salsotrueofchildrenwhosufferforyearsinfosterhomes(收養(yǎng)孩子的家庭)becauseofparentswhocan’torwon’tcareforthembutrefusetogiveupcustody(監(jiān)護(hù))rights.

Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfitsneitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictorycouldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangrycustodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedherandherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehasneverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthattheteenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe’severknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave“nolegalclaim”onher.

Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyistheprimarydeterminantofparentage.That’sanimportantdevelopment,onethat’slongoverdue.

ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantweremistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththewrongparents.Kimberly’sbiologicalparents,ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwhodiedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltestsshowedthatthechildwasn’ttheTwiggs’owndaughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkingacustodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,thetwofamiliesagreedthatMr.MayswouldmaintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgettingvisitingrights.ThoserightswereendedwhenMr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeingharmed.

ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.ButthejudgemadeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingtosue(起訴)onherownbehalf.Thushemadeclearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobehandledasadultssawfit.

Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetweenparentandchildisfundamental.Butbiologicalparentsaren’talwayspreferabletoadoptiveones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconveyanabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherightsofchildren.36.

WhatwastheprimaryconsiderationintheFloridajudge’sruling?

A)Thebiologicallink.

B)Thechild’sbenefits.

C)Thetraditionalpractice.

D)Theparents’feelings.37.

WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat______.

A)childrenaremorethanjustpersonalpossessionsoftheirparents

B)thebiologicallinkbetweenparentsandchildshouldbeemphasized

C)fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepainandsufferingthancare

D)biologicalparentsshouldn’tclaimcustodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted38.

TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightstoKimberlybecause______.

A)theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays’custody

B)theyregardedherastheirproperty

C)theywereherbiologicalparents

D)theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistake39.

KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays________.

A)bysheeraccident

B)outofcharity

C)athisrequest

D)forbettercare40.

Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthejudge’srulingcouldbedescribedas______.

A)doubtful

B)critical

C)cautious

D)supportivePartIII

VocabularyandStructure

(20minutes)Directions:

Thereare3.0.incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.41.

She______hertriptoNewYorkbecauseshewasill.

A)calledoff

B)closeddown

C)putup

D)wentoff

42.

______thestorm,theshipwouldhavereacheditsdestinationontime.

A)Butfor

B)Incaseof

C)Inspiteof

D)Becauseof43.

Weshouldconcentrateonsharplyreducinginterestratestopulltheeconomyoutof______.

A)rejection

B)restriction

C)retreat

D)recession44.

The______offindinggoldinCaliforniaattractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.

A)prospects

B)speculations

C)stakes

D)provisions45

Isufferedfrommental______becauseofstressfrommyjob.

A)damage

B)release

C)relief

D)fatigue46.

Therestofthedaywasentirelyathis______forreadingorrecreation.

A)dismissal

B)survival

C)disposal

D)arrival

47.

Youwillnotbe______aboutyourfoodintimeofgreathunger.

A)special

B)particular

C)peculiar

D)specific48.

Crimeisincreasingworldwide,andthereiseveryreasontobelievethe______willcontinueintothenextdecade.

A)emergency

B)trend

C)pace

D)schedule49.

Youshouldn’thavewritteninthe______sincethebookbelongstothelibrary.A)interval

B)borderC)margin

D)edge

50.

The______ofairplaneenginesannouncedacomingairraid.A)roar

B)exclamation

C)whistle

D)scream51.

Thisticket______youtoafreeboattouronthelake.

A)entitles

B)appoints

C)grants

D)credits52.

Thisisthenursewho______tomewhenIwasillinhospital.

A)accompanied

B)attended

C)entertained

D)shielded53.

Iwasaboutto______amatchwhenIrememberedTom’swarning.A)rub

B)hit

C)scrape

D)strike54.

Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn’t______inthewash,butithas.A)contract

B)shrink

C)slim

D)dissolve55.

Hewasproudofbeingchosentoparticipateinthegameandhe______usthathewouldtryashardaspossible.

A)insured

B)guaranteedC)assumed

D)assured56.

Notonlytheprofessionalsbutalsotheamateurswill______fromthenewtrainingfacilities.

A)derive

B)acquireC)benefit

D)reward57.

Theworkwasalmostcompletewhenwereceivedordersto______nofurtherwithit.

A)progress

B)proceedC)march

D)promote58.

Iwaitedforhimhalfanhour,buthenever______.

A)turnedin

B)turneddown

C)turnedoff

D)turnedup59.

Ahousewithadangerousgas______canbebrokenintoimmediately.

A)leak

B)splitC)mess

D)crack60.

Adarksuitis______toalightoneforeveningwear.

A)favourable

B)suitable

C)preferable

D)proper61.

ItwasintheUnitedStatesthatImadethe______ofprofessorJones.

A)acknowledgement

B)acquaintanceC)recognition

D)association62.

Couldyoutakea______sheetofpaperandwriteyournameatthetop?A)bare

B)vacantC)hollow

D)blank63.

Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohavelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscomefrom______backgrounds.

A)extensive

B)influential

C)diverse

D)identical64.

Areaswherestudentshaveparticulardifficultyhavebeentreated______particularcare.

A)by

B)inC)under

D)with65.

Hegavea______tohandletheaffairsinafriendlymanner.

A)pledge

B)mission

C)plunge

D)motion66.

Don’tletthechildplaywithscissors______hecutshimself.

A)incase

B)sothat

C)nowthat

D)onlyif67.

______thedangerfromenemyaction,peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageoffood,clothing,fuel,andalmosteverything.

A)Asfaras

B)Aslongas

C)Aswellas

D)Assoonas68.

Manypeoplelosttheirjobsduringthebusiness______.A)desperation

B)decreaseC)despair

D)depression69.

Wheneverabigcompany______asmallone,theproductalmostalwaysgetsworse.

A)getsonwith

B)cutsdown

C)takesover

D)putsupwith70.

Mr.Smithwastheonlywitnesswhosaidthatthefirewas______.

A)mature

B)deliberate

C)meaningful

D)innocentPartIV

ShortAnswerQuestions

(15minutes)Directions:

Inthispartthereisashortpassagewith8questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Writeyouranswersinthespacesprovidedontherightofthepage.

Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableinateacher?Ithinkthefollowingwouldbegenerallyaccepted.

First,theteacher’spersonalityshouldbelivelyandattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoareplain-looking,orevenugly,becausemanysuchpeoplehavegreatpersonalcharm.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesastheover-excitable,sad,cold,andfrustrated.

Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirablebutessentialforateachertohaveagenuinecapacityforsympathy,acapacitytounderstandthemindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,sincemostteachersareschoolteachers,themindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelatedwiththisisthecapacitytobetolerant–not,indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butoftheweaknessesandimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinduce(誘導(dǎo))people,andagainespeciallychildren,tomakemistakes.

Thirdly,Iholditessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thismeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrengthsandlimitations,andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbeguided.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbeabitofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeabletoputonanact–toenliven(使生動(dòng))alesson,correctafault,orawardpraise.Children,especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife.

Ateachermustbecapableofinfinitepatience.This,Imaysay,islargelyamatterofself-disciplineandself-training,forwearenoneofusbornlikethat.

Finally,Ithinkateachershouldhavethekindofmindwhichalwayswantstogoonlearning.Teachingisajobatwhichonewillneverbeperfect。thereisalwayssomethingmoretolearnaboutit.Therearethreeprincipalobjectsofstudy:thesubjectswhichtheteacheristeaching。themethodsbywhichthesubjectscanbestbetaughttotheparticularpupilsintheclassesheisteaching。andgbyfarthemostimportant--thechildren,youngpeople,oradultstowhomthesubjectsaretobetaught.ThetwofundamentalprinciplesofBritisheducationtodayarethateducationiseducationofthewholeperson,andthatitisbestacquiredthroughfullandactiveco-operationbetweentwopersons,theteacherandthelearner.S1.

Plain-lookingteacherscanalsobeadmiredbytheirstudentsiftheyhave_________.

__________________________________________________________________S2.

Theauthorsaysitis_________thatteachersbesympatheticwiththeirstudents.__________________________________________________________________S3.

AteachershouldbetolerantbecausehumanstendtohaveS3(1)_________andtobeS3(2)_________.

(1)________________________________________________________________

(2)________________________________________________________________S4.

Ateacherwhois_________willbeabletomakehislessonsmorelively.

__________________________________________________________________S5.

Howcanateacheracquireinfinitepatience?

__________________________________________________________________S6.

Sinceteachingisajobnoonecanbeperfectat,itisnecessaryforteacherstokeepimprovingtheirknowledgeofthesubjectstheyteachandtheir_________.

__________________________________________________________________S7.

Teachers’mostimportantobjectofstudyis_________.

__________________________________________________________________S8.

Educationcannotbebestacquiredwithout_________betweentheteacherandthelearner.

__________________________________________________________________PartV

Writing

(30minutes)Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteaneye-witnessaccountofatrafficaccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.

假設(shè)你在某曰某時(shí)目擊一起車禍，就此寫(xiě)一份見(jiàn)證書(shū)。見(jiàn)證書(shū)須包括如下幾點(diǎn)：

1.車禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)

2.你所見(jiàn)到的車禍狀況

3.你對(duì)車禍原因的分析AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAcciden6月四級(jí)試卷詳解（10）6月四級(jí)試卷譯文PassageOne譯文 美國(guó)3~12歲的孩子平均每星期的在校時(shí)間為29小時(shí)，比1981年多了8小時(shí)。同步，他們做家務(wù)活多了，并且參與更多的像足球、芭蕾舞等有組織的活動(dòng)。尤其是參與體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間，從1981年到1997年增長(zhǎng)了50%：目前男孩子平均每周花4小時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)，女孩的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間是男孩的二分之一。不過(guò)，總的說(shuō)來(lái)，孩子們的空閑時(shí)間從1981年的40%降到25%?！坝绊懜改傅臅r(shí)間危機(jī)同樣也影響著孩子們，”近來(lái)對(duì)小朋友作息時(shí)間表做調(diào)研的工程負(fù)責(zé)人SandraHofferth如是說(shuō)。她說(shuō)一種最重要的原因是更多的母親外出工作。當(dāng)然，生活在雙收家庭或“父親掙錢(qián)養(yǎng)家型”的家庭的孩子有較多的時(shí)間與他們的父母溝通。分別是每周19或22個(gè)小時(shí)。相反，生活在獨(dú)身母親家庭的孩子每周與母親在一起的時(shí)間只有9小時(shí)。 假如一味地學(xué)習(xí)，而沒(méi)有玩耍會(huì)使孩子們的生活變得一團(tuán)糟。哈佛學(xué)院的專家T·BerryBrazelton說(shuō)：“玩耍是孩子們探索世界和認(rèn)識(shí)自我的最有效的途徑”。自由的玩耍促使孩子們獨(dú)立地思索，并使他們與同伴協(xié)調(diào)地相處，然而，3~12歲的孩子花在玩耍的時(shí)間每周只有12個(gè)小時(shí)。 抽樣的調(diào)查顯示，孩子們把已經(jīng)迅速減少的“自由時(shí)間”的四分之一用于看電視。不過(guò)，不管你相信不相信，家用長(zhǎng)們對(duì)這樣的成果還是慶幸的。雖然孩子們不花更多的時(shí)間看電視，他們也不會(huì)把時(shí)間用在讀書(shū)上。盡管家長(zhǎng)們費(fèi)盡心思讓孩子們對(duì)書(shū)本感愛(ài)好，不過(guò)，他們每周花在閱讀上的時(shí)間也只有一種多小時(shí)。讓我們面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)吧，誰(shuí)有時(shí)間呢？`PassageTwo譯文 美國(guó)最著名的發(fā)明家和汽車制造商亨利·福特曾經(jīng)說(shuō)：“美國(guó)的一切都是商業(yè)”。此話的意思是說(shuō)，美國(guó)人的生活方式建立在商品社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀上。 很少有人對(duì)福特的說(shuō)法提出疑義。只在一張?jiān)粓?bào)上瞥一眼，就不難發(fā)既有多少美國(guó)在關(guān)懷商業(yè)。例如，幾乎每家報(bào)紙均有商業(yè)版，對(duì)多種工程工程、資金和經(jīng)管、股票價(jià)格和企業(yè)的勞動(dòng)問(wèn)題都是每曰一報(bào)。此外，商業(yè)信息還在其他版面中出現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)國(guó)內(nèi)新聞都反應(yīng)重要的金融信息。福利、援外、聯(lián)邦財(cái)政預(yù)算以及聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行的政策都極大地受到商業(yè)的影響。并且，商業(yè)信息還會(huì)在某些最不也許的地主出現(xiàn)。藝術(shù)和娛樂(lè)界常常被稱為“娛樂(lè)業(yè)”或“演藝業(yè)”。 福特說(shuō)法積極的一面可以從商業(yè)給美國(guó)生活帶來(lái)的繁華中看到。之因此有如此眾多的人從世界各地蜂擁而至美國(guó)，其最重要的原因之一就是實(shí)現(xiàn)找到一份更好的工作夢(mèng)想。工作的機(jī)會(huì)諸多，由于美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度是由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)驅(qū)動(dòng)的。人們相信這樣的制度能發(fā)明更多的財(cái)富，提供更好的工作和更好的物質(zhì)生活。 不過(guò)，福特的說(shuō)法中消極的一面也顯而易見(jiàn)，即當(dāng)商業(yè)這個(gè)詞用來(lái)指代大財(cái)團(tuán)的時(shí)候?！筘?cái)團(tuán)’這個(gè)詞——指代是與工人相對(duì)的最大的商業(yè)集團(tuán)或企業(yè)。在美國(guó)的歷史上，工人們?cè)?jīng)為爭(zhēng)取更高的工資、更好的工作環(huán)境以及組織工會(huì)的權(quán)利而艱苦地斗爭(zhēng)。今天，許多舊的勞資糾紛已經(jīng)消失，不過(guò)，雇員們?nèi)匀淮嬖谥鴳n慮。裁員——解雇成仟上萬(wàn)的工人以保證成本和高效益——使諸多人產(chǎn)生不安全感。PassageThree譯文史密斯專家近來(lái)說(shuō)服了35個(gè)