2024年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)：說明文（閱讀理解）（解析版）

專題03說明文通關(guān)練

說明文解題策略

名校優(yōu)選專項(xiàng)通關(guān)練

【解題策略】

說明文是一種以說明為主要表達(dá)方式的文章體裁。該文體通過對(duì)實(shí)體事物科學(xué)的解說，對(duì)客觀事物做

出說明或?qū)Τ橄笫挛镞M(jìn)行闡述，使人們對(duì)事物的形態(tài)、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、種類、成因、功能、關(guān)系或?qū)κ吕淼?/p>

概念、特點(diǎn)、來源、演變、異同等有科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)，從而獲得有關(guān)知識(shí)，增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)和技能。說明文是高考英

語(yǔ)閱讀理解題中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。

文體特點(diǎn)與閱讀策略

從內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)看，說明文從內(nèi)容上主要圍繞下列主題而展開,科普知識(shí)類、動(dòng)植物特性類、自然現(xiàn)象類、新

產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹類、風(fēng)土人情類。文中解釋性、定義性、說明性句子較多，長(zhǎng)難句較多。實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究型

文章一般會(huì)以實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程、進(jìn)展為線索，多用描述法、問題與對(duì)策法等方法，通過列數(shù)據(jù)、做對(duì)比等來說

明新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的影響。介紹說明型文章通常是介紹一種新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，更多運(yùn)用描述法

從功能、用途、材料和市場(chǎng)前景等方面進(jìn)行介紹。

從語(yǔ)言特.點(diǎn)看:說明文中專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)較多，抽象程度高，解題難度大，容易拉開考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次。閱讀理解主

要考查考生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說明文由于句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對(duì)于其他體裁的文章來說難

度更大。

叢結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)看:客觀、簡(jiǎn)練，文章很少表達(dá)作者的情感傾向。說明文通常采用以下結(jié)構(gòu)形式：

總分或一總——分式和分一一總式結(jié)構(gòu)，以及完整的“總一一分一一總”結(jié)構(gòu)。

遞進(jìn)式工事理說明文常用這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式，通常由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，一層一層

地剖析事理。

幽或~文章各部分的內(nèi)容沒有主次輕重之分。

對(duì)照式j(luò)通過兩個(gè)事物的比較和對(duì)照說明其異同。

從命題形式看:常見的有細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題等題型。

閱讀策略

1.明確說明對(duì)象:閱讀事物說明文，首先從整體入手，把握文章的說明對(duì)象是什么;閱讀事理說明文，首先

弄清文章說明了什么事理?？梢酝ㄟ^把握段落主題句來明確說明對(duì)象。

把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)：說明文主題鮮明、脈絡(luò)清晰，行文結(jié)構(gòu)模式較為固定。弄清文本結(jié)構(gòu)有助于把握文章主旨

和閱讀重點(diǎn)。作者在謀篇布局上常使用以下說明方法:描述法（包括舉例子、下定義、列數(shù)據(jù)等）、因果法、

問題與對(duì)策法。

2.閱讀做標(biāo)記:在閱讀的時(shí)候可給段落標(biāo)上序號(hào)，給重要的句子和關(guān)鍵詞匯做上記號(hào)，尤其是各段中心句。

逐段概括要點(diǎn)，理清說明順序。重視首尾句的作用，重視概念句或解說性語(yǔ)句的作用。

3.審清題干:把握試題中有效的信息，確認(rèn)命題的角度、閱讀范圍和答題方式。

4.定位閱讀:大部分的說明文答案基本上都能直接和間接從選段中找到依據(jù)?；卮饐栴}時(shí)要注意原文利用

和自我加工相結(jié)合。

5.關(guān)注句間銜接:句子間的邏輯關(guān)系和銜接手段不外乎列舉、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、對(duì)照、補(bǔ)充、目的、條

件等。

表示列舉的詞:forexample,forinstance;表羅列的詞:first,second,third,tobeginwith,toconclude;

表我近的迥;however,but,whereas;

because,since,as;

表示結(jié)果的so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult;

表詞:。11thecontrary,bycontrast,incomparison;

正東11的的詞:sothat,inorderthat等。

標(biāo)志詞就像指路牌一樣，指明作者思路發(fā)展的方向和思路之間的邏輯聯(lián)系。標(biāo)志詞前后的信息往往都是命

題和答題的主要線索或依據(jù)，因此，識(shí)別標(biāo)志詞對(duì)考生更快、更好地理解文章具有舉足輕重的作用。

【名校優(yōu)選專項(xiàng)通關(guān)練】

1.（2024上?河北滄州?高三泊頭一中聯(lián)考）

Thinkofyourmostprizedpossession.Now,imagineyoudecideyoumustsellthisitem.Howmuchisit

worthtoyou?Howmuchwouldyouchargeforit?Andwouldanyoneelsewanttobuyitatthatprice?

Lefsconsiderthereal-worldexampleofayardsale.Beforeyourneighborscometolookatyourthings,you

mustfirstdecideonthepricesforthem.Foryou,eachitemhasastory,andsomeitemsmayevenevokestrong

emotions.

Lefssayyou'resellingapairofspecialeditionsportsshoesthatyoutookcareofandreallyenjoyedwearing

onspecialoccasions.Withthesesweetmemoriesinmind,youputapricetagof$130ontheshoes.However,a

customeroffers$50forthem.Youthink,“Howcouldtheynotseehowspecialandvaluabletheseare?”

Infinancialtransactionslikethis,sellersoftenbelievetheirownitemsareworthmorethanwhatbuyersare

willingtopay.Thisoccursbecausebuyersdonothavetheseller'sexperienceswithandemotionalattachmentto

theitems.Buyerswantagooddeal,andthey'renotwillingtopaywhatthesellerisaskingfor.

Thisnegotiationprocesscanevenfeelalittlepainfulfortheseller-overlosingsomethingandthebuyernot

valuingitasmuch.Economistssuggestthisdynamicoccursthroughtheendowmenteffect（稟賦效應(yīng)）一people's

tendencytovaluethingstheyownmorehighlythantheywouldiftheydidnotownthem.Theendowmenteffect

cantakeholdanytimewefeelasenseofownershipoveraproduct,anditcanhappenquickly.

Asthesayinggoes,“Emotionsgelthebestofus."Thereisnothingwrongwithbeingproudofowningthings

andtreasuringyourexperienceswiththem.Butwhenyouconsidersellingaprizedpossession,thinkabout

whetheryou'refullyreadytopartwithil.Thepastisthepast,though.Removingyouremotionalattachmentto

materialpossessionscanhelpyoumakemoreaccurateassessmentsofhowmuchyouritemsaretrulyworth.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“evoke“inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Advocate.B.Cause.C.Identify.D.Control.

2.Whatmakesyouputapricetagof$130onyourshoesaccordingtoparagraphs?

A.Yourfondnessfortheshoes.B.Yourignoranceofthemarket.

C.Thehighqualityoftheshoes.D.Thespecialfunctionoftheshoes.

3.Whichcanbestillustratetheresultofendowmenteffect?

A.Onelikescollectingoldthings.

B.Onetendstobuyexpensivegoods.

C.Oneoffersalowerpricewhenshopping.

D.Onechargesahigher-than-usualpriceforsomething.

4.Whafsthepurposeofthelastparagraph?

A.Tomakeasuggestion.B.Tointroduceatheory.

C.Toanalyzeaphenomenon.D.Toprovidesomeevidence.

【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了“稟賦效應(yīng)”的現(xiàn)象，并建議消除對(duì)物質(zhì)財(cái)富的情感依戀，更準(zhǔn)

確地評(píng)估物品的價(jià)值。

1.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“Foryou,eachitemhasastory（對(duì)你來說，每件物品都有一個(gè)故事）”和下文的

emotions可知，此處是指一些物品可能會(huì)“喚起”一些情感，所以推知?jiǎng)澗€詞是“引起、喚起”的意思。故選

B項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段"Let'ssayyou'resellingapairofspecialeditionsportsshoesthatyoutookcare

ofandreallyenjoyedwearingonspecialoccasions.Withthesesweetmemoriesinmind,youputapricetagof

$130ontheshoes.（假設(shè)你正在銷售一雙特別版的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋，你很喜歡在特殊場(chǎng)合穿它。帶著這些甜蜜的回憶，

你給這雙鞋標(biāo)上了130美元的價(jià)格。）”可知，你對(duì)這雙鞋的喜愛讓你給這雙鞋貼上了130美元的價(jià)格標(biāo)簽。

故選A項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段"Economistssuggestthisdynamicoccursthroughtheendowmenteffect

（稟賦效應(yīng)）一people'stendencytovaluethingstheyownmorehighlythantheywouldiftheydidnotown

them.（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，這種動(dòng)態(tài)是通過稟賦效應(yīng)發(fā)生的——人們傾向于認(rèn)為自己擁有的東西比自己沒有擁

有的東西更有價(jià)值。）”可知，一個(gè)人對(duì)某物收取比平常更高的價(jià)格，最能說明稟賦效應(yīng)的結(jié)果。故選D項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thepastisthepast,though.Removingyouremotionalattachmentto

materialpossessionscanhelpyoumakemoreaccurateassessmentsofhowmuchyouritemsaretrulyworth.（不過,

過去的就讓它過去吧。消除對(duì)物質(zhì)財(cái)富的情感依戀可以幫助你更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估你的物品到底值多少錢。廠可

知，最后一段的目的是提出建議。故選A項(xiàng)。

2.（2023?黑龍江?高三哈爾濱市第一中學(xué)校?？迹?/p>

Organicfoodisverypopular.Itisalsoexpensive.Someorganicfoodcoststwiceasmuchasnon-organic

food,butnewparentsandpetownersarewillingtopayupto200%morefororganicfood.However,thereare

peoplewhothinkitisawasteofmoney.

Thereisonemaindifferencebetweenorganicandnon-organicfood.Organicfarmsdonotuseagricultural

chemicals,suchaspesticides.Inmanycountriesorganicfoodshavespeciallabels.Theseguaranteethatthe

productsarenatural.

Somepeoplethinkorganicmeanslocallygrown.Originallythiswastrue.Overtimeorganicfarmingbecame

moredifficult.Thedemandfororganicfoodgrewlargerthanthesupply.Smallcompanieshadtosellouttolarge

companies.Thereweren*tenoughorganicingredients,suchasgrainandcattle.Thismadeitdifficultformany

organiccompaniestostayinbusiness.Today,manylargecompanieshaveanorganiclineofproducts.

Isorganicfoodmorenutritious?Thisispartofthedebate.Manyfarmersandconsumersbelieveitis.They

thinkagriculturalchemicalscausehealthproblemssuchascancer.Manyhealthprofessionalsdisagree.Few

studiesprovethatorganicfoodspreventhealthproblems.Healthspecialistsworrymoreaboutbacteria,suchas

E.coliandsalmonella.Thesecangetintocontactwithorganicandnon-organicfood.Doctorsrecommend

washingproduceverycarefully.Handlingmeatcarefullyisimportanttoo.

Mostpeopleagreethatnaturallygrownfoodtastesbetter.Istastierfoodworththeextramoney?Thisisa

matterofopinion.Whetheritishealthierornotmayrequiremoreresearch.However,organicconsumersargueit

isbettertobesafethansorry.

5.Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoforganicfoodconsumers?

A.Price.B.Safety.

C.Freshness.D.Variety.

6.Whatisthedoctors'suggestion?

A.Growyourownfood.B.Reducetheuseofpesticides.

C.Makesurethefoodisclean.D.Buylargecompanies9products.

7.Whichofthefollowingdomostpeopleagreeonorganicfood?

A.Ittastesbetter.B.Itiseasiertogrow.

C.Itcontainsmorefat.D.Itismorenutritious.

8.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?

A.Arecipebook.B.Achemistrypaper.

C.Amedicalreport.D.Ahealthmagazine.

【答案】5.B6.C7.A8.D

【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了如今有機(jī)食品很受歡迎，將有機(jī)食品和非有機(jī)食品進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，

并且就有機(jī)食品的種植、營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和味道等情況進(jìn)行了說明。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中Organicfarmsdonotuseagriculturalchemicals,suchaspesticides.Inmany

countriesorganicfoodshavespeciallabels.Theseguaranteethattheproductsarenatural.可知有機(jī)農(nóng)場(chǎng)不使用農(nóng)

藥等農(nóng)藥。在許多國(guó)家，有機(jī)食品都有特殊的標(biāo)簽。這些保證了產(chǎn)品是天然的。以及最后一段中However,

organicconsumersargueitisbettertobesafethansorry.可知然而，有機(jī)食品消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為，安全總比后悔好。

由此可推知，有機(jī)食品消費(fèi)者最關(guān)心的可能是安全。故選B。

6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Doctorsrecommendwashingproduceverycarefully.Handlingmeatcarefully

isimportanttoo.可知醫(yī)生建議仔細(xì)清洗農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。小心處理肉類也很重要。由此可知，醫(yī)生的建議是確保食

物干凈。故選C。

7.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Mostpeopleagreethatnaturallygrownfoodtastesbetter.可知大多數(shù)人同意

自然生長(zhǎng)的食物味道更好。由此可知，大多數(shù)人同意有機(jī)食品味道更好。故選A。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章主要說明了如今有機(jī)食品很受歡迎，將有機(jī)食品和非有機(jī)食品進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，并

且就有機(jī)食品的種植、營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和味道等情況進(jìn)行了說明。這屬于飲食健康類文章，可推知，這篇文章可

能來自健康雜志。故選D。

3.（2023?遼寧?高三遼寧實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)校聯(lián)考）

Inthesummerof2019,TomasQuinoneswasundertakingaseven-day“bikepacking"trip,coveringsome

remotedesertinSouthernOregon,US.Histriphadbeenmarkedwiththeusualminortroubles.Buttherehadalso

beenthosemomentsofunexpectedkindnessfromstrangers.

Onthelastdayofhistrip,hewasridingdownadustytrackwhenhecameuponamanlyingunconsciouson

thedesertfloor.Quinonestriedtogivehimsomewaterwithlittlesuccess.Luckily,hecalledtheemergency

rescueteamandanambulancearrivedwithinanhour."IneverhadadoubtaboutwhatIwoulddo,“hesaid.

Quinones,who'dreceivedsomegesturesofhelpoverthecourseofhistrip,paiditforward.

Theoddsare,ifyou'vespentanytimeinthewild,you'llhaveexperiencedthesegesturesofkindnessfrom

strangersorgiventhemyourselftooeveniftheywerenothingsodramaticastheaidgivenbyQuinones.

Sowhatisitaboutbeingoutsideinnaturethatmakespeoplewanttohelpothers?Thefirstexplanationisthat

inthewild,theremaynotbeanyotherhelp.Accordingtothe“bystandereffecf,,themorepeoplewhoareinthe

presenceofsomeoneneedinghelp,thelesslikelyanyofthosepeoplearetoactuallyprovideit.

Butanotherideaisthatthereissomethingaboutnatureitselfthatseemstopromote"prosocial“attitudes.As

arecentstudysuggests,exposuretonaturecanpromotefeelingsoftranscendence-asenseofconnectiontoother

people,totheworldaroundusandtotheuniverse.

Whenwetakeadventureintothewild,weareeasytogethurt.Andthatmakesuslookattheworld

differently.So,inthewild,whereweloseournormalpossessions,surroundingsandidentities,weseemmore

willingtogotheextramileforsomeone.Ifsinnaturethatwecanlearnnewthingsabouthumanity.

9.WhatcanweknowaboutTomasQuinones?tripin2019?

A.Hepassedonthekindnesshe'dreceived.B.Hewassavedbyafellowtraveler.

C.HegottostforsometimeinthedesertD.Hecameacrossunexpecteddangers.

10.WhydoestheauthorwriteaboutTomasQuinones?story?

A.Tosuggesttheunstoppablepowerofnature.B.Tohighlighttherisksoftravelingalone.

C.Tointroduceacommonphenomenon.D.Toquestionconnectionsbetweenpeople.

11.Whatmighthappenifmanypeoplewerepresentwhensomebodyneededhelp,accordingtothe"bystander

effect”？

A.Theymightofferhelpimmediately.B.Theymightbeunwillingtohelp.

C.Theymightencourageotherstohelp.D.Theymightblamethepersoninneed.

12.Whyarewemorelikelytohelpstrangerswheninthewild,accordingtothetext?

A.Exposuretonatureboostsourconfidence.

B.Wearemoreclear-headedinnaturalenvironments.

C.Fearpromotesourdesireforconnectionwithnature.

D.Feelingsmallinthewildmakesustendtoactbig.

【答案】9.A10.C11.B12.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了TomasQuinones進(jìn)行了一次為期七天的“騎自行車”旅行。在旅

行中，他遇到了一些困難，同時(shí)也收到了一些人的幫助。在他旅行的最后一天，他遇到了一個(gè)昏迷的人，

幫助他叫了救護(hù)車。一項(xiàng)研究表明，在野外，人們更愿意為一些人付出更多的努力，去幫助他們。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"Quinones,who?dreceivedsomegesturesofhelpoverthecourseofhistrip,paidit

forward.（Quinones在旅途中得到了一些幫助，他把這些幫助傳遞了出去。）”可知，TomasQuinones把他所

受到的好意轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)給別人。故選A。

10.推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“Quinones,who，dreceivedsomegesturesofhelpoverthecourseof

histrip,paiditforward.（奎諾內(nèi)斯在旅途中得到了一些幫助，他把這些幫助傳遞了出去。）”和倒數(shù)第二段“As

arecentstudysuggests,exposuretonaturecanpromotefeelingsoftranscendence-asenseofconnectiontoother

people,totheworldaroundusandtotheuniverse.（最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明，接觸大自然可以促進(jìn)超然感一

種與他人、與我們周圍的世界以及與宇宙的聯(lián)系感。）“可知，本文主要講述了TomasQuinones進(jìn)行了一次

為期七天的“騎自行車”旅行。在旅行中，他遇到了一些困難，同時(shí)也收到了一些人的幫助。在他旅行的最

后一天，他遇到了一個(gè)昏迷的人，幫助他叫了救護(hù)車。一項(xiàng)研究表明，在野外，人們更愿意為一些人付出

更多的努力，去幫助他們，因此本文的目的是介紹一種普遍現(xiàn)象。故選C。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Accordingtothe“bystandereffect”,themorepeoplewhoareinthepresence

ofsomeoneneedinghelp,thelesslikelyanyofthosepeoplearetoactuallyprovideit.（根據(jù)“旁觀者效應(yīng)“，需要

幫助的人越多，這些人提供幫助的可能性就越小。）”可知，根據(jù)“旁觀者效應(yīng)”，如果有人需要幫助時(shí)很多

人都在場(chǎng)，他們可能不愿意幫忙。故選B。

12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"So,inthewild,whereweloseournormalpossessions,surroundingsand

identities,weseemmorewillingtogotheextramileforsomeone.Ifsinnaturethatwecanlearnnewthings

abouthumanity.（因此，在野外，我們失去了正常的財(cái)產(chǎn)、環(huán)境和身份，我們似乎更愿意為某人付出額外的

努力。在大自然中，我們可以學(xué)到關(guān)于人性的新東西。）”可知，我們?cè)谝巴飧锌赡軒椭吧耸且驗(yàn)樵?/p>

野外感到渺小會(huì)讓我們傾向于表現(xiàn)得更大。故選D。

4.（2023?江蘇?高三無錫市第一中學(xué)校考）

Zoologistsstudiedthenervoussystemsofinsectstoinvestigateprinciplesofbiologicalbraincomputation

andpossibleeffectsonmachinelearningandartificialintelligence.Specifically,theyanalysedhowinsectslearn

toassociatesensoryinformationintheirenvironmentwithafoodreward,andhowtheycanrecallthisinformation

laterinordertosolvecomplextaskssuchasthesearchforfood.

Livingorganismsshowremarkableabilitiesincopingwithproblemsposedbycomplexanddynamic

environments.Theyareabletogeneralizetheirexperiencesinordertorapidlyadapttheirbehaviourwhenthe

environmentchanges.Thezoologistsinvestigatedhowthenervoussystemofthefruitflycontrolsitsbehaviour

whensearchingforfood.

Usingacomputermodel,theysimulatedandanalysedthecomputationsinthefruitfly'snervoussystemin

responsetoscents（氣味）comingfromthefoodsource.Theyinitiallytrainedtheirmodeloftheflybrainin

exactlythesamewayasinsectsaretrainedinexperiments.Theypresentedaspecificscentinthesimulation

togetherwitharewardandasecondscentwithoutareward.

“Themodelrapidlyleamsastrongrepresentationoftherewardedscentafterjustafewscentpresentations

andisthenabletofindthesourceofthisscentinacomplexenvironment,saidcomputerscientistDrHannes

Rapp,whocreatedthemodel.

Themodelcreatedisthuscapabletogeneralizefromitsmemoryandtoapplywhatithaslearnedpreviously

inacompletelynewandcomplexenvironment,whilelearningrequiredonlyaverysmalldatabaseoftraining

samples.

Theresultssuggestthatthetransformationofsensoryinformationintomemoriesinthebraincaninspire

futuremachinelearningandartificialintelligenceapplicationstosolvingcomplextasks.

13.Whatistheultimateaimoftheresearch?

A.Toinvestigateprinciplesofbiologicalbraincomputation.

B.Tosolveproblemsinsimulatedcomplexenvironments.

C.Toanalysehowinsectssearchforfoodincomplexenvironment.

D.TopromotemachinelearningandAIapplications.

14.Howdidzoologistsmainlycarryouttheirresearch?

A.Byobservingfruitflies.B.Byperforminglabexperiments.

C.Byusingacomputermodel.D.Bycarryingoutfieldresearch.

15.Whatismainlydiscussedaboutthestudyinparagraphs3-5?

A.Itsfindings.B.Itsprocess.C.Itsimportance.D.Itsapplication.

16.Whatdoestheresultofthisstudyimply?

A.Artificialintelligenceisappliedtothestudyofinsectbrain.

B.Foodrewardisconnectedwithinformationtransformation.

C.Sensoryinformationcanbeappliedtosolvingcomplextasks.

D.StudyinglivingorganismscanmakeadifferencetoAIresearch.

【答案】13.D14.C15.B16.C

【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹動(dòng)物學(xué)家通過研究證明感官信息可以促進(jìn)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能在

解決復(fù)雜問題中的作用。

13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的"Zoologistsstudiedthenervoussystemsofinsectstoinvestigateprinciplesof

biologicalbraincomputationandpossibleeffectsonmachinelearningandartificialintelligence.（動(dòng)物學(xué)家研究

昆蟲的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，其目的是研究生物大腦計(jì)算的原理，以及對(duì)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能可能產(chǎn)生的影響）''和

最后一段的“Theresultssuggestthatthetransformationofsensoryinformationintomemoriesinthebraincan

inspirefuturemachinelearningandartificialintelligenceapplicationstosolvingcomplextasks.（研究結(jié)果表明，

將感官信息轉(zhuǎn)化為大腦中的記憶可以激發(fā)未來機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能在解決復(fù)雜任務(wù)中的應(yīng)用）”推知，該

研究的最終目的是促進(jìn)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能的應(yīng)用。故選D。

14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的"Usingacomputermodel,theysimulatedandanalysedthecomputationsinthe

fruitfly'snervoussysteminresponsetoscents（氣味）comingfromthefoodsource.（利用一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)模型，他

們模擬并分析了果蠅神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)來自食物來源的氣味的反應(yīng)）”可知，動(dòng)物學(xué)家通過使用一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)模型

來進(jìn)行研究。故選C。

15.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段的“Theyinitiallytrainedtheirmodeloftheflybraininexactlythesamewayas

insectsaretrainedinexperiments.Theypresentedaspecificscentinthesimulationtogetherwitharewardanda

secondscentwithoutareward.（他們最初訓(xùn)練果蠅大腦模型的方式與在實(shí)驗(yàn)中訓(xùn)練昆蟲的方式完全相同。他

們?cè)谀M實(shí)驗(yàn)中展示了一種特定的氣味和一種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，以及一種沒有獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的氣味）”，第四段的“Themodel

rapidlylearnsastrongrepresentationoftherewardedscentafterjustafewscentpresentationsandisthenableto

findthesourceofthisscentinacomplexenvironment（這個(gè)模型只需展示幾次氣味，就能迅速學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)受獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

氣味的強(qiáng)烈表達(dá)，然后就能在復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中找到這種氣味的來源）”和第五段的“Themodelcreatedisthus

capabletogeneralizefromitsmemoryandtoapplywhatithaslearnedpreviouslyinacompletelynewand

complexenvironment（因此，所創(chuàng)建的模型能夠從其記憶中進(jìn)行概括，并在一個(gè)全新復(fù)雜的環(huán)境中應(yīng)用之

前所學(xué)到的知識(shí)）”可知，3-5段主要介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程，包括實(shí)驗(yàn)初、實(shí)驗(yàn)中和實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的結(jié)果。故選B。

16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Theresultssuggestthatthetransformationofsensoryinformationinto

memoriesinthebraincaninspirefuturemachinelearningandartificialintelligenceapplicationstosolving

complextasks.（研究結(jié)果表明，將感官信息轉(zhuǎn)化為大腦中的記憶可以激發(fā)未來機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能在解決

復(fù)雜任務(wù)中的應(yīng)用）”推知，感官信息可以用來解決復(fù)雜的任務(wù)。故選C。

5.（2024上?江蘇?高三徐州市第七中學(xué)階段練習(xí)）

Intheanimalkingdom,mimics（模仿）arenotrare.Stickinsectspretendtobetwigs.Hawkmothcaterpillars

resemblepoisonoussnakes.Theexamples,though,arevisual.Auditorymimicryisrarer.DaniloRussoofthe

UniversityofNaplesFedericoIIthinkshehasfoundanovelcaseofit,ashedescribesinCurrentBiology.Some

bats,hebelieves,mimicangrybeesinordertoscareawayowlsthatmightotherwiseeatthem.

Dr.Russofirstnoticedbatbuzzingafewyearsago.Thenoisestruckhimassimilartothesoundofsome

bees.Hewonderedwhetherbatbuzzingwasaformofmimicrywhichhelpedtoscareoffwould-bepredators.

Totestthisidea,heandhiscolleaguesfirstrecordedthebuzzingthatcapturedbatsmade.Then,with

protectiveclothing,theybeganthemoredangeroustaskofrecordingthebuzzingmadebydifferentbees.

Computeranalysisrevealedthatbees'andbats,buzzingwere,indeed,similar.

Thentheresearchersrecruitedseveralowls.Theyputtheowls,oneatatime,inanenclosurewithbranches

forthemtostayon,andtwoboxeswithholesinthem.Theyplacedaloudspeakeralongsideoneoftheboxesand,

afterthebirdshadsettledin,broadcastthroughitfivesecondsofuninterruptedbatbuzzingandasimilaramount

ofinsectbuzzingthreetimesinarowforeachnoise.Asacontrol,theybroadcastinlikemannerseveral

non-buzzingsoundsmadebybats.

Duringthebroadcastsandforfiveminutesthereafter,theyvideoedtheowls.Afteranalysis,theresultswere

unequivocal.Whentheyheardboththebatbuzzingandthebeebuzzing,theowlsmovedasfarfromthespeakers

astheycould.Incontrast,whenthenon-buzzingbatsoundswereplayed,theycreptcloser.

Dr.Russobelievesthisisthefirstreportedcaseofamammalusingauditorymimicrytoscareawaya

predator.Theystronglysuspect,however,thatitisnotunique.Anecdotessuggestseveralbirdsalsomakebuzzing

noiseswhentheirnestsaredisturbed.Andwiththeresultoftheexperiment,hethereforepredictsthatauditory

mimicryisfarmorewidespreadthancurrentlyrealized.

17.WhatwasDr.Russo9sassumptionofthestudy?

A.Onlysomebatshavethecapacityofauditorymimicry.

B.Thebuzzingofbatsissimilartothesoundofsomebees.

C.Auditorymimicryisrathercommonintheanimalkingdom.

D.Batsimitatethevoiceofangrybeestofrightenawayenemies.

18.HowdidDr.Russotesthisidea?

A.Bycollectingcomputerdata.

B.Byconsultingexpertsinthisfield.

C.Byreferringtootherscholars5analysis.

D.Byconductingseriesofscientificexperiments.

19.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“unequivocal“inparagraph5possiblymean?

A.Disappointing.B.Controversial.C.Definite.D.Uncertain.

20.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.AnimalMimicry:Buzzoff

B.Bats:NoMoreVictimtoOwls

C.ASelf-protectionBehavioramongAnimals

D.ANewTricktoScareAwayOwls

【答案】17.D18.D19.C20.A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些動(dòng)物會(huì)模仿其他動(dòng)物的聲音，嚇跑潛在的

敵人。

17.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Dr.Russofirstnoticedbatbuzzingafewyearsago.Thenoisestruckhimassimilar

tothesoundofsomebees.Hewonderedwhetherbatbuzzingwasaformofmimicrywhichhelpedtoscareoff

would-bepredators.（Russo博士幾年前第一次注意到蝙蝠的嗡嗡聲。他聽到的聲音好像是蜜蜂的叫聲。他

想知道蝙蝠的嗡嗡聲是否是一種模仿形式，有助于嚇跑潛在的捕食者。）”可知，Russo博士對(duì)這項(xiàng)研究的

假設(shè)是蝙蝠模仿憤怒的蜜蜂的聲音來嚇跑敵人。故選D項(xiàng)。

18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段"Totestthisidea,heandhiscolleaguesfirstrecordedthebuzzingthatcapturedbats

made.Then,withprotectiveclothing,theybeganthemoredangeroustaskofrecordingthebuzzingmadeby

differentbees.Computeranalysisrevealedthatbees'andbats'buzzingwere,indeed,similar.（為了驗(yàn)證這個(gè)想法，

他和他的同事首先記錄了捕獲蝙蝠時(shí)發(fā)出的嗡嗡聲。然后，穿上防護(hù)服，他們開始了更危險(xiǎn)的任務(wù)：記

錄不同蜜蜂發(fā)出的嗡嗡聲。計(jì)算機(jī)分析顯示，蜜蜂和蝙蝠的嗡嗡聲確實(shí)相似。）”以及第四段和第五段內(nèi)容

可知，Russo是通過進(jìn)行一系列的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證他的想法的。故選D項(xiàng)。

19.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第五段中劃線詞句后文“Whentheyheardboththebatbuzzingandthebeebuzzing,the

owlsmovedasfarfromthespeakersastheycould.Incontrast,whenthenon-buzzingbatsoundswereplayed,

theycreptcloser.（當(dāng)他們同時(shí)聽到蝙蝠和蜜蜂的嗡嗡聲時(shí)，貓頭鷹們盡可能地遠(yuǎn)離揚(yáng)聲器。相比之下，當(dāng)播

放沒有嗡嗡聲的蝙蝠聲時(shí)，它們會(huì)慢慢靠近。）”等內(nèi)容可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果肯定了Russo的假設(shè)。從而推知

劃線詞句“Afteranalysis,theresultswereunequivocal.（經(jīng)過分析，結(jié)果是unequivocalo）”其中劃線詞匯意思

是“肯定的”。故選C項(xiàng)。

20.主旨大意題。通讀全文,根據(jù)第一段中"Somebats,hebelieves,mimicangrybeesinordertoscareawayowls

thatmightotherwiseeatthem.（他認(rèn)為，有些蝙蝠會(huì)模仿憤怒的蜜蜂，以嚇跑可能會(huì)吃掉它們的貓頭鷹。）”

以及最后一段中“Andwiththeresultoftheexperiment,hethereforepredictsthatauditorymimicryisfarmore

widespreadthancurrentlyrealized.（根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，他因此預(yù)測(cè)聽覺模仿比目前認(rèn)識(shí)到的要廣泛得多。）”可

知，本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些動(dòng)物會(huì)模仿其他動(dòng)物的聲音，嚇跑潛在的敵人。A項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物

模仿：（敵人）滾開”符合主題，故選A項(xiàng)。

6.（2023?福建廈門?高三廈門一中?？茧A段練習(xí)）

Beesareimportanttoagriculture.Butusefulastheyare,beesdonotreceivethesamecareandconcernover

theiremotionalwell-beingasotheragriculturalanimals.

EcologistBuchmann'srecentbook,whichcollectstheworkofbeescholarsastheyworktoexplainwhat

goesonintheirbrains,suggestsbeescanlearn,thinkandevenlikelyfeel,muchlikeanimals.Buchmann'swork

alsosuggestsbeesshouldholdaspecialplaceinourethicalscheme（道德體系）.ForBuchmannandsomeother

scientists,whattheyhavelearnedaboutbeeschangestheirresearchstrategiestobemoreethical,onparwith（相

當(dāng)于）thestandardssetforanimalssuchasmiceandmonkeys.

Experiments,theoutcomesofwhichareaddressedinthebook,illustratethesecretlifeofbees.LarsChittka,

aUniversityCollegeofLondonprofessor,didanexperiment16yearsagowherehehidaroboticspiderinflowers.

Thespiderwouldgrabacarelessbeethatcametoocloseandthenreleaseitaftergivingitascare.Chittka

observedhowthereleasedbeeslearnedtolookforthespiderandtoavoidit.Somewouldbetooscaredto

approachevenunoccupiedflowers.

Otherstudiesprovedthatbeebrainssawrushesinchemicalsthatcouldbringhappinesswhentheywere

presentedwithsucrose（sugar）.Thesehappybeesthenfoundmorefoodthantheirunrewardedbees.Bycontrast,

stressfrompoorhandlingloweredthelevelsofthesehappychemicals.

“Manyofmycolleaguesdoexperimentswherebeeshavesomedevicesplacedintovariousbodyparts

withoutconsideringtheirfeelings,9,Chittkasays."Thecurrentcarefreesituationthatresearchersliveinwithno

legalframeworkneedstobere-evaluated.^^Therearefewlawsregardingbeewelfare.Buchmannthinksthe

“unhappiness“ofbeesmightbeacontributingfactortothedecreasingnumbersofbees.

Beesarecriticaltofeedingtheworldandtoplantsurvival.Butthebeesneedcaretoo.Thefirststepin

safeguardingthepreciousbeesistolearnmoreaboutthemandtheirlives."'Theseuniqueminds,regardlessof

howmuchtheymaydifferfromours,haveasmuchjustificationtoexistaswedo,“saysChittka.

21.WhatcanwelearnaboutBuchmann5snewbook?

A.Itfocusesontheethicalscheme.B.Itrecordssomeresearchonbees.

C.Itteachespeoplehowtoprotectbees.D.Itintroducessomefamousscientists.

22.WhichstatementcanbeusedtodescribethebeesinChittka'sexperiment?

A.Oncebitten,twiceshy.B.Practicemakesperfect.

C.Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.D.Killtwobirdswithonestone.

23.Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthestudies?

A.Beesarewell-received.B.Beesareprecious.

C.Beescanhaveemotions.D.