03.2023年6月六級(jí)真題第三套

2023年6月大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試真題(三)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Itiswidelyacceptedthatanimportantgoalofeducationistohelpstudentslearnhowtolearn.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wardsbutnomorethan200words.PartⅡListeningComprehension(30minutes)說明：由于2023年6月六級(jí)考試全國共考了2套聽力，本套真題聽力與前2套內(nèi)容完全一樣，只是順序不一樣，因此在本套真題中不再重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicergiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmayrotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Youmightnotknowyourselfaswellasyouthink.Accordingtoanewstudy,peopleare26accuratejudgesofonlysomeoftheirbehaviors.Whilemostpreviousstudiesonhowwellpeopleknowthemselveshavebeendoneonlong-termpersonalitytraits,thisnewstudy27howwellpeopleunderstandhowtheyareactingfromonemomenttothenext.Researchersaskedparticipantstowearaudiorecordersthatautomatically28every9.5minutesbetween7a.m.and2a.m.torecord30secondsofaudio.Theseparticipantswerethenemailedsurveysfourtimesadayaskingthemto29howoutgoing,agreeable,orconscientioustheywereduringaparticularhouroftheday.Thestudyuseddatafrom248participants,allofwhomansweredquestionsabouttheirbehaviorfortwo30weeksandworetheaudiodeviceforoneofthoseweeks.Sixlaboratoryassistantsratedeachparticipant’saudioclipstoseehowtheirobservationscomparedwithpeople’s31ofthemselves.Thesixassistantsweregenerallyinagreementwithoneanotherabouthowthepeopletheywereobservingacted.Further,participants’ratingsoftheirownbehaviorsagreedwithobservers’forhowoutgoingandhowconscientioustheywerebeing.Buttheagreementbetweenparticipantsandoutsideobserverswasmuchsmallerforagreeableness.Someofthis32couldbebecausetheobserversusedonlyaudioclips,andthuscouldnotread33likebodylanguage,butthereare34otherexplanations,aspeopleshouldbeabletohearwhenaparticipantisbeingkindversusbeingrude.Theweakagreementbetweenhowparticipantsthoughttheywereactingandwhatobserversheardcouldbebecausepeoplewouldrather35rudebehavior.A)activatedD)probesB)articulatesJ)randomC)assessmentK)recallD)consecutiveL)relativelyE)cuesM)saturatedF)denyN)symptomsG)discrepancyH)probablyO)terminateSectionBDirections：Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphsmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhyweneedtinycollegesA)We’reexperiencingtherebirthofsmallness.Farmersmarkets,tinyhomes,andbrewpubsallexemplifyourloveofsmallness.Sodocharterschools,coffeeshops,andlocalbookstores.Smallisoften(butnotalways)moreaffordable,healthier,andsustainable,butitsfinestcharacteristic,theonethatturnscharmintolove,isthatgoingsmallallowsustobemorefullywhoweare.B)Inhighereducationthetrendismostlyintheoppositedirection:Universitieswith20,000or30,000studentsareconsidered“mid-sized”.Thenation’slargestuniversity,ArizonaStateUniversity,has80,000studentsoncampusandaimstoenrollanother100,000studentsonline.Attheotherendofthespectrumisahandfulofcollegesthathavefewerthanahundredstudentsoncampusandnoonlinecourses:collegessuchasSterlingCollege,ThomasMoreCollegeofLiberalArts,andDeepSpringsCollege.Thesecollegesaresosmallthattheycanonlybecalled“tiny”.C)Tinycollegesfocusnotjustonayoungperson’sintellect,butontheyoungpersonasawhole.Equallyimportant,tinycollegesask,“Howcaneducationcontributetohumanflourishingandthewell-beingoftheworld?”Andtheyshapeacollegeexperiencetoaddressthatquestion.Theyreplaceconcernsaboutinstitutionalgrowthwithattentiontothegrowthofstudentsasfullydevelopedparticipantsintheircommunities.D)I’vehadtheprivilegeofteachingatthreedifferentinstitutionsofhigherlearningduringmycareer-asmallliberalartscollegeandtwomid-sizedpublicuniversities.I’vealsobeenprofoundlydisappointedineachoftheseinstitutions,andinmanyofmycolleagues,especiallywhenitcomestohelpingstudentsandpreparingthemforthemanyresponsibilitiesofadulthood.Administratorsfocusonthebusinessofrunningauniversity.,andmostfacultyfocusontheirscholarshipandteachingtheirdiscipline.Littledeliberateattentionisgiventohowstudentsmatureasindividualsandsocialbeings.E)Havingjustretiredfromteachingatapublicuniversity,I’mnowreturningtomyhometownofFlagstaff,Arizona,toestablishatinycollege-FlagstaffCollege.I’mconvincedthere’saneedforanothertypeofeducation,onedevotedtohelpingstudentscomeintotheirownandintothisbeautifulandtroubledworld.Youngpeopleneedaneducationthatwillprovidethemwithmeaning,hope,courage,andpassion,aswellasinformationandskills.Largeinstitutions,Ibelieve,areparticularlyill-suitedtothistypeofeducation.F)There’sno“bestof”listwhenitcomestotinycolleges,atleastnotyet.Butaroundthecountrypeoplearecreatingnewcollegesthatprovideanalternativetosmallliberalartscolleges,largepublicuniversities,andonlineeducation.G)Withonly26students,DeepSpringsisthesmallestcollegeinthecountryand,quitelikely,themostatypical(非典型的).LocatedonaworkingcattleranchontheCalifornia-Nevadaborder,DeepSpringsisaprivate,residential,two-yearcollegeformen,committedtoeducatingstudentsfor“alifeofservicetohumanity.”Foundedbytheelectricitytycoon(大亨)L.L.Nunnin1917,DeepSprings’“curriculum”revolvesaroundacademics,labor,andself-governance.Inadditiontotheircourses,studentsarechargedwithrunningthe155-acreranchandoverseeingthefunctioningofthecollege.Studentschairboththeadmissionsandthecurriculumcommittees.H)“Livinginclosecommunitywithone'steachersandfellowstudents,andbeingforcedtotakeonadultresponsibilities,makesforone’sgrowthasaperson,”saysWilliamHunt,whograduatedlastyear.“Toexistforverylonginacommunitylikethat,youhavetogetoverthequestionofwhetheryou'resufficientlytalentedorprincipledandgetstartedworryingabouthowyoucanstretchyourselfandyourpeers,howmuchyoucanmanagetolearnwiththem.”I)SterlingCollege,inCraftsburyCommon,Vermont,isalsoverysmall-fewerthan100students.UnlikeDeepSprings,Sterlingfocusesitscurriculumonenvironmentalandsocialjusticeissues,butlikeDeepSpringsitplacesahighvalueonpersonalresponsibilityandmanuallabor.Accordingtoitscatalog,acollegeeducationatSterlingcombines“rigorousacademics,roll-up-your-sleeveschallenges,andgoodoldhardwork.”J)Theaveragetuitionatasmallliberal-artscollegeis$30,000toS40,000ayear,notincludingthecostoflivingoncampus,ascomparedto$8,000to$10,000ayearfortuitionaloneatapublicuniversity.Ofthetinycolleges,onlyDeepSpringsdoesn’tchargetuitionorroomandboardsstudentspayonlyforbooksandthecostoftravelingtoandfromcollege.Iftinyschoolsaretobecomeaplayeronthehighereducationscene,theywillneedtofindawaytobetrulyaffordable.K)Doingsomaynotbethatdifficultsolongastheydonotpatternthemselvestoocloselyonexistingnorms.We’vecometobelievethatagoodcollegeshouldhavemanyacademicprogramsandexcellentfacilities,posh(豪華的)dorms,anarrayofathleticprograms,andaworld-classstudentactivitycenter.Imagineagoodcollegewithoutaclimbingwall!Wealsohaveacceptedtheideathatcollegepresidents,andtheirmanyvice-presidents,shouldbepaidliketheircounterpartsinthebusinessworldandthathighereducationrequiresanelaborate,up-to-datetechnologyinfrastructure.Allofthisdrivesupthecostofeducation.L)The“trick”tomakingtinycollegesaffordable,ifthat'stherightword,issimplicity.Atitscore,educationisahuman-to-humaninteraction.Reflectingonhisowncollegeeducation,PresidentGarfieldoncecommentedthatanidealcollegewouldconsistofnothingmorethanthelegendaryteacherMarkHopkinsononeendofalogandastudentontheother.Theeconomicsofatinycollege,inotherwords,mightbesimilartothatofatinyhouse.Becauseitissmall,atinyhousecostslesstobuildandlesstofurnish,insure,andmaintain.Buttheeconomicbenefitsofasmallhousedon’tendthere.Tinyhomesdiscouragehomeownersfrombuyingstuffthattheyreallydon'tneed,becausethere’snoplacetoputit.M)I’malateconverttotheideaoftinycolleges,andIfullyunderstandtheneedformanydiversetypesofeducationalinstitutions.Academicresearchandjobtrainingareimportant,buttinycollegesaren’tsuitedforeither.Theeducationalneedsofacomplexsocietyarethemselvescomplex,andnosinglemodelcanmeetalloftheseneeds.ButI’mnowconvincedthere’saneducationalneedthat’snowgoingalmostcompletelyunmet:namely,theneedtohelpyoungpeopletransitionintoadulthood.Tinycollegescandothisbetterthananyothertypeofeducationalinstitution.N)Theultimatejustificationforatinycollegeistheconvictionthateachofuscomesintoourfullhumanitybycloseinteractionwiththosewhoknowandcareforus,andthatoneofthebasicpurposesofhighereducationissocial.Althoughwegivelipservicetotheideathatacollegeeducationwillmakeusbetterpeople,whenall’ssaidanddone,wethinkofhighereducationprimarilyineconomicterms.We’vecometothinkofhighereducationasameanstomakealivingratherthanmakealife.We’vealsocometoseehighereducationasaprivategoodratherthanapublicone.Tinycollegesarenottheanswertoallofoureducationalrequirements,butthey'reananswertooneofourmostbasiceducationalnecessities;theneedtoproducethoughtful,engaged,andcompassionatehumanbeings.36.OnetinyAmericancollegesituatedonacattlefarmisdevotedtoeducatingstudentstoservemankindthroughouttheirlives.37.Muchtotheauthor'sdisappointment,thethreeinstitutionsofhigherlearningwhereshetaughtlargelyignorestudents’growthassocialbeings.38.Tinycollegesmustbemadeaffordableinordertoplayaroleinhighereducation.39.Accordingtoarecentgraduatefromatinycollege,livingtogetherwithfacultyandfellowstudentsisconducivetoastudent'sgrowthasaperson.40.Ratherthangoingsmall,mostAmericanuniversitiesaretryingtogobig.41.Inacertaintinycollege,rigorousacademicworkandtraditionalmanuallaborareintegrated.42.Tinycollegesfocusoneducatingstudentstobecomewell-roundedcitizensinsteadofseekingtheirownexpansion.43.Theessenceofeducationliesintheinteractionbetweenpeople.44.Afterherretirement,theauthorhasdecidedtosetupatinycollegeinherhometown.45.Tinycollegesarejustifiedasitisbelievedthatourgrowthintofullhumanitycomesthroughinteractionwithpeoplenearanddeartous.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyou’resomeonewhohasturnedtosnackingonjunkfoodmoreinthepandemic (大流行病),you'renotalone.InvestigativereporterMichaelMosssaysprocessedfoodisengineeredtohookyou,notunlikealcohol,cigarettes，orotherharmfulsubstances.His2013book,SaltSugarFat,exploredfoodcompanies’aggressivemarketingofthoseproductsandtheirimpactonourhealth.Inhisnewbook,Hooked,Mossupdatesthefoodgiants’effortstokeepuseatingwhattheyserve,andhowthey’rerespondingtocomplaintsfromconsumersandhealthadvocates.Processedfoodisinexpensive,it’slegal,andit’severywhere.Companies’advertisingiscueingustorememberthoseproductsandwewantthoseproductsconstantly.Sothefoodenvironmentisoneofthosekeythingsthatmakesfoodevenmoreproblematicforsomanypeople.Memory,nostalgia(懷舊)inparticularplaysabigroleinthefoodswecrave.Sodacompaniesdiscoveredthatiftheyputasodainthehandsofachildwhenthey'reataballgamewiththeirparents,thatsodawillforeverbeassociatedwiththatjoyousmoment.Laterinlife,whenthatchildwantstoexperienceajoyousmoment,they’regoingtothinkofsoda.Manypeopleseekcomfortinthesnackstheyrememberfromchildhood.Mossexaminesthewaycompaniescapitalizeonourmemories,cravingsandbrainchemistrytokeepussnacking.OneofthereasonsIcametothinkthatsomeofthesefoodproductsareevenmorepowerful,moretroublesomethandrugscanbeismemory.Whatweeatisallaboutmemory.Andwebeginformingmemoriesforfoodatareallyearlyage.Andwekeepthosememoriesforalifetime.Knowingthis,thefoodindustryspendslotsoftimetryingtoshapethememoriesthatwehavefortheirproducts.Oneofthefeaturesofaddictionthatscientistsstudyingdrugaddictiondiscoveredbackinthe1990swasthatthefasterasubstancehitsthebrain,themoreaptweareasaresulttoactimpulsively.There’snothingfasterthanfoodinitsabilitytohitthebrain.ForMoss,thisputsthenotionof“fastfood”inanentirelynewlightasthisisn'tlimitedtofastfoodchains-almost90%offoodproductsingrocerystoresareprocessedfoods.Everythingintheindustryisaboutspeed,frommanufacturingtopackaging.Overall,Mossoutlinestheindustry’sdependenceonmakingtheirproductsinexpensive,superdelicious,andincrediblyconvenientforconsumers.NowthatmoreandmorepeoplecareaboutwhattheyputintheirbodiesEndarewantingtoeathealthier,thesecompaniesarefindingitreallydifficulttomeetthatnewdemandbecauseoftheirownaddictiontomakingtheseconveniencefoods.46.InwhatwaydoesMichaelMossthinkprocessedfoodiscomparabletoalcoholandcigarettes?A)Theyarealladdictive.B)Theyareallnecessaryevils.C)Theyareallengineeredtobeenjoyed.D)Theyareallinincreasinglygreatdemand.47.Whatdoestheauthorsayplaysakeyroleinthefoodswecrave?A)Thefoodenvironment.B)Aggressivemarketing.C)Convenience.D)Memory.48.Whatdofoodcompaniesdotocapitalizeonconsumers'associationwiththeirfoodproducts?A)Theystrivetoinfluencehowconsumersremembertheirproducts.B)Theyattempttouseconsumers’long-termmemoriestopromoteaddiction.C)Theytrytoexploitconsumers’memoriesfortheirproductsasearlyaspossible.D)Theyendeavortofindwhatconsumersrememberabouttheirproducts.49.Howdoesthefoodindustryoperatefrommanufacturingtopackaging,accordingtoMoss?A)Placingtheideaoffastfoodinanentirelynewlight.E)Settingnolimittothenumberoffastfoodchains.C)Focusingonhowquicklytheworkisdone.D)Prioritizingthequalityoftheirproducts.50.Whyarecompaniesfindingitdifficulttosatisfyconsumers’demandforhealthierfoodproducts?A)Theythinkspeedofproductionoutweighsconsumers’health.B)Theybelievetheirindustrywouldperishwithoutfastfoods.C)Theyhavetostrikeabalancebetweentasteandnutrition.D)Theyarehookedonmanufacturingconveniencefoods.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Chimpanzees(黑猩猩),humanbeings'closestanimalrelatives,shareupto98%ofourgenes.Yethumansandchimpanzeesleadverydifferentlives.Fewerthan300,000wildchimpanzeesliveinafewforestedcornersofAfricatoday,whilehumanshavecolonizedeverycorneroftheglobe.Atmorethan7billion,humanpopulationdwarfsthatofnearlyallothermammals-despiteourphysicalweaknesses.Whatcouldaccountforourspecies’incredibleevolutionarysuccesses？Oneobviousanswerisourbigbrains.Itcouldbethatourrawintelligencegaveusanunprecedentedabilitytothinkoutsidethebox,innovatingsolutionstothornyproblemsaspeoplemigratedacrosstheglobe.Butagrowingnumberofcognitivescientistsandanthropologists(人類學(xué)家)arerejectingthatexplanation.Theythinkthat,ratherthanmakingourlivingasinnovators,wesurviveandthrivepreciselybecausewedon'tthinkforourselves.Instead,peoplecopewithchallengingclimatesandecologicalcontextsbycarefullycopyingothers.Inafamousstudy,psychologistsVictoriaHornerandAndrewWhitenshowedtwogroupsoftestsubjectschildrenandchimpanzees-amechanicalboxwithatreatinside.Inonecondition,theboxwasopaque,whileintheotheritwastransparent.Theexperimentersdemonstratedhowtoopentheboxtoretrievethetreat,buttheyalsoincludedtheirrelevantstepoftappingontheboxwithastick.Oddly,thechildrencarefullycopiedallthestepstoopentheboxevenwhentheycouldseethatthestickhadnopracticaleffect.Thatis,theycopiedirrationally:Insteadofdoingonlywhatwasnecessarytogettheirreward,childrenslavishlyimitatedeveryactionthey’dwitnessed.Ofcourse,thatstudyonlyincludedthree-andfour-year-olds.Butadditionalresearchhasshownthatolderchildrenandadultsareevenmorelikelytomindlesslycopyothers’actions,andinfantsarelesslikelytoover-imitate-thatis,topreciselycopyevenimpracticalactions.Bycontrast,chimpanzeesinthestudyonlyover-imitatedintheopaquecondition.Inthetransparentconditionwheretheysawthatthestickwasmechanicallyuseless-theyignoredthatstepentirely.Otherresearchhassincesupportedthesefindings.Whenitcomestocopying,chimpanzeesaremorerationalthanhumanchildrenoradults.Wheredoestheseeminglyirrationalhumanpreferenceforover-imitationcomefrom?AnthropologistJosephHenrichpointsoutthatpeoplearoundtheworldrelyontechnologiesthatareoftensocomplexthatnoonecanlearnthemrationally.Instead,peoplemustlearnthemstepbystep,trustinginthewisdomofmoreexperiencedeldersandpeers.Sothenexttimeyouhearsomeonearguingpassionatelythateveryoneshouldembracenonconformityandavoidimitatingothers