電信專業(yè)英語教學(xué)課件 電子信息工程專業(yè)英語講義

電子信息工程

專業(yè)英語

Unit1ElectronicDevices

Lesson1VLSITechnology

?Backgrounds

?Texttour

?Languageinuse

一Vocabulary

-Structure

-Reading/writingtechniques

Backgrounds

?Terminology

一Transistorvs.vacuumtube

一Conductivity&semiconductor

一Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI

?TimelineofElectronicTechnologyEvolution

?CompanyInformation

一BellLaboratories

-TexasInstruments

-IntelCoiporation

Terminology

Transistorvs.vacuumtube

Thevacuumtubeisanelectrontubefromwhichallormostofthegashasbeenremoved,

permittingelectronstomovewithnoorlowinteractionwithanyremaininggasmolecules.

真空管是一種內(nèi)部氣體全部或部分抽空的電子管，從而使電子在不受或少受氣體分子的干擾

下運(yùn)動。

?Atransistorisadevicethatconductsavariableamountofelectricitythroughit,

dependingonhowmuchelectricityisinputtoit.Inotherwords,itisadigitalswitch.

However,unlikethevacuumtube,itissolidstate.

?晶體管是一種依據(jù)輸入電量大小而傳導(dǎo)可變電量的器件。換言之，晶體管是一種數(shù)

字開關(guān)。然而，和真空管不同，晶體管是“固態(tài)”的。

?Solidstatemeansthatitdoesn'tchangeitsphysicalformasitswitches.Thereareno

movingpartsinatransistor.

?“固態(tài)”的意思是當(dāng)晶體管切換狀態(tài)時，它的物理形式不發(fā)生變化。晶體管中不存在

可以移動的部分。

?Comparedtothevacuumtube,transistorsweremuchsmaller,faster,andcheaperto

manufacture.Theywerealsofarmorereliableandusedmuchlesspower.

?和真空管相比，晶體管尺寸小得多，速度快得多，生產(chǎn)成本低得多，性能更加可靠，

功耗也少得多。

Conductivity&semiconductor

?Whilemostmaterialseitherinsulatefromelectricalflow(air,glass,wood)orconduct

electricityreadily(metals,water),therearesomethatonlyconductelectricityasmall

amount,oronlyundercertainconditions.Thesearecalledsemiconductors.

?大多數(shù)材料要么對電流絕緣(如空氣、玻璃、木頭)，要么很容易傳導(dǎo)電流(如金屬、

水溶液)，但也有一些材料只傳導(dǎo)少量電流，或者只在特定條件下傳導(dǎo)電流。這些材

料被稱作半導(dǎo)體。

,Themostcommonlyusedsemiconductorisofcoursesilicon.

?最常用的半導(dǎo)體材料當(dāng)然是硅了.

Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI

?Miniaturizationmeansthereductioninsizeofcomponentsandcircuitsforincreasing

packagedensityandreducingpowerdissipationandsignalpropagationdelays.

?微型化是指減少元件和電路的幾何尺寸，從而增加封裝密度、降低功耗、減少信號

傳播延遲。

?Theintegratedcircuitisagroupoftransistorsmanufacturedfromasinglepieceof

materialandconnectedtogetherinternally,withoutextrawiring.Integratedcircuitsare

alsocalledICsorchips.

?集成電路就是一組用單片材料制造的，內(nèi)部互聯(lián)的(無外部連線)晶體管。集成電

路也叫IC或者芯片。

?LSI：Large-scaleIntegration大規(guī)模集成(電路)

?Large-scaleintegration("LSI")cametorefertothecreationofintegratedcircuitsthathad

previouslybeenmadefrommultiplediscretecomponents.

?VLSI：VeryLarge-scaleIntegration超大規(guī)模集成(電路)

?VLSIcircuitscancontainmillionsoftransistors.

TimelineofElectronicTechnologyEvolution

?1900*s:TheVacuumTube.

?1905:FirstelectronicdiodevacuumtubeisbuiltbyEnglishphysicistJ.

AmbroseFleming,allowingthechangeofalternatingcurrentintoadirectone-way

signal.

?1906:FirstelectronictriodevacuumtubeisbuiltbyAmericanelectricalengineerLee

DeForest,allowingsignalstobecontrolledandamplified.Technologyofelectronicsis

born.

?Late19401s:TheTransistor.

?1947:Thepoint-contactbipolartransistorisinventedbyBellLab'sBardeen,

Shockley,andBrattain.

?1951:Junctionfield-effecttransistor(JFET)isinvented.

?1952:Single-crystalsiliconisfabricated.

?1954:Oxidemaskingprocessisdeveloped.

?Late1950s:KeyICdiscoveries.

?1958:FirstsiliconintegratedcircuitisbuiltbyTexas

Instrument'sJackKilby.

?1959:Planarprocesstodistributetransistorsonsilicon,withpassiveoxidelayersto

protectjunctions,isdevelopedbyFairchildSemiconductor'sNoyceandMoore.A

modernversionofthisprocessisusedtoday.

?1960's:SmallScaleIntegration(SSI),upto20gatesperchip.

?1960:Metal-Oxide-Silicon(MOS)transistorisinvented.

?1962:Transistor-transistorLogic(TTL)isdeveloped.

?1963:ComplementaryMetalOxideSilicon(CMOS)isinvented.

?Late1960's:MediumScaleIntegration(MSI),20-200gatesperchip.

?1968:MOSmemorycircuitsareintroduced.

?1970's:LargeScaleIntegration(LSI),200-5000gatesperchip.

?1970:8-bitMOScalculatorchipsareintroduced,7micrometerchip

geometries.

?1971:16-bitMicroprocessorsareintroduced.

?1980's:VeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),over5000gatesperchip.

?1981:VeryHighSpeedIntegration(VHSIC),tens'ofthousandsofgatesperchip,1.5

micrometerchipgeometries.

?1984:0.5micrometerchipgeometries.

Texttour

?Outline

-Transistorandvacuumtube(para.l,2)

-TransistorsandICs(para.3)

-SemiconductorsandICs(para.4,5)

一Miniaturization:fromLSItoVLSI(para.6,7,8,9)

Transistorandvacuumtube

?InventedbyBellLabin1948

?Adigitalswitch...

?Asolidstatedevice...

?Advantagesovervacuumtubeinsize,speed,priceandpowerconsumptionetc.,...

TransistorsandICs

?Originally,...

?Ukeotherdiscretedevices,...

?Inventionofintegratedcircuit...

?Integratedcircuitvs.discretecircuit

?Integratedcircuit=IC=chip

SemiconductorsandICs

?Semiconductors:aspecialmaterial

?Conductelectricity...

?Silicon:themostcommonlyusedsemiconductor

?TransistorscreatedonICs...

?FirstICinhistoryinventedbyTIin1959

21「Si15p

AluminumISiliconPhosphorus

2.7012331￡2

33

“GaGeAs

GalliumGermaniumArsenic

5915325.72

Miniaturization:fromLSItoVLSI

?Miniaturization:thekeytoICtech.

?LSI:hundredsoftransistors...

?VLSI:millionsoftransistors...

?ThefirstVLSImicroprocessor:Intel4004introducedin1971...

Intel4004

Languageinuse

?Vocabulary

device,conduct,discrete,manipulate,component,implement

?Structure

一Ittakes(took,willtake)...timeto...

?Reading/writingtechniques

-給事物下定義的方法

-利用主語或表語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

Vocabulary

deviceintext

1.Thetransistorwasoriginallyasingle,discretedevice,whichyoucouldplaceindividually

intoacircuitmuchlikeanyother.最早的晶體管是分立器件。和其他分立器件一樣，

你可以單獨(dú)地把它放置在某個電路中。

2.Thesedevicestypicallycontainedhundredsoftransistors.這些器件通常包含幾百個晶體

管。

conductintext

?Whilemostmaterialseitherinsulatefromelectricalflow(air,glass,wood)orconduct

electricityreadily(metals,water),therearesomethatonlyconductelectricityasmall

amount,oronlyundercertainconditions.Thesearecalledsemiconductors.

?大多數(shù)材料要么對電流絕緣(如空氣、玻璃、木頭)，要么很容易傳導(dǎo)電流(如金屬、

水溶液)，但也有一些材料只傳導(dǎo)少量電流，或者只在特定條件下傳導(dǎo)電流。這些材

料被稱作半導(dǎo)體。

discreteintext

,Large-scaleintegration("LSI")cametorefertothecreationofintegratedcircuitsthat

hadpreviouslybeenmadefrommultiplediscretecomponents.

?大規(guī)模集成是指將先前多個分立部件構(gòu)成的電路集成化。

manipulateintext

?Bycarefulchemicalcompositionandarrangement,itispossibletocreateaverysmall

transistordirectlyonalayerofsilicon,usingvarioustechnologiestomanipulatethe

materialintothecorrectform.Thesetransistorsaresmall,fastandreliable,anduse

relativelylittlepower.

?通過精心的化學(xué)合成和處理，運(yùn)用各種材料處理技術(shù)可以在硅層上直接構(gòu)造極小的

晶體管。這樣的晶體管體積小、速度快、功能可靠，耗能也比較少。

componentintext

?Originally,thefunctionsperformedbyaprocessorwereimplementedusingseveral

differentlogicchips.Intelwasthefirstcompanytoincorporatealloftheselogic

componentsintoasinglechip.

?處理器完成的功能最早是由幾個不同的邏輯芯片實現(xiàn)的。英特爾公司率先將所有這

些部件集成到單個芯片中。

implementintext

?Moretransistors（switches）wererequiredinordertoimplementmorecomplicated

functions.

?為了實現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜的功能，就需要更多的晶體管（數(shù)字開關(guān)）。

Structure

Ittakes（took,willtake）...timeto...

?Aftertheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit,ittookverylittletimetorealizethe

tremendousbenefitsofminiaturizingandintegratinglargernumbersoftransistorsintothe

sameintegratedcircuit.

?集成電路發(fā)明后不久，人們很快就意識到了小型化和將大量晶體管集成到同一塊集

成電路的巨大好處。

Reading/writingtechniques

給事物下定義的方法

Inshort,atransistorisadevicethatconductsavariableamountofelectricitythroughit,

dependingonhowmuchelectricityisinputtoit.Inotherwords,itisadigitalswitch.However,

unlikethevacuumtube,itissolidstate.Thismeansthatitdoesn'tchangeitsphysicalformasit

switches.Therearenomovingpartsinatransistor.

利用主語或表語從句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

?ThetransistoriswhatsfaNedtheevolutionofthemoderncomm"erindustryinmotion.

?此句可譯為：晶體管（的發(fā)明）啟動了現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)工業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展進(jìn)程。本句采用

what引導(dǎo)的從句做表語，是一種對主語“thetransistor”進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)的表達(dá)方式。其意思

相當(dāng)于：Thetransistorstartedtheevolutionofthemoderncomputerindustryinmotion.

?W/za，allowedthecreationofmodernprocessorswastheinventionoftheintegrated

circuit,whichisagroupoftransistorsmanufacturedfromasinglepieceofmaterialand

connectedtogetherinternally,withoutextrawiring.

?此句可譯為：集成電路的發(fā)明為現(xiàn)代處理器的誕生創(chuàng)造了條件；集成電路是單片材

料制造的一組內(nèi)部互聯(lián)的（無額外連線）晶體管。本句采用what引導(dǎo)的從句做主

語，是對表語“theinventionoftheintegratedcircuit”的強(qiáng)調(diào)。

Lesson2MemoryDevices

?Backgrounds

?Texttour

?Languageinuse

一Vocabulary

-Structure

-Reading/writingtechniques

Backgrounds

?Terminology

一MOS,PMOS,NMOS,CMOS

一Flip-flop,Register

-SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM

-CAM

一Cache

-Ferroelectric

Terminology

MOS,PMOS,NMOS,CMOS

MOS:Metal-oxidesemiconductor

金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體

?PMOS:p-typeMetal-oxidesemiconductor

p型金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體

NMOS:n-typeMetal-oxidesemiconductor

n型金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體

?CMOS:ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor

互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體

Flip-flop,Register

?Aflip-flopisbasicallyabi-statecircuitinwhicheithera0or1statecanresides.Because

ofitssimplicity,theflip-flopisextremelyfast.Asabasicelement,theflip-flopisusedin

digitalcircuitsandICs.Aflip-flopwillloseitsstatewhenthesupplyvoltageisremoved.

Therefore,itisvolatile.

?觸發(fā)器是一種存儲“(F或力”的雙態(tài)電路。由于觸發(fā)器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，所以其速度極快。

觸發(fā)器是數(shù)字電路和集成電路中的基本部件。由于電源電壓去掉后，觸發(fā)器原有的

狀態(tài)就失去了，因此它是“易失的”。

Aregisterisasetofflip-flopsinparallel.Typicallyaregisteris8,16,32or64bitswide.

Oftenaregisterisusedtoholddata,addresspointers,etc.Aregisterisvolatileandvery

fastjustliketheflip-flop.

?寄存器是一組并行觸發(fā)器。寄存器的典型數(shù)據(jù)寬度為8位、16位、32位或者64位。

寄存器常用于保存數(shù)據(jù)、地址指針等。和觸發(fā)器一樣，寄存器也是“易失”的，而且

速度很快。

SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM

SRAM:StaticRandomAccessMemory

?AnSRAMisanamyofaddressableflip-flops.Thearraycanbeconfiguredassuchthat

thedatacomesoutinsinglebit,4-bit,8bit,andetc.format.SRAMissimple,fastand

volatilejustliketheflip-flop,itsbasicmemorycell.

?靜態(tài)隨機(jī)存取存儲器(SRAM)是一種可尋址的觸發(fā)器陣列。該陣列可配置成1位、4

位、8位等數(shù)據(jù)格式。它和它的基本存儲單元觸發(fā)器一樣：結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、存取速度快、

具有易失的特點(diǎn)。

?DRAM：DynamicRandomAccessMemory

?Theword'dynamic'indicatesthatthedataisnotheldinaflip-flopbutratherina

storagecell.Thedatainastoragecellmustberefreshed(readoutandre-written)

regularlybecauseofleakage.

?動態(tài)隨機(jī)存取存儲器："動態(tài)”這個詞意味著數(shù)據(jù)不是保存在觸發(fā)器當(dāng)中，而是保存

在一個存儲單元中。由于存在泄漏，所以保存在存儲單元中的數(shù)據(jù)必須定期更新(讀

出并重新寫入)。

?ROM:ReadOnlyMemory

?ROMsarealsocalledmask-ROMsormaskprogrammedROMs.ThisisbecauseaROM

needstobeprogrammedbysettingitscellstoeither0or1atthetimeofmanufacture.

?只讀存儲器：也叫做掩模ROM或者掩模編程ROM。這是因為在制造時就需要通過

將存儲單元置0或置1對其進(jìn)行編程。

?EEPROM：ElectricallyErasableProgrammableROM

,ThismeansthatthechipcanbeprogrammedlikeanEPROM,butcanbeerased

electrically.Asaresult,noUVsourceisrequired.

?EEPROM是指該類芯片可以像EPROM一樣可編程，但使用的是電擦除的方法。這

樣，就不需要紫外線信號源了。

CAM:ContentAddressableMemory

CAMisalsoknownas"associativestorage".Itisamemorychipinwhicheachbitpositioncanbe

compared.InregularDRAMandSRAMchips,thecontentsareaddressedbybitlocationandthen

transferredtothearithmeticlogicunit(ALU)intheCPUforcomparison.InCAMchips,the

contentiscomparedineachbitcell,allowingforveryfasttablelookups.Sincetheentirechipis

compared,thedatacontentcanoftenberandomlystoredwithoutregardtoanaddressingscheme

whichwouldotherwiseberequired.However,CAMchipsareconsiderablysmallerinstorage

capacitythanregularmemorychips.

Cache

?Thecacheisatemporarystorageareaforfrequently-accessedorrecently-accesseddata.

Havingcertaindatastoredinacachespeedsuptheoperationofthecomputer.Thereare

twokindsofcache:internal(ormemorycache)andexternal(ordiskcache).Internal

cacheisbuiltintotheprocessor,andexternalcacheisonthemotherboard.Whenanitem

iscalledfor,thecomputerfirstcheckstheinternalcache,thentheexternalcache,and

finallytheslowermainstorage.

Ferroelectric

?Ferroelectricispertainingtoaphenomenonexhibitedbycertainmaterialsinwhichthe

materialispolarizedinonedirectionortheother,orreversedindirectionbythe

applicationofapositiveornegativeelectricfieldofmagnitudegreaterthanacertain

amount.Thematerialretainstheelectricpolarizationunlessitisdisturbed.

?某些材料表現(xiàn)出的一種現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)在這種材料上施加超過特定強(qiáng)度的電場時，該材料就

在一個方向上極化或改變原極化的方向。只要不受干擾，這種材料就一直保持其極

化狀態(tài)。

Texttour

?Outline

一Overview(para.1,2)

-Flip-flop(para.3)

一Register(para.4)

一SRAM(para.5,6,7)

-DRAM(para.8,9)

-ROM(para.10,11)

-EEPROM(para.12)

TypePropertiesR/wNon-SpeedCost

volatile/bit

One-bitregister.

UsuallyusedasUltraVery

Flip-flopYesNo

abasicbuildingblockfasthigh

indigitalcircuits.

Setofflip-flops

holdingabyte,

wordorlongword.UltraVery

RegisterYesNo

Usedinfasthigh

complexchips

suchasCPUs.

Arrayofflip-flopsthatis

addressable.UsedforVery

SRAMYesNohigh

temporarystorageofdataorfast

cache.

Arrayofstoragecellswhich

DRAMisaddressable.UsedformainYesNofastModerate

computingdatastorage.

Arrayof

hard-wiredcells

thatisaddressable.Very

ROMNoYeslow

Programmingdonefast

attimeof

chipmanufacture.

Electricallyerasable

programmableROM.

E2PROMYesYeslowhigh

Numberofwrite

cyclesislimited.

Languageinuse

?Vocabulary

-static,dynamic,approach,offset,pattern,hybrid,indicate

?Structure

?Reading/writingtechniques

Vocabulary

Static,dynamicintext

?SRAM(StaticRandomAccessMemory)

靜態(tài)隨機(jī)存取存儲器

?DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory)

動態(tài)隨機(jī)存取存儲器

Approachintext

?WithDRAMtechnology,thissimpleapproachisimpossiblesinceaddressingarowof

datawithoutrewritingitwilldestructalldataintherowbecauseofthedynamicnature.

?對于DRAM存儲器，這種簡單的存取方法式是不可行的；由于動態(tài)的特點(diǎn)，讀出一

行數(shù)據(jù)而不再次將其寫入會破壞該行內(nèi)所有的數(shù)據(jù)。

Offset加text

?Thedisadvantageoftheextracircuitryrequiredforrefreshingiseasilyoffsetbythelower

priceperbitwhenusinglargememorysizes.

?當(dāng)所需存儲量很大時，數(shù)據(jù)更新需要額外電路這個缺點(diǎn)很容易就被較低的位價格彌

補(bǔ)了。

Patternintext

?Thisaluminumpatternisdefinedbyalithographicmaskusedinoneofthelaststepsof

manufacture.Thereforethesedevicesareoftencalledmask-ROMs.

?鋁層圖案是在芯片制造的最后一道工序中由一塊掩模平板決定的。所以，該類器件

常被稱作掩模ROM。

Hybridintext

?FastcachememorycanbeconstructedinBiCMOStechnology,ahybridtechnologythat

usesbipolartransistorsforextradrive.

?高速緩存可以使用BiCMOS技術(shù)構(gòu)建；BiCMOS是一種混合技術(shù)，它使用雙極性晶

體管作為附加的驅(qū)動。

Indicateintext

?Theworddynamic'indicatesthatthedataisnotheldinaflip-flopbutratherina

storagecell.

?“動態(tài)”這個詞意味著數(shù)據(jù)不是保存在觸發(fā)器當(dāng)中，而是保存在一個存儲單元中。

Structure

Reading/writingtechniques

Unit2ElectronicCircuits

Lesson4OperationalAmplifiers

?Backgrounds

?Texttour

?Languageinuse

-Vocabulary

-Structure

一Reading/writingtechniques

Backgrounds

?Terminology

-transducer

一transferfunction

-stability

一GBW

-signalconditioner

-currentsource&voltagesource

Terminology

transducer

〃.傳感器，變換器

?Asubstanceordevice,suchasapiezoelectriccrystal,microphone,orphotoelectriccell,

thatconvertsinputenergyofoneformintooutputenergyofanother.

?humiditytransducer濕度傳感器

?impedancetransducer阻抗變換器

transferfunction

?transferfunction傳輸函數(shù)

?systemfunction系統(tǒng)函數(shù)

stability

?n.穩(wěn)定性

?BIBOstability有界輸入/有界輸出穩(wěn)定性

GBW

?Gain增益，放大系數(shù)

Anincreaseinsignalpower,voltage,orcurrentbyanamplifier,expressedasthe

ratioofoutputtoinput.

-Alsocalled:amplification

?Bandwidth帶寬

-Thenumericaldifferencebetweentheupperandlowerfrequenciesofabandof

electromagneticradiation,especiallyanassignedrangeofradiofrequencies.

-Thedifference,expressedinHertz,betweenthetwolimitingfrequenciesofa

band.

Thedatatransfercapacity(inbitspersecond)ofabit-parallelbus.

?Gainbandwidth增益帶寬積

signalconditioner

?signalconditioner信號調(diào)理器

?signalconditioning信號調(diào)理

?airconditioner空調(diào)

?powerconditioner功率調(diào)節(jié)器

?waterconditioner凈水器

voltagesource¤tsource

?voltagesource電壓源

?currentsource電流源

Texttour

,Outline

一Theideaofnegativefeedback(para.1,2,3)

一Methodforstabilityanalysis(para.4,5)

-Opamps&computer(para.6,7)

-Evolutionofopamps(para.8,9)

-Opamps:today&tomorrow(para.10,11)

Theideaofnegativefeedback

?Harry'sproblem...

?Howtomakeastableamplifier?

?Anovelsolution...

?Negativefeedback

theunderlyingoperatingprincipleforallmoderndayopamps

?Doesitwork?

Methodforstabilityanalysis

?Oscillation-aminorproblem?

?wellunderstoodinthe1940s,but...

?H.W.Bodeandhismethod

-usinggraphicalmethods

-alogtechnique

一simpleandperceptive

-theapplicationoffeedbacktomachinesbegantogrow

Opamps&computer

?Opamp-theheartoftheanalogcomputer

-performmanymathematicaloperationssuchasmultiplication,addition,

subtraction,division,integration,anddifferentiation

?Opampsinsignalconditioningapplications

?Opampsurvived...

-theanalogcomputerslostfavortodigitalcomputers

-thedemandfbropampsincreasedasmeasurementapplicationsincreased.

Evolutionofopamps

OpampsymbolTubeopampICopamp-uA741

Evolutionofopamps

?Thefirstsignalconditioningopampswereconstructedwithvacuumtubes...

?pA709-thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulICopamp

?pA741followedthepA709

?anever-endingseriesofnewopampsreleasedeachyearsincethen...

Opamps:today&tomorrow

?Opamp-theuniversalanalogIC

一Itcanfunctionasalinedriver,comparator(onebitA/D),amplifier,level

shifter,oscillator,filter,signalconditioner,actuatordriver,currentsource,

voltagesource,andetc

?Avitalcomponentofanalogdesign

-therealworldisananalogworld

-eachnewgenerationofelectronicequipmentcreatesrequirementsfornewanalog

circuits;hence,newgenerationsofopampsarerequiredtofulfillthese

requirements.

Languageinuse

?Vocabulary

一underlying,present,graphical,perceptive,passive,predominant

?Structure

一tothepointwhere

?Reading/writingtechniques

-表達(dá)程度

Vocabulary

Underlyingintext

?Thisiscallednegativefeedback,anditistheunderlyingoperatingprincipleforall

moderndayopamps.

?這個方案被稱為“負(fù)反饋”，它是現(xiàn)代運(yùn)算放大器的基本工作原理。

Presentintext

?In1945H.W.Bodepresentedasystemforanalyzingthestabilityoffeedbacksystemsby

usinggraphicalmethods.

?1945年，伯德提出了一套用來分析反饋系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的圖形化方法。

Graphicalintext

?In1945H.W.Bodepresentedasystemforanalyzingthestabilityoffeedbacksystemsby

usinggraphicalmethods.

?1945年，伯德提出了一套用來分析反饋系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的圖形化方法。

Perceptiveintext

?Bodepresentedalogtechniquethattransformedtheintenselymathematicalprocessof

calculatingafeedbacksystem'sstabilityintographicalanalysisthatwassimpleand

perceptive.

?伯德提出了一種對數(shù)方法，將分析反饋系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的數(shù)學(xué)過程轉(zhuǎn)換為容易的、好理

解的圖形化分析。

Passiveintext

?Passivecomponentshadmuchbetterdriftcharacteristicsthanactivecomponentshad,

thusifanamplifier'sgaincouldbemadedependentonpassivecomponents,theproblem

wouldbesolved.

?無源器件比有源器件具有好得多的漂移特性；假如能使得放大器增益僅由無源器件

決定的話，那么這個問題就會解決。

,Thedesigner'sproblemishowtorapidlyselectthecorrectcircuit/opampcombination

andthen,howtocalculatethepassivecomponentvaluesthatyieldthedesiredtransfer

functioninthecircuit.

?設(shè)計者需要解決的問題是：（1）怎樣迅速選擇正確的電路（運(yùn)放組合）；（2）怎樣計

算出能產(chǎn)生期望電路傳輸函數(shù)的無源元件值。

predominantintext

?Asdigitalapplicationsincrease,analogapplicationsalsoincreasebecausethe

predominantsupplyofdataandinterfaceapplicationsareintherealworld,andthereal

worldisananalogworld.

?隨著數(shù)字應(yīng)用的增加，模擬應(yīng)用也會增加：因為大量的數(shù)據(jù)接口應(yīng)用是在現(xiàn)實世界

中，而現(xiàn)實世界是一個模擬的世界。

Structure

tothepointwhere...

?Therehasbeenanever-endingseriesofnewopampsreleasedeachyearsincethen,and

theirperformanceandreliabilityhasimprovedtothepointwherepresentdayopamps

canbeusedforanalogapplicationsbyanybody.

?此后，新型運(yùn)放就不斷出現(xiàn)；今天，運(yùn)放的功能和可靠性已經(jīng)提高到了這種程度——

任何人都能在模擬應(yīng)用中使用它。

Reading/Writingtechniques

表達(dá)程度

...so(such)...that...

totheextentof

totheextentthat

ReadingMaterila

Filtering?Beforeorafter?

pencildesign草圖設(shè)計breadboard面板

cutconers抄近路，省力，簡捷duplicate復(fù)制

digitaldomain數(shù)字域firmware固件

scenario情節(jié)，情況ADC模擬數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器

SAR逐次逼近型delta-sigma德爾塔-西格瑪

pipeline流水線型dualslope雙斜率型

contrive設(shè)計，發(fā)明contamination污染

out-of-band帶外in-band帶內(nèi)

magnitude幅度faithfully真實地

aliasing混疊，混淆analog模擬

elliptic橢圓形onthehorizon出現(xiàn)

Unit3ElectronicSystemComponents

Lesson9Interconnects

?Backgrounds

?Texttour

?Languageinuse

-Vocabulary

-Structure

-Reading/writingtechniques

Backgrounds

,Terminology

-VSWR

-frequencyresponse

-decibel

-pad,lead

一ribboncable

一BNC

Terminology

VSWR

?VoltageStandingWaveRatio

?電壓駐波比

Frequencyresponse

?頻率響應(yīng)

Decibel(dB)

?decibel分貝

?Aunitusedtoexpressrelativedifferenceinpowerorintensity,usuallybetweentwo

acousticorelectricsignals,equaltotentimesthecommonlogarithmoftheratioofthe

twolevels.

Pad,lead

?Pad

?焊點(diǎn)，焊盤

?Lead

?引線

ribboncable

?帶狀電纜

?扁平柔性電纜

BNC

同軸電纜卡環(huán)形接頭

Texttour

?Outline

-Introduction

-High-SpeedConnectorProblems

一Crosstalk

一LevelsofInterconnects

Introduction

?Interconnectdevicesareusedforinterconnecting...

?Performancerequirements...

?Teststhatindi