托福閱讀之修辭目的題的解題思路與技巧

托福閱讀之修辭目的題的解題思路與技巧修辭目的題

解題思路與技巧托福閱讀

目錄修辭目的題介紹1實戰(zhàn)演練2第一部分修辭目的題介紹什么是修辭目的題？修辭目的題是托福閱讀考試中的一種常見題型，修辭是指是一種有效寫作或演講的藝術，作者使用修辭是為了使文章能更有效地說服讀者，從而達到某種目的。常見的修辭手法有舉例子、下定義、闡述、解釋、對比、論證、反駁、強調等。舉例：illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show下定義、闡述、解釋:define/explain/describe比較、對比:compare/contrast論證支持:arguefor/persuade/support駁斥警告:argueagainst/refute/challenge/criticize/castdoubton/warn/caution強調：emphasize/stress修辭目的題考察什么？考察單詞，短語或是句子在句子之內或句子之間起到的作用，句子與整體段落的聯系，或段與段之間的聯系考查是否理解作者為什么在文章中某個特別位置或者以某種特殊方式陳述一個特別信息常見的提問方式有哪些？TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto...WhydoestheauthormentionX?TheauthorusesXasanexleof…InparagraphX,theauthorexplainstheconceptofXby…WhatisthefunctionofdiscussionofthetermsXinparagraphX?WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?Inwhatwaysareparagraphs2and3relatedtoeachother?Mylifeofsummervacationisfullofvariety.Duringthesummervacation,Iwatched5movies.Iwenttothebeachwithmygoodfriends.Ialsovisitedplacesofhistoricinterest.ThetopicsentenceExlestoillustratethetopicsentence如何解答修辭目的題？在涉獵原文細節(jié)信息的基礎之上，有意識地注意句子之間的邏輯關系以及段落的結構（解題過程中最核心、最關鍵的部分）平時可加強練習，學會分析句子之間的邏輯關系，概括文章的構架Forexle:第二部分實戰(zhàn)演練Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood(Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury).Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.Alsobeginninginthethirteenthcentury,therewerenewmapsrefinedbyprecisecalculationsandthereportsofsailorsthatmadeitpossibletotraceone'spathwithreasonableaccuracy.Certaininstitutionalandpracticalnormshadbecomeestablishedaswell.AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea,whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.Q:WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?A.ToprovideanexleofaninstrumentthatwasdevelopedaftercaravelshadbeguntravelingacrossoceansB.ToprovideanexleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabeC.ToidentifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossibleD.Toexplainhowtheproblemofdetermininglongitudewassolved四步法解題審題分析段落框架定位題干與各選項信息分析信息，確定答案Q:WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?關鍵詞：why,author,include分析：why表示目的，與author一起出現，表明該題在問作者的寫作目的，而include則表明作者把題干所給信息包含到段落中的原因必定與寫作目的有關聯。由此判斷出該題的類型屬于修辭目的題，題干所給信息很可能是對寫作目的進行論證。通常，作者會在主題句中闡明自己的觀點和寫作意圖，只要我們能找到段落主題句，就能獲得答案。所以接下來，我們應對段落的框架有所了解。第一步：審題第二步：分析段落框架

分析線索：時間順序intheeleventhcentury(theastrolabe)bytheearlythirteenthcentury(themagneticcompass)beginninginthethirteenthcentury(newmapsandthereportsofsailors)inthefourteenthcentury(certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms)byabout1400(thekeyelementswereinplace)確定主題句的關鍵詞thus(表示結論),thekeyelements(對以上所有信息的概括)段落框架圖Exle1TheintroductionofastrolabeExle2ThedevelopmentofmagneticcompassExle3NewmapsandreportsofsailorsExle4CertaininstitutionalandpracticalnormsSummaryTechnologicaladvancesenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.題干選項A選項B選項C選項D定位詞

themagneticcompasscaravels

astrolabetechnologicaladvances,seatradelongitude文中對應點Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.無Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury.第三步：定位題干與各選項信息第四步：分析信息，確定答案

原文中每個與選項信息相對應的句子在段落整體框架中的地位是怎樣的？是exle？是細節(jié)？還是段落主題？請您思考A.Toprovideanexleofaninstrumentthatwasdevelopedaftercaravelshadbeguntravelingacrossoceans.分析：該段落中沒有出現與A選項有關的信息，因此可以排除A選項。B.Toprovideanexleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabe原文：Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood.分析：由原文可判斷出B選項提供的信息在段落中只是一個例證，并非作者的觀點，與題干所給的信息沒有關聯，因此可以排除B選項。C.ToidentifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossible原文：Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.原文關鍵詞：thus,thekeyelements分析：原文中的thus表明該句是段落的結論，而keyelements則是對以上所列信息（theastrolabe,themagneticcompass,newmapsandreportsofsailors,certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms）的概括，所以該句是段落的主題句。通過C選項中的定位詞technologicaladvances和seatrade以及對句子意義的理解，可以發(fā)現C選項的意義與主題句的意義一致，因此我們可以確定C選項就是該題的答案。D.T