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JULY2024
WORKINGPAPER#187.3
SPARKSWORKINGPAPERIII
LINKINGRESEARCHTO
POLICYTOPRACTICE
COLLABORATIVERESEARCHFOREVIDENCE-
INFORMEDPOLICYMAKINGINEDUCATION
GHULAMOMARQARGHA
RACHELDYL
LinkingResearchtoPolicytoPractice:
Collaborativeresearchforevidence-informedpolicymakingin
education
GhulamOmarQarghaandRachelDyl
July2024
WorkingPaper#187.3SPARKSWorkingPaperIII
AbouttheCenterforUniversalEducation
Foundedin2002,theCenterforUniversalEducation(CUE)isaleadingpolicycenterfocusedon
universalqualityeducationandskillsdevelopmentaroundtheworld.CUEcollaboratescloselywith
networksofinternationalpartnerstoaccelerateeducationalprogressandsystemschangesothatall
learners–especiallythemostmarginalized–candevelopabreadthofskillstothriveinarapidlychanging
world.
Acknowledgements
WewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetoStevenKlees,BrentEdwards,andMoOlateju,whoreviewed
draftreports,andBradOlsenfromtheCenterforUniversalEducationattheBrookingsInstitutionforhis
editorialreview.WealsothankRachaelGrahamTinforherinvaluablefeedbackduringthewriting
process.
1
TableofContents
Summary.......................................................................................................................................................3
A.Acollaborativeresearchapproachembracesthecomplexityofeducationdecision-makingand
thevarietyofresearchmethodologies......................................................................................................4
1.Multipleactorsinthelocaleducationecosystemareinvolvedinformulatingpolicies..................4
2.Privilegingonetypeofevidencefordecision-makingignoresthecomplexityofeducation
ecosystems................................................................................................................................................5
3.Policymakersusemultiplesourcesofinformationinavarietyofwaystomakedecisions.............6
4.Theterms“evidence-informed”or“evidence-inspired”bettercapturethecomplexityof
decision-makingineducationecosystems...............................................................................................8
B.Collaborativeresearchrequireseffectivecommunicationanddisseminationtobridgethegapsbetweenresearch,policy,andpractice.......................................................................................................8
1.Creativepathwaysfordisseminatingresearchcanhelpbridgethegapbetweenpolicyand
practice.....................................................................................................................................................9
2.Clearcommunicationisessentialtoensurethatresearchbenefitsandisrelevantforall
educationactors.....................................................................................................................................10
3.Technologycancreatepathwaysformoreeffectiveandefficientdisseminationofevidence.....10
C.Collaborativeresearchapproachescanpromotelocallyrelevantresearchthatrespondstothe
needsoflocaleducationecosystems........................................................................................................11
1.Collaborativeresearchbringseducationactorstogethertodecideonlocalresearchpriorities..11
2.Collaborativeresearchbuildsonmanyexistingresearchmethodologies.....................................12
3.Collaborativeresearchfosterstrust,jointownership,andacomplementaryrelationshipamongst
educationactors.....................................................................................................................................13
LookingForward.........................................................................................................................................14
AppendixI:WorkingDefinitionsofKeyConcepts....................................................................................15
AppendixII:Howisevidenceutilized?......................................................................................................17
References..................................................................................................................................................19
2
Summary
Sincethe1990s,therehasbeenagrowingdemandforevidence-basededucationpolicyandpractice
(Connollyetal.,2018).Thisdemandstemsfromconcernsthateducationsystemsarenotmeetingthe
needsofachangingworldandthateducationresearchlacksrigor(Hargreaves,1996;St.Pierre,2001).
Whilethisdemandaimstoimprovethequalityofeducation,silosbetweendifferentactorsoftenhinder
howevidenceinformspolicymaking.Weencourageresearcherstouseacollaborativeresearchapproach
byinvolvingmultipleeducationactorsintheresearchprocesstoclosethegapsbetweenresearch,policy,
andpractice.Collaborativeresearchapproachespromotelocalownership,focusonproblemsimportant
topolicymakersandeducators,andcapturethecomplexitiesandpurposesuniquetoeacheducation
ecosystem.
Thispaperisthethirdinaseriesofthreeworkingpapersmeanttoserveasreferencesandconversation
startersforpolicymakersandresearchersastheynavigatepedagogicalreformforeducationsystem
transformationintheirlocalcontexts.Together,thethreeworkingpapersemphasizetheneedformore
locallydrivencollaborativeresearchonhowtheinteractionofculture,localeducationecosystems,and
learningtheories—collectivelycalledInvisiblePedagogicalMindsets—influencesteachers’pedagogical
choicesintheclassroom.
1.WorkingPaperIexploreswhatdifferentdefinitionsof“pedagogy”promote,emphasizesthe
importanceofInvisiblePedagogicalMindsetsforpedagogicalreforms,andsetsthestagefor
WorkingPapersIIandIII.
2.WorkingPaperIIexplainswhyitisimportanttoexamineInvisiblePedagogicalMindsetstoinform
localpedagogicalreformagendas.Specifically,itoutlinesthechallengesofa“bestpractices”
approach,asseenwiththegeneralizedimplementationofstudent-centeredpedagogies.
3.WorkingPaperIIIdetailshowcollaborativeresearchmethodologiescanhelpensureeducation
researchconsidersInvisiblePedagogicalMindsetsandrespondstolocalcontexts.
Primarilyintendedforeducationresearchers,WorkingPaperIIIadvocatestheuseofcollaborative
researchapproachestoactivelyincludemultipleeducationactorsintheresearchprocess,foster
complementaryrelationshipsbetweenactorswithdifferentexpertise,andmakeresearchfindingsmore
relevantandresponsivetothelocaleducationecosystem.Thepaperhasthreepartsthatdiscusstheneed
forflexibleresearchapproachestoinformpolicygiventhecomplexitiesofeducationdecision-making,the
importanceofcommunicationanddissemination,andhowcollaborativeresearchcanbridgethegaps
betweenresearch,policy,andpractice.ThepaperconcludesbylookingattheongoingworkoftheSPARKS
projectattheCenterforUniversalEducationandhowcollaborativeresearchcancontributetoeducation
systemstransformation.AppendixIprovidesworkingdefinitionsofkeyconceptsfromthethreeWorking
Papers.
3
A.Acollaborativeresearchapproachembracesthecomplexityofeducation
decision-makingandthevarietyofresearchmethodologies.
Overthelastseveraldecades,therehasbeenanincreasinginternationalcalltoimproveeducation
outcomesbybasingdecisionsaboutpolicies,strategies,interventions,andprogrammingonthemost
reliableevidencegeneratedfromrigorousempiricalresearchmethods(Steiner-Khamsi,2013).Using
rigorousempiricalresearchastheprimarydriverfordecision-makingisreferredtoasevidence-based
decision-makingorevidence-basedpractice(Connollyetal,2018;Pring&Thomas,2004).Manyeducation
organizationsprioritizeevidencefromstatisticalandexperimentalresearch,suchasregressionanalysis
andrandomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs),asthe“goldstandard”ofrigorousresearchtoinformpolicy
decisions,overevidencefromothertypesofresearchmethodologies(Deaton&.Cartwright,2018;Gorard
etal.,2020;Parra&Edwards,2024).
However,educationpolicymakingisapolitical,ethical,moral,social,andvalue-basedprocessthat
involvesmultipleactors,eachwiththeirowngoalsandcompetinginterests(Cairney,2016;Nussbaum,
2010).Withmultiplegoalsandinterestsinvolved,policymakersbasetheirdecisionsonmultiplesources
ofinformation.Evidencefromresearchisoneofthemanyfactorsthatinfluencespolicymakers’decisions.
Theextenttowhichevidencecaninfluencepolicydependsontheabilityofresearchersandother
educationactorstocurateandpresenttheevidenceattherighttimetotherightpeople(Kingdon,1995;
Zahariadis,2007).
Inthissection,weexploretheroleofevidenceininfluencingeducationpolicydecisions.Wediscusswhy
itisimpracticalandundesirableforeducationresearcherstoprivilegeonetypeofresearchasa“gold
standard,”outlinethevariouswayspolicymakersuseevidencefromresearchandarguethatbasingpolicy
decisionsonevidencefromonetypeofresearchisunrealistic.
1.Multipleactorsinthelocaleducationecosystemareinvolvedinformulatingpolicies.
Withinanyeducationecosystem,manyactors,bothinsideandoutsidetheformalsystem,havevarying
levelsofaccessandinfluenceinthedecision-makingprocess.Thismultiplicityofactorsallowsthe
educationecosystemtoentertainseveralpolicyoptionssimultaneously,someofwhichmightbe
competingorcontradictory(Cairney,2016).Forexample,whilesomeeducationactorsmaychampiona
newstructuredpedagogicalapproach,othersmaypromotemoreplayfullearningapproacheswithinthe
samesystem.
Decision-makingforeducationpoliciesisnotanentirelyrationalprocess.Bureaucracy,timeconstraints,
andthediversityofactorsmakeeducationpolicymakinganon-linearandcomplexactivitythatismoreof
abalancingactthanarational,linearprocess.Keydecision-makers,includingpolicymakersandteachers,
usuallydonothavethetimeandluxurytoidentifyalltheproblems,lookatallpossiblesolutions,and
thenchoosetheonebestpolicysolutionbasedonevidencefromresearch(Qargha,2022;Zahariadis,
2007).Theirlocalecosystems’variouspressingissuespulltheirattentioninmanydirections.Becauseof
timeconstraints,policymakerscanfocusononlyafewproblemsatonce(Rochefortetal.,1994).Inthis
situation,withmultipleproblemsandmultiplepolicysolutions,thetimingofpresentingevidencetothe
rightpeopleisoneofthemostcriticalfactorsindeterminingitsinfluenceonpolicymaking(Qargha,2022;
Zahariadis,2017).
4
Ultimately,policymakersbalancethepolitical,ideological,andpragmaticimplicationsoftheirdecisions
withtheevidencefromresearch,tomakethebestdecisiongiventheirtimeandbureaucraticconstraints
(Cohenetal.,1972;Qargha&Morris,2023).Often,thisbalancingactmeanscompromisingbetween
competingpolicyoptionstoaddressthemultipledemandsratherthanseekingcomprehensiveevidence
tochooseonetechnically“optimal”solution(Barbalet,2009;Olsen,2023;Simon,1997).
2.Privilegingonetypeofevidencefordecision-makingignoresthecomplexityofeducation
ecosystems.
Thedesiretobaseeducationpoliciesonthebestavailableevidenceoftenresultedinprivileging
quantitativestatisticalresearchandprogramevaluationstudiesthatusestatisticalmethodsand
randomizedcontrolledtrialsasthe“goldstandard.”Asdiscussedpreviously,educationpolicymaking
takesplaceinaninterconnectedandmultifacetedenvironmentwithincreasinglycomplexpolicy
problemsforwhichthereisnosinglepolicysolution.Complexityisinherenttoahealthyeducation
system.Thenatureofeducationdecision-makingisinnatelytiedtomultiplegoals,actors,andpurposes
ofeducationinsociety(Ingold&Monaghan,2016;Nussbaum,2010;Wu,2014).
Muchofthewritingaboutevidence-basededucationpolicyandpractice,especiallyineducation
developmentspaces,eitherignoresoreliminatesthiscomplexity,particularlythepoliticsandmultiplicity
ofgoalsinpublicpolicydecision-making.Forexample,Davies(1999)writesthattheeducation“agendais
oftendrivenbypoliticalideology,conventionalwisdom,folklore,andwishfulthinkingasitstrivestomeet
theneedsandinterestsoftheeconomy,business,employers,lawandorder,civilsociety,parentalchoice,
and,atleastrhetorically,thechildren,youngpeople,andadultswhomakeupthelearningcommunity”
(p.108).Hearguesthatthismultiplicityofdesiresisa“triumphofhopeoverreason,sentimentover
demonstratedeffectiveness,intuitionoverevidence.”However,policymakersmustbalancetheirgoals
andinterestswithevidencefromresearchtomakedecisions.
Toeliminatecomplexityfromeducationdecision-making,certainmembersoftheinternationaleducation
developmentcommunityhavepushedtomakeeducationpolicymakingmimicmedicalresearch,evenif
itmeans“kickingandscreaming”(Slavin,2002,p.16).Thisisoftendonebyusingresearchapproaches
fromthehardsciences,suchasexperimentationandcausationalstudies,forthesocialsciences(Klees,
2021,2017;Pirrie,2001).Theendgoalisoftentousethisevidencetoidentifybestpractices,“what
works,”and“bestbuy”modelsthatcanthenbereplicated,transferred,andscaled(Ingold&Monaghan,
2016;Parra&Edwards,2024).
Privilegingonetypeofresearchasthe“goldstandard”istechnicallyproblematicaswellasdisconnected
fromtherealityofhowresearchevidenceisusedintheeducationpolicyenvironment.Althoughthereis
analluretofind“bestpractices”thatpolicymakerscansimplymandatefortheirlocalcontext,both
determiningandalsomeasuringthequalityofeducationarecontextdependent(Steiner-Khamsi,2013).
PleaserefertoWorkingPaperIIforadetaileddiscussionofwhypromoting“bestpractices”ineducation
isproblematic.Furthermore,forafulldiscussionaboutthelimitationsofstatisticalcorrelationalresearch
foreducationpolicymaking,refertoWu(2014),andforadiscussionofthepitfallsofusingrandomized
controlledtrialsasthegoldstandard,refertoParraandEdwards(2024).
5
3.Policymakersusemultiplesourcesofinformationinavarietyofwaystomakedecisions.
Evidencefromresearchcomesinmanyshapesandforms.Therefore,acrucialpartofpolicymakers'
decision-makingprocessisdecidingwhattypesofevidencetoconsiderfortheirpolicydecisions.
Theliteratureidentifiesatleastthreewaysthatpolicymakersuseevidencetoinformtheirpolicymaking
decisions:
1.Themostdirectuseofevidenceinthepolicyenvironment—usuallytermedinstrumental,procedural,
orproblem-focuseduseofevidence—istosolveaspecificproblemorshapespecificpolicydecisions.
Mostofthediscussiononevidence-baseddecision-makingassumesalinearanddirectlinkbetween
evidenceproductionandpolicymaking.Althoughpolicymakerscananddouseevidencefrom
researchinthisway,thisisnotalwaysthecase.
2.Policymakersalsouseevidencetounderstandthegeneralissuesaroundapolicyoption,oftentermed
conceptual,intellectual,orgeneralknowledge-drivenuseofevidence.Unliketheinstrumentaluse,
thisuseofevidencedoesnotdirectlyimpactaspecificpolicyproblem.However,theaccumulationof
multipleformsofevidencehelpsshapethepolicymaker’sworldview.
3.Withthesymbolicorpoliticaluseofevidence,policymakerstacticallyuseevidencetovalidateand
promotetheirexistingpositions,ideologicalpreferences,orpreviouslymadedecisionsandtodelay
actionorcounterpolicypositionstheydonotfavor.
Formoredetailedinformationaboutthedifferentwayspolicymakersuseevidencefromresearch,refertoAppendixII(Henig2008,2009;Luke&Hogan,2006;Ness,2010;Weiss,1979).
Inadditiontothedifferentwaysthatpolicymakersuseevidenceasdetailedabove,Ingold&Monaghan
(2016)describefivedimensionsthatinfluencetheselectiveuseofevidenceinpolicymaking.These
dimensionsincludehowthepolicyissueisunderstoodandframedbypolicymakers(policyproblem),the
processbywhichissuesareprioritizedandselectedforattentionwithinthepolicymakingarena(agenda
setting),mechanismsthroughwhichevidenceissiftedandselectedbasedonorganizationalstructures
andpreferencesforspecificmethodologies(filtrationprocesses),thetoolsandmechanismsusedfor
policydesignandimplementation,suchaslegislation(policyapparatus),andtheindividuals,groups,or
organizationsthatinterpret,adapt,andapplyevidencewithinthepolicymakingprocess(evidence
translators).Together,thesedimensionshighlightadynamicprocesswhereevidenceundergoes
interpretation,adaptation,andnegotiationamongvariousactorsinthepolicyenvironment(SeeFigure
1).
6
FigureI:Policymakers’UseofEvidence
Thereisnosuchthingascontext-freeresearchorevidence(Pirrie,2001).Often,findingsareinconclusive,
researchersdisagreeonhowtomeasureprogrameffectiveness,anditisunclearwhetheraneducation
programwillhavethesameresultsacrosscontexts.Policymakersoftenchoosebetweencompeting
evidencetoinformtheirdecision-making(Klees,2017;Lubienskietal.,2009).Weadviseeducationactors
toviewevidencefromresearchasatooltoskillfullycurateandusebasedoneacheducationecosystem's
uniqueenvironment,challenges,andgoals.
“Whodecides‘whatworks,’whattomeasure,how
tomeasureit,andinthecaseofconflicting
evidence—whomtobelieve?”
(Lubienskietal.,2009).
7
4.Theterms“evidence-informed”or“evidence-inspired”bettercapturethecomplexityof
decision-makingineducationecosystems.
Whilemuchoftheliteratureontheuseofevidenceineducationdecision-makingdiscussesevidence-
basedpolicy,weprefertermssuchas“evidence-informed”or“evidence-inspired”(Ingold&Monaghan,
2016).Thesetermsbetterreflecttheactualpolicymakingenvironmentandthemultiplefactorsthat
influencedecisions.
Discussionsaboutthetypeofevidencemostusefulforpolicyformulationhavebecomereductionist.
Oftentimes,the“evidence-based”rhetoricover-emphasizesthevalidityandsuperiorityoftheevidence
generatedfromexperimental,correlational,andcausalcomparativestudies,andundervalues—or
ignores—evidencefromresearchsuchasqualitative,historicalanalysis,orothertypesofknowing
(Kumahetal.,2019;McSherry,2007).Privilegingonetypeofresearchassuperiorinallcasesoftenstems
fromseeingonlyonepurposeofeducationandoneformofevidenceaslegitimate(Qargha&Morris,
2023;Parra&Edwards,2024).
Whileevidencefromresearchisacriticalfactorforimprovingeducationprogrammingandanintegral
partofeducationdecision-making,itisnotthesoledriverforpolicydecisions.Policymakersbasedecisions
onmultiplefactors,includingpolitical,ideological,andpragmaticpreferences,inadditiontoevidence
fromresearch.Policymakersandresearchersmustcollaborativelydeterminethetypeofevidencemost
usefultoinformpolicyintheirspecificcontexts.
InSectionB,wediscusstheimportanceofeffectivecommunicationbetweenactors,includinginthe
disseminationofresearchandevidence,tofosterbetterlinksbetweenresearchers,policymakers,and
practitioners.
B.Collaborativeresearchrequireseffectivecommunicationand
disseminationtobridgethegapsbetweenresearch,policy,andpractice.
Communicationdealswithhowthemessageofresearchisconveyedbetweenactors,whiledissemination
referstothemechanismsandchannelsfordistributingevidenceandresearch.Policymakersgenerally
preferresearchrelevanttotheirspecificcontexts(Hunter,2009;Jewel&Bero,2008).Unlikephysical
sciencesresearch,whichseeksuniversallawsincontrolledenvironments,educationresearchmust
considertheinteractionofculture,localeducationecosystems,andlearningtheories.Collaborative
researchensuresongoingcommunicationbetweendifferenteducationactors,whichcontributestothe
productionofmorerelevantevidenceforthelocalcontext.
Researchers,policymakers,andeducatorsoftenoperateindependentlywithintheircommunities,with
distinctlanguages,values,norms,andgoals(Snow,1961).Policymakersaremorelikelytouseevidence
intheirdecision-makingiftheyarepartoftheresearchprocessandunderstandthesourceandoriginof
theevidence(Nakajima,2021).Researchteamsmustconsiderwaystoimprovetheircommunicationand
disseminationstrategiestocreategreaterconnectionsbetweenresearchers,policymakers,andeducators
(Ionetal.,2019).Withouteffectivelinksforcommunicationanddissemination,itisunlikelythatresearch
findingswillbetranslatedintopolicyorpractice.
8
Inthefollowingsection,wehighlighttheimportanceofmovingbeyondtheconventionalpathwaysfor
communicatinganddisseminatingresearchandencourageeducationactorstoutilizeacollaborative
researchapproachandcreativepathways,includingemergingtechnology,tocommunicateandshare
researchfindings.
1.Creativepathwaysfordisseminatingresearchcanhelpbridgethegapbetweenpolicy
andpractice.
Thereisoftenadisconnectbetweenthetraditionalpathwaysfordisseminatingresearch,likeacademic
journals,andhowpolicymakersuseevidence.MostscholarlyjournalsareinEnglishandcomefrom
countriesliketheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom.Becausethesejournalsareprestigious,
researchersfeelpressuretoproduceresearchthatmeetsacademicexpectationsbyproducing
generalizableresearchthatfocusesonbroaderglobaltrendsacrosscontexts,evenifitmaynotbe
relevanttopolicymakers(Lariviere&Warren,2019).However,researchinspiredbyinternationalresearch
agendascancounteracttheneedforlocallybasedevidencerelevanttospecificcontextsandeducation
ecosystems.
Tomovebeyondtraditionalpathwaysfordissemination,researchersmustthinkaboutwaystopresent
researchthatarerelevantandeasyforpolicymakerstounderstand.Ashcraftetal.(2020)explainhowthe
source,message,audience,andchannelarecrucialforthesuccessfuldisseminationofresearch.This
model,asshowninTable1below,emphasizestheimportanceofnotonlytheevidencegeneratedbut
alsothechannelsusedtoreachthetargetaudienceandthemessagebeingconveyed.Weencourage
researcherstoconsiderhowthesource,message,audience,andchannelmayaffectthereceptionof
evidencebydifferentpolicymakers.
Table1:ModelofDisseminationofResearch(Ashcraftetal.,2020)
SourceResearcherswhogenerateevidence
MessageRelevantinformationsentbythesourceonapolicytopic
AudienceThosereceivingthemessage
ChannelHowthemessagegetsfromthesourcetotheaudience
Innovativemodesofresearchdisseminationhaveemergedtocommunicateevidencetovarious
audiences.Forexample,socialmediaandtechnologyhavechangedthelandscapeofhowinformationis
disseminated,whichwediscussbelow.Additionally,blogs,wikis,open-sourcewebsites,andbroadcasting
platformslikeTEDxcanbespacesforuserstointeractwithresearchfindingsinlesstraditionalways(Ross-
Hellaueretal.,2020).Regardlessofthechannel,researchersneedtoconsiderpotentialtargetaudiences
andtheirpreferencesforcommunication.Anotherimportantaspectofdisseminationisparticipationof
thetargetaudiences,toencourageengagement,feedback,andinvolvementfromthosewhoultimately
usethefindings(Ross-Hellaueretal.,2020).
9
2.Clearcommunicationisessentialtoensurethatresearchbenefitsandisrelevantforall
educationactors.
Policymakersandresearchersoftenhavedifferingexpectationsabouttheresearchproducedandits
intendeduse.Challengesthatcreateagapbetweenresearchandpolicyincludelackofcommunication,
untimelyorirrelevantresearch,mutualmistrust,poorqualityresearch,inconclusiveorconflicting
findings,andpoliticalinstabilityorturnover(Lee&Belohlav,2014).Researcherstendtofocusonbroader
theoreticalthemesandabstractideas,whilepolicymakersseekrelevant,concretesolutionstoimmediate
policyissuesintheirlocalcontexts(Henig,2008).
Numerousstudiesemphasizethatforpolicymakerstouseresearchevidencefortheirdecision-making,
theresearchhastoberelevanttotheirpressingproblems.Forexample,Nelsonetal.(2009)foundthat
policymakersprioritizeresearchrelatedtotheirlocalcontextforinformingpolicydecisions.Similarly,
Nakajima(2021)foundthatintheabsenceoflocalresearch,policymakerspreferstudiesconductedin
similarcontextsorsettingssimilartotheirjurisdictions.
Researchersmustalsoconsidertherelevanceandtimelinessoftheirwork.Theyshouldaccountfor
policymakers'timeconstraints,focusonspecificlocalissues,andestablishmechanismstoensurethat
researchprioritiesaremutuallyimportant.Additionally,itiscrucialthattheevidenceproducedisrelevant
andthatresearchfindingsarecommunicatedanddisseminatedeffectivelytoalleducationactors.
3.Technologycancreatepathwaysformoreeffectiveandefficientdisseminationof
evidence.
Theadvancementoftechnologyhasbroughtbothopportunitiesandchallengesincommunicatingand
disseminatingresearch(Klaretal.,2020).Forinstance,socialmediaprovideswideraccesstoinformation
butalsoallowsafloodofcompetinginformation,whichmakesitdifficulttodecipherthevalidityand
reliabilityofinformation(Lubienskietal.,2014;Steiner-Khamsi,2022).
Klaretal.(2020)foundthatpromotingresearchonTwittercorrelatedwithmorecitations,suggestingthat
socialmediaiseffectiveforactively“pushingout”researchratherthanrelyingonittobefoundby
searchingacademicjournals.Onsocialmedia,researcherscansharesnippetsoftheirwork,linktofull
papers,taginterestedindividuals,andusehashtagstojoinbroaderconversationsandreachwider
audiences(Irwinetal.,2022).AreportbytheInstituteofEducationSciencesfoundthatoverhalfof
practitionersconsumeresearchviasocialmedia(Sykesetal.,2022).Beyonddirectdissemination,social
mediacanalsoconnectresearcher
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