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第第頁(yè)3.1.1函數(shù)的概念課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)①函數(shù)的概念;②了解函數(shù)的三要素;③掌握簡(jiǎn)單函數(shù)的定義域;④掌握求函數(shù)的值;⑤掌握區(qū)間的寫(xiě)法.通過(guò)本節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí),掌握函數(shù)概念及函數(shù)的三要素,會(huì)判斷同一函數(shù),會(huì)求簡(jiǎn)單函數(shù)的定義域及值域.知識(shí)點(diǎn)01:函數(shù)的概念1、初中學(xué)習(xí)的函數(shù)的傳統(tǒng)定義設(shè)在一個(gè)變化的過(guò)程中,有兩個(gè)變量SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,如果給定了一個(gè)SKIPIF1<0值,相應(yīng)地就有唯一確定的一個(gè)SKIPIF1<0值與之對(duì)應(yīng),那么我們就稱(chēng)SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的函數(shù),其中SKIPIF1<0是自變量,SKIPIF1<0是因變量.它們描述的是兩個(gè)變量之間的依賴(lài)關(guān)系.2、函數(shù)的近代定義一般地,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是非空的實(shí)數(shù)集,如果對(duì)于集合SKIPIF1<0中的任意一個(gè)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,按照某種確定的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系SKIPIF1<0,在集合SKIPIF1<0中都有唯一確定的數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和它對(duì)應(yīng),那么就稱(chēng)SKIPIF1<0為從集合SKIPIF1<0到集合SKIPIF1<0的一個(gè)函數(shù)(function),記作SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.其中,SKIPIF1<0叫做自變量,SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍SKIPIF1<0叫做函數(shù)的定義域;與SKIPIF1<0的值相對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0值叫做函數(shù)值,函數(shù)值的集合SKIPIF1<0叫做函數(shù)的值域.顯然,值域是集合SKIPIF1<0的子集.函數(shù)的四個(gè)特征:①非空性:SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0必須為非空數(shù)集(注意不僅非空,還要是數(shù)集),定義域或值域?yàn)榭占暮瘮?shù)是不存在的.②任意性:即定義域中的每一個(gè)元素都有函數(shù)值.③單值性:每一個(gè)自變量有且僅有唯一的函數(shù)值與之對(duì)應(yīng)(可以多對(duì)一,不能一對(duì)多).④方向性:函數(shù)是一個(gè)從定義域到值域的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,如果改變這個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)方向,那么新的對(duì)應(yīng)所確定的關(guān)系就不一定是函數(shù)關(guān)系.【即學(xué)即練1】(多選)(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))下列四個(gè)圖象中,是函數(shù)圖象的是(
)A.
B.
C.
D.
【答案】ACD【詳解】由函數(shù)的定義可知,對(duì)任意的自變量SKIPIF1<0,有唯一的SKIPIF1<0值相對(duì)應(yīng),選項(xiàng)B中的圖像不是函數(shù)圖像,出現(xiàn)了一對(duì)多的情況,其中選項(xiàng)A、C、D皆符合函數(shù)的定義,可以表示是函數(shù).故選:ACD知識(shí)點(diǎn)02:函數(shù)的三要素1、定義域:函數(shù)的定義域是自變量的取值范圍.2、對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系:對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系SKIPIF1<0是函數(shù)的核心,它是對(duì)自變量SKIPIF1<0實(shí)施“對(duì)應(yīng)操作”的“程序”或者“方法”.3、值域:與SKIPIF1<0的值相對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0值叫做函數(shù)值,函數(shù)值的集合SKIPIF1<0叫做函數(shù)的值域(range).【即學(xué)即練2】(2023·上海普陀·統(tǒng)考二模)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0所以定義域?yàn)椋篠KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0知識(shí)點(diǎn)03:函數(shù)相等同一函數(shù):只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域和對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系都分別相同時(shí),這兩個(gè)函數(shù)才相等,即是同一個(gè)函數(shù).【即學(xué)即練3】(2023·全國(guó)·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))下列四組函數(shù)中,表示同一函數(shù)的是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】對(duì)選項(xiàng)A,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镽,SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镽,定義域相同,但SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0不是同一函數(shù),故A錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)選項(xiàng)B,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镽,SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,定義域不同,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0不是同一函數(shù),故B錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)選項(xiàng)C,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,定義域不同,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0不是同一函數(shù),故C錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)選項(xiàng)D,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镽,SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镽,又SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是同一函數(shù),故D正確.故選:D知識(shí)點(diǎn)04:區(qū)間的概念1區(qū)間的概念設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是實(shí)數(shù),且SKIPIF1<0,滿足SKIPIF1<0的實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的全體,叫做閉區(qū)間,記作SKIPIF1<0,即,SKIPIF1<0。如圖:SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0叫做區(qū)間的端點(diǎn).在數(shù)軸上表示一個(gè)區(qū)間時(shí),若區(qū)間包括端點(diǎn),則端點(diǎn)用實(shí)心點(diǎn)表示;若區(qū)間不包括端點(diǎn),則端點(diǎn)用空心點(diǎn)表示.集合SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<02含有無(wú)窮大的表示全體實(shí)數(shù)也可用區(qū)間表示為SKIPIF1<0,符號(hào)“SKIPIF1<0”讀作“正無(wú)窮大”,“SKIPIF1<0”讀作“負(fù)無(wú)窮大”,即SKIPIF1<0。集合SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0【即學(xué)即練4】(2023秋·廣東廣州·高一西關(guān)培英中學(xué)??计谀┮阎蟂KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】解:因?yàn)榧蟂KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,故選:B.題型01函數(shù)關(guān)系的判斷【典例1】(2023秋·湖北襄陽(yáng)·高一襄陽(yáng)四中??茧A段練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的圖象可能是(
)A. B.C. D.【答案】B【詳解】選項(xiàng)A中,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,不符合題意,排除A;選項(xiàng)C中,存在一個(gè)x對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)y值,不是函數(shù)的圖象,排除C;選項(xiàng)D中,x取不到0,不符合題意,排除D.故選:B.【典例2】(2023春·江西新余·高一新余市第一中學(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))已知集合SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,下列對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系中,從SKIPIF1<0到SKIPIF1<0的函數(shù)為(
)A.f:SKIPIF1<0 B.f:SKIPIF1<0C.f:SKIPIF1<0 D.f:SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】解:對(duì)A:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0為0,1,2,所以選項(xiàng)A不能構(gòu)成函數(shù);對(duì)B:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0為0,1,4,所以選項(xiàng)B不能構(gòu)成函數(shù);對(duì)C:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0為0,2,4,所以選項(xiàng)C不能構(gòu)成函數(shù);對(duì)D:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0,1,3,所以選項(xiàng)D能構(gòu)成函數(shù);故選:D.【變式1】(多選)(2023秋·江蘇揚(yáng)州·高一??计谀┫铝袑?duì)應(yīng)中是函數(shù)的是(
).A.SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0,其中y為不大于x的最大整數(shù),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0【答案】AC【詳解】對(duì)于A,對(duì)集合SKIPIF1<0中的每個(gè)元素x,按照SKIPIF1<0,在SKIPIF1<0中都有唯一元素y與之對(duì)應(yīng),A是;對(duì)于B,在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)存在元素x,按照SKIPIF1<0,在R中有兩個(gè)y值與這對(duì)應(yīng),如SKIPIF1<0,與之對(duì)應(yīng)的SKIPIF1<0,B不是;對(duì)于C,對(duì)每個(gè)實(shí)數(shù)x,按照“y為不大于x的最大整數(shù)”,都有唯一一個(gè)整數(shù)y與之對(duì)應(yīng),C是;對(duì)于D,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),按照SKIPIF1<0,在SKIPIF1<0中不存在元素與之對(duì)應(yīng),D不是.故選:AC題型02集合與區(qū)間的轉(zhuǎn)化【典例1】(2023秋·江蘇南通·高三統(tǒng)考期末)已知全集SKIPIF1<0,集合SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】解:由題知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0.故選:B【典例2】(2023秋·廣東廣州·高一廣州市海珠中學(xué)校考期末)若集合SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】由集合交集運(yùn)算可得SKIPIF1<0.故選:C.【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))全集SKIPIF1<0,集合SKIPIF1<0,集合SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】由A中不等式SKIPIF1<0變形得:SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0中不等式SKIPIF1<0解得:SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,又全集SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,故選:SKIPIF1<0.題型03同一個(gè)函數(shù)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))下列各組函數(shù)表示相同函數(shù)的是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】對(duì)于A中,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,兩個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域不同,所以表示不同的函數(shù);對(duì)于B中,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,兩個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域不同,所以表示不同的函數(shù);對(duì)于C中,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的定義域和對(duì)應(yīng)法則都相同,所以表示相同的函數(shù);對(duì)于D中,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,兩個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域不同,所以表示不同的函數(shù).故選:C【典例2】(都選)(2023秋·內(nèi)蒙古烏蘭察布·高一??计谀┫旅娓鹘M函數(shù)表示同一函數(shù)的是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0),SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0【答案】BC【詳解】對(duì)于A,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,定義域和對(duì)應(yīng)法則不一樣,故不為同一函數(shù);對(duì)于B,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,定義域和對(duì)應(yīng)法則相同,故為同一函數(shù);對(duì)于C,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,定義域和對(duì)應(yīng)法則相同,故為同一函數(shù);對(duì)于D,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,定義域不同,故不為同一函數(shù);故選:BC【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))下列每組中的函數(shù)是同一個(gè)函數(shù)的是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】對(duì)于A,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镽,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)閇0,+∞),所以這兩個(gè)函數(shù)不是同一個(gè)函數(shù);對(duì)于B,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的定義域均為R,所以這兩個(gè)函數(shù)是同一個(gè)函數(shù);對(duì)于C,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系不同,所以這兩個(gè)函數(shù)不是同一個(gè)函數(shù);對(duì)于D,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)閧SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0},函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镽,所以這兩個(gè)函數(shù)不是同一個(gè)函數(shù).故選:B.題型04求函數(shù)值【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_________.【答案】4【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:4.【典例2】(2023·高一課時(shí)練習(xí))若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0=______.【答案】3【詳解】解:因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:3【變式1】(2023·高一課時(shí)練習(xí))設(shè)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故選:B.【變式2】(2023·高一課時(shí)練習(xí))已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)計(jì)算:SKIPIF1<0____________;(2)計(jì)算:SKIPIF1<0____________.【答案】1SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.(2)由(1)知SKIPIF1<0,從而SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:1;SKIPIF1<0.題型05根據(jù)函數(shù)值請(qǐng)求自變量或參數(shù)【典例1】(2022秋·福建廈門(mén)·高三校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,則此函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】由函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,所以當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)椋篠KIPIF1<0,故選:D【典例2】(多選)(2022秋·湖南岳陽(yáng)·高一湖南省岳陽(yáng)縣第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在定義域SKIPIF1<0上的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0可能為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BC【詳解】∵函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象是開(kāi)口向上的拋物線,對(duì)稱(chēng)軸方程為SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,故要定義域SKIPIF1<0上的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,滿足題意的選項(xiàng)是:BC.故選:BC.【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三對(duì)口高考)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,則x的取值范圍是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,畫(huà)出圖像,如圖所示,
令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0(舍去)或SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于A:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故A錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于B:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故B錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于C:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故C錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于D:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故D正確;故選:D.題型06函數(shù)的定義域(具體函數(shù)的定義域)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】由題意得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,故定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:B【典例2】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】由SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,故函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)椋篠KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_______.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】令SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.題型07函數(shù)的定義域(抽象函數(shù)的定義域)【典例1】(2023秋·陜西西安·高一長(zhǎng)安一中??计谀┮阎瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.【典例2】(2023·江西九江·??寄M預(yù)測(cè))若SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的定義域.【答案】SKIPIF1<0.【詳解】由函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則要使函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0有意義,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,∴函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))(1)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.(2)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.(2)令SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0;SKIPIF1<0題型08函數(shù)的定義域(復(fù)合函數(shù)的定義域)【典例1】(2023秋·福建寧德·高一福建省霞浦第一中學(xué)??计谀┤艉瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【詳解】解:因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,對(duì)于函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:C【典例2】(2023春·黑龍江佳木斯·高一富錦市第一中學(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0)的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)椋ǎ〢.(SKIPIF1<0,4)B.[SKIPIF1<0,4)C.(SKIPIF1<0,6)D.(SKIPIF1<0,2)【答案】C【詳解】由函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,取交集得SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故選:C.【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)開(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】解法1:由函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則滿足SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,對(duì)于函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.解法2:由SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.題型09函數(shù)的定義域(實(shí)際問(wèn)題中的定義域)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))已知等腰三角形的周長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,底邊長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0是腰長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0的函數(shù),則函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)?)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】由題設(shè)有SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0得SKIPIF1<0,故選A.【典例2】(2022·高一課時(shí)練習(xí))周長(zhǎng)為定值SKIPIF1<0的矩形,它的面積SKIPIF1<0是這個(gè)矩形的一邊長(zhǎng)SKIPIF1<0的函數(shù),則這個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】依題意知,矩形的一邊長(zhǎng)為x,則該邊的鄰邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0得SKIPIF1<0,故這個(gè)函數(shù)的定義域是SKIPIF1<0.故選:D【變式1】(2022秋·山東煙臺(tái)·高一??茧A段練習(xí))如圖,某小區(qū)有一塊底邊和高均為40m的銳角三角形空地,現(xiàn)規(guī)劃在空地內(nèi)種植一邊長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0(單位:m)的矩形草坪(陰影部分),要求草坪面積不小于SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為_(kāi)_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】設(shè)矩形另一邊的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0m,由三角形相似得:SKIPIF1<0,(SKIPIF1<0),所以SKIPIF1<0,所以矩形草坪的面積SKIPIF1<0,解得:SKIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0題型10函數(shù)的值域(常見(jiàn)(一次,二次,反比例)函數(shù)的值域)【典例1】(2022秋·黑龍江哈爾濱·高一校考期中)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減則SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0所以SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:B.【典例2】(2022·江蘇·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求下列函數(shù)的定義域、值域,并畫(huà)出圖象:(1)SKIPIF1<0;(2)SKIPIF1<0;(3)SKIPIF1<0;(4)SKIPIF1<0;(5)SKIPIF1<0;(6)SKIPIF1<0.【詳解】(1)SKIPIF1<0定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:(2)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:.(3)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:由圖知:值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.(4)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:由圖知:值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0;(5)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,開(kāi)口向下的拋物線,最大值為SKIPIF1<0,所以值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:(6)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,對(duì)稱(chēng)軸為SKIPIF1<0,開(kāi)口向上,SKIPIF1<0,所以值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0;列表如下:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0作出圖象如圖:【變式1】例題3.(2022秋·浙江杭州·高一??茧A段練習(xí))求下列函數(shù)的值域.(1)SKIPIF1<0;(2)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0(2)SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.(2)因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0的對(duì)稱(chēng)軸為SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減,SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.題型11函數(shù)的值域(根式型函數(shù)的值域)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:A.【典例2】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)開(kāi)________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0容易看出,該函數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)開(kāi)口向下的二次函數(shù),對(duì)稱(chēng)軸為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以該函數(shù)在SKIPIF1<0時(shí)取到最大值SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),函數(shù)取得最小值SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0【變式1】(2023·高一課時(shí)練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是___________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0所以SKIPIF1<0因?yàn)楹瘮?shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.題型12函數(shù)的值域(分式型函數(shù)的值域)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)ySKIPIF1<0的值域是()A.(﹣∞,+∞) B.(﹣∞,SKIPIF1<0)∪(SKIPIF1<0,+∞)C.(﹣∞,SKIPIF1<0)∪(SKIPIF1<0,+∞) D.(﹣∞,SKIPIF1<0)∪(SKIPIF1<0,+∞)【答案】D【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0,∴ySKIPIF1<0,∴該函數(shù)的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:D.【典例2】(2023秋·上海徐匯·高一上海中學(xué)校考期末)(1)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域;(2)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域.【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0;(2)SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)等號(hào)成立;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)等號(hào)成立.故函數(shù)值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0;(2)函數(shù)定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,故函數(shù)值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.【變式1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域______________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】由解析式知:函數(shù)的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,∴整理可得:SKIPIF1<0,即該方程在SKIPIF1<0上有解,∴當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,顯然成立;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),有SKIPIF1<0,整理得SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,∴綜上,有函數(shù)值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.【變式2】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是___________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】解:SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0令SKIPIF1<0,整理得方程:SKIPIF1<0當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),方程無(wú)解;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0不等式整理得:SKIPIF1<0解得:SKIPIF1<0所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故答案為:SKIPIF1<0題型13根據(jù)函數(shù)的值域求定義域【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三對(duì)口高考)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,畫(huà)出圖像,如圖所示,
令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0(舍去)或SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于A:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故A錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于B:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故B錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于C:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故C錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于D:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故D正確;故選:D.【典例2】(多選)(2022秋·湖南郴州·高一校考階段練習(xí))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,則其定義域可能是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】AD【詳解】令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或-2,可作出函數(shù)圖象如圖:設(shè)定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,故AD正確,BC錯(cuò).故選:AD.【變式1】(多選)(2022秋·湖南岳陽(yáng)·高一湖南省岳陽(yáng)縣第一中學(xué)校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在定義域SKIPIF1<0上的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0可能為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BC【詳解】∵函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象是開(kāi)口向上的拋物線,對(duì)稱(chēng)軸方程為SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,故要定義域SKIPIF1<0上的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,滿足題意的選項(xiàng)是:BC.故選:BC.題型14重點(diǎn)方法之換元法求值域【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)椋?/p>
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:A.【典例2】(2023秋·上海徐匯·高一上海中學(xué)校考期末)求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域.【答案】SKIPIF1<0函數(shù)定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,故函數(shù)值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.題型15重點(diǎn)方法之分離常數(shù)法求值域【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域.【答案】SKIPIF1<0.【詳解】由函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,可得其定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,又由SKIPIF1<0,可得SKIPIF1<0所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.【典例2】(2023·全國(guó)·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求下列函數(shù)的值域:SKIPIF1<0【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.題型16數(shù)學(xué)思想方法(數(shù)形結(jié)合的思想方法)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高三對(duì)口高考)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,畫(huà)出圖像,如圖所示,
令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0(舍去)或SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于A:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故A錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于B:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故B錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于C:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故C錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于D:當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),結(jié)合圖像,得SKIPIF1<0,故D正確;故選:D.【典例2】(2023春·江蘇泰州·高一靖江高級(jí)中學(xué)校考階段練習(xí))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域是SKIPIF1<0,則其值域?yàn)椋?/p>
).A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】D【詳解】函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖像可由SKIPIF1<0圖像向右平移一個(gè)單位得到,如圖所示:SKIPIF1<0,結(jié)合圖像可知,函數(shù)的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.故選:D題型17易錯(cuò)題(換元必?fù)Q范圍)【典例1】(2023·全國(guó)·高一專(zhuān)題練習(xí))求下列函數(shù)的值域:SKIPIF1<0.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0(換元),則SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0.因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,即函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0.【典例2】(2023·全國(guó)·高三專(zhuān)題練習(xí))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)開(kāi)__________.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【詳解】解:因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,所以SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0;故答案為:SKIPIF1<03.1.1函數(shù)的概念A(yù)夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)一、單選題1.(2023·重慶·高二統(tǒng)考學(xué)業(yè)考試
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