英語寫作中遣詞、造句、組段、謀篇-李華田教授

第二章如何遣詞、造句、組段、謀篇

大學英語寫作基礎

CollegeEnglishWriting:ABasicCourse

Back一、遣詞

從用詞的角度看，我們首先必須保證其準確性，其次還必須注意其鮮明性和生動性。big，large,great,heavy,loud,strong,main,major,enormous,tremendous等，甚至還包括old在內，都含有“大”的意思，但它們的準確意義和具體用法卻有很大區(qū)別。如“一座大城市”可有三種表達方式：abigcity,alargecity,agreatcity。

head

1.Youshoulduseyourheadabit.

2.Hehasagoodheadformathematics.

3.Presentatthemeetingweretheheadsofgovernment

ofthefourcountries.

4.Headsortails?

5.Thisincidentbroughtmatterstoahead.

6.Let’sdiscussthequestionunderfiveheads.

Thegreatestresultsinlifeareusuallyattainedbysimplemeansandtheexerciseofordinaryqualities.Thecommonlifeofeveryday,withitscares,necessities,andduties,affordsampleopportunityforacquiringexperienceofthebestkind;anditsmostbeatenpathsprovidethetrueworkerwithabundantscopeforeffortandroomforself-improvement.Thosewhoarethemostpersistent,andworkinthetruestspirit,willusuallybethemostsuccessful.大家要擴大詞匯量，多掌握詞的多種形式,如：becomefashionable——comeintoafashionbeconvenient——atone’sconveniencebehelpful——beofhelpblame——putblameonchoosefrom——makeachoicebetweencomplain——placeacomplaintagainstcontrol——bring…undercontrolemphasize——attachimportancetorise——ontheriseuse——comeintouse大家也要掌握一些同義詞的意義和用法，如：big/large——spaciouscheating——deceptionclear——self-evidentcomefrom——derivefromdiligent——industriousimportant——crucialpunishment——penaltyrich——prosperoussame——identicaluse——utilize搭配關系aprettygirlahandsomegirlabeautifulgirlSheispretty,butnotbeautiful。

同樣起強調作用，表示“正是這（那）個”，但詞語不一樣，其位置和搭配關系就不一樣：

veryjustproperright

Det.Noun以run一詞為例，同學們常常留意的是它和介詞和副詞的搭配用法,如：runacross穿過，偶爾碰到runafter追趕，追求異性,

runagainst與…相撞，違反

runaway跑開，逃走

runawaywith逃離rundown變弱，衰減，撞倒

runinto跑進，磨合runinto裝上，偶爾碰到，總計，達到

runoff逃走，復印出，迅速寫出

runout跑開，到期，用光

runover碾過，溢出，復習

runthrough匆匆檢查，排演，練習

runto奔向，求助于

runup跑上，增加

runupagainst遇到（困難）這些搭配固然重要，我們也不能忽視其他的搭配形式。如：

runforpresidency競選總統(tǒng)

runtoextremes走向極端

runafactory辦工

runtheriskof冒著…的危險

runerrands替人跑腿

runasimiletoofar比喻得牽強附會

runone’seyesdownalist匆匆看一下單子

Thenewsranlikewildfire.消息像野火般傳開。

Theidearunsinhismind.這個念頭縈繞在他的腦海里。其次，我們在進行英文寫作時，應該選用意義確切有個性的詞語，避免使用一些無生命力的詞語：A組B組animaltiger,monkey,zebra,panda,elephant…badcruel,rude,greedy,sly,sinister,rough…goodkind,friendly,honest,generous,sincere…h(huán)itbeat,whip,strike,collide,smack…movewalk,march,jump,turn,fly…scientistchemist,physicist,biologist,linguist…第三，我們還應盡可能地選擇那些樸素易懂、簡潔明了的常用詞語，避免使用一些華麗做作、生僻罕見的詞語。A組B組begincommencechoicealternativeeatconsumefindoutascertainfinishaccomplishgetacquirereceiveprocureshowdemonstratespeedvelocitytalkaboutdwellonthinkaboutponderupon或contemplate第四，大量的習慣用語agreetosth.beangryatsth.agreewithsb.beangrywithsb.agreeonsth.callatturnoncallawayturnoffcallbackturnupcallbyturndowncalldownturntocallforturnovercallforthturnbackcallinturnincalloffturnawaycallout第五，盡量避免用詞重復。

要注意詞語的豐富性，盡量多使用一些同義詞。

第六，注意詞語內涵所反映的中西方文化差異。文化重合washhands:洗手(把手洗干凈);上廁所;不再從事某事（金盆洗手）NumberOne(壹號):最重要的人或物；最好質量的物品；廁所（委婉語）文化相通膽小如鼠——astimidasahare雞皮疙瘩——goose-bumps禽流感——birdflu入鄉(xiāng)隨俗——WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.像青松一樣挺拔——asstraightasanoaktree仰臥——lieonone’sback一箭雙雕——killtwobirdswithonestone有錢能使鬼推磨——Moneymakesthemarego.文化空缺theRenaissance——文藝復興黃巾起義——theYellowTurbansUprising(alarge-scalepeasantuprisingatthecloseoftheEasternHanDynasty)辛亥革命——the1911Revolution(againsttheQingDynasty)（而不能說XinhaiRevolution，因為“辛亥”涉及中國紀年法，絕大多數中國的年輕人對此都不了解，更何況英、美人呢？）又紅又?！猙othpoliticallyprogressiveandprofessionallyproficient二、造句句子是我們進行言語交際時能夠表達完整思想的最小語言單位。好的句子應該具備以下特征：首先，句子應具備統(tǒng)一性。不能說：Myyoungerbrotherisaworkerandhelivesin

Xiaogan,HubeiProvince.而應說：Myyoungerbrotherisaworker.AndhelivesinXiaogan,HubeiProvince.其次，句子應具備完整性

第三，句子應具備簡潔性。不要說：Therearethreegeneralsattendingthemeeting.而應說：Threegeneralsattendthemeeting.第四，句式要靈活多樣。

從具體使用目的的角度看，英語句子通常被分為四類：陳述句(declarativesentence),疑問句(interrogativesentence),祈使句(imperativesentence)和感嘆句(exclamatorysentence)。而疑問句又可分為一般疑問句和特殊疑問句。如：陳述句：ThefilmAirForceOneisreallywonderful.

AirForceOneisreallyawonderfulfilm.疑問句：Didyouseethefilm?（一般疑問句）

Howdidyouknowthat?（特殊疑問句）祈使句：Makesurenottobelatenexttime.感嘆句：HowwonderfulthefilmAirForceOneis!WhatawonderfulfilmAirForceOneis!單純從語法結構上看，英語句子主要分為四種：簡單句(simplesentence)，并列句(compoundsentence)，復合句(complexsentence)，并列—復合句(compound-complexsentence)。如：

簡單句：Shewasillyesterday.

并列句：Hisbrotherisacollegeteacher,andhissisterisa

worker.

Shewasseriouslyillyesterday,soshedidn’tcome

towork.

復合句：Shedidn’tcometoworkyesterdaybecauseshe

wasill.

并列—復合句：Shedidn’tcometoworkyesterdaybecause

shecaughtabadcoldandthedoctoraskedherto

stayinbed.

從新信息和舊信息的相互位置看，英語句子可分為掉尾句(periodicsentence，又稱圓周句)和松散句(loosestructure)。

掉尾句就是指把修飾語（即舊信息）放在句子前部，而把主要內容（即新信息）放在句子后部的句子。相反地，如果把主要內容（即新信息）放在句子前部，而把起修飾或補充說明作用的成份（即舊信息）放在句子后部，則形成松散句。翻譯：她昨天因病未能上學。松散句：Becauseshewasill,shedidn’tcome

toschoolyesterday.

掉尾句：Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday

becauseshewasill.大家在寫作時常常出現(xiàn)的語法錯誤有：

1.句子的一致性被破壞。句子不統(tǒng)一的情況有以下幾種：（1）句子時態(tài)混亂

誤：Themainreasonheisabsentwasthathewasill.

正：Themainreasonhewasabsentwasthathewasill.

（2）句子語態(tài)混亂

誤：Ilefttheclassroomafterthehomeworkwasfinished.

正：IlefttheclassroomafterIfinishedthehomework.

（3）主謂不一致

誤：Everyteacherandstudentwereinvitedtogototheparty.

正：Everyteacherandstudentwasinvitedtogototheparty.

（4）代詞不一致

誤：Thestudentsdidn’tfindtheexamdifficult,butyoucouldn’tfinishitintwohours.

正：Thestudentsdidn’tfindtheexamdifficult,buttheycouldn’tfinishitintwohours.

誤：Theoldwomantoldthelittlegirlthatshewaswrong.

正：Theoldwomansaidtothelittlegirl,“Iamwrong.”

正：Theoldwomansaidtothelittlegirl,“Youarewrong.”2.句子結構不完整：誤：Whilereadinginthelibrary,Janerealizedthatherpursewasmissing.Buthappilyfounditinherbag.（缺主語）正：Whilereadinginthelibrary,Janerealizedthatherpursewasmissing,buthappilyfounditinherbag.

正：Whilereadinginthelibrary,Janerealizedthatherpursewasmissing.Butshehappilyfounditinherbag.

誤：Heoftenrecalledhisuniversitydays.Itbeingtheonlytimehecouldsitunbotheredanddreamabouthisfuture.（缺謂語動詞)

正：Heoftenrecalledhisuniversitydays.Itwastheonlytimehecouldsitunbotheredanddreamabouthisfuture.

正：Heoftenrecalledhisuniversitydays,whichwastheonlytimehecouldsitunbotheredanddreamabouthisfuture.

誤：Manypeopleinourcountrypreferridingbiketogoingtowork.Becauseitischeaperandmoreconvenient.（狀語從句不能單獨成句）正：Manypeopleinourcountrypreferridingbiketogoingtowork,becauseitischeaperandmoreconvenient.

誤：Helovesthedogbetterthanhisbrother.（句子不完整引起歧義）正：Helovesthedogmorethanhisbrotherdoes.

誤：Thelecturewasgiveninsuchaninterestingway.（缺狀語）正：Thelecturewasgiveninsuchaninterestingwaythateveryoneenjoyeditverymuch.

3.句子結構混亂、錯誤

誤：However,toomanyexaminationsprobablymakeusverytiredandnervous,andwasteourmuchtimeanduselessatall.

正：However,toomanyexaminationsprobablymakeusverytiredandnervous.Also,toomanyexaminationswasteourmuchtime.Someoftheseexaminationsareofnouse.

誤：Thegirlsaregoodatlearninglanguagestheboysshowgreattalentinlearningmathematics.

分析：這種溶合句有不同的改正方法：

正：Thegirlsaregoodatlearninglanguages.Theboysshowgreattalentinlearningmathematics.（改為兩個獨立的句子）

正：Thegirlsaregoodatlearninglanguages；theboysshowgreattalentinlearningmathematics.（用分號連接）

正：Thegirlsaregoodatlearninglanguages,and/buttheboysshowgreattalentinlearningmathematics.（用并列連詞連接）

正：Thegirlsaregoodatlearninglanguages，whiletheboysshowgreattalentinlearningmathematics.（用從屬連詞連接）4.修飾語位置錯誤

英語中的定語、狀語等都有其特定的位置。如果其位置錯誤，通常都會造成歧義。誤：Helookedoutandsawayoungladycomingthroughthewindow.

正：Helookedoutthroughthewindowandsawayoungladycoming.

誤:Hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.

正：Hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.具體分析①串句(run-onsentence)TheyspentsummerinWuhanlastyeartheyhadabadtime.針對串句方面的錯誤，我們通?？梢圆捎萌缦氯N方法進行改正：第一，在兩個分句之間加入句號，將這兩個分句改寫成兩個獨立的句子：TheyspentsummerinWuhanlastyear.Theyhadabadtime.第二，分析這兩個分句之間的邏輯關系，再借助連接詞語，如and,but,for,because,or,nor,so,yet等，將他們進行連接：TheyspentsummerinWuhanlastyearandtheyhadabadtime.（簡單的并列，直接陳述事實）TheyspentsummerinWuhanlastyearbut/yettheyhadabadtime.（轉折關系）TheyhadabadtimelastyearbecausetheyspentsummerinWuhan.（因果關系）由于所用連接詞語不一樣，這三個句子所表達的邏輯關系和深層含義也都大不一樣。第三，恰當運用標點符號：TheyspentsummerinWuhanlastyear—theyhadabadtime.②破句(fragmentarysentence或fragment，或叫斷裂句)破句按照其形成原因可分為如下五種：A.缺少主語引起的破句(missing-subjectfragment)如果在沒有有意使用省略的情況下，一個形式獨立的句子沒有主語，就出現(xiàn)結構不完整的錯誤，形成缺少主語的破句。如：Whilesittinginclass,XiaoLiurealizedshehadlostherring.Buthappilyfounditinthewomen’sroomafterclass.針對此類錯誤，我們通?？刹捎靡韵滤姆N改正方法：第一，直接將破句附加到前面的句子上。如上述破句可改為：Whilesittinginclass,XiaoLiurealizedshehadlostherring,buthappilyfounditinthewomen’sroomafterclass.第二，給破句部分補上主語，使其本身成為一個結構完整的句子。如上述破句也可改為：Whilesittinginclass,XiaoLiurealizedshehadlostherring.Butshehappilyfounditinthewomen’sroomafterclass.第三，如果破句部分可用作目的或結果狀語，則可將其改為動詞不定式短語。如上述破句還可改為：Whilesittinginclass,XiaoLiurealizedshehadlostherring,buthappilytofinditinthewomen’sroomafterclass.第四，如果破句部分可用作伴隨狀語，通?？蓪⑵涓臑楝F(xiàn)在分詞短語。如下列破句：Tomwenttotherefrigeratortogetsomemilkforhisbreakfast.Anddiscoveredonlyaboutonetablespoonofmilkleft.可改為：Goingtotherefrigeratortogetsomemilkforhisbreakfast,Tomdiscoveredonlyaboutonetablespoonofmilkleft.B.現(xiàn)在分詞引起的破句(-ingfragment)如果-ing分詞短語被獨立使用而又沒有其他完整的“主語+謂語”結構時，就形成破句。如：Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.Tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.可采取如下兩種方法進行改正：第一，將現(xiàn)在分詞引起的破句附加到主句上，使其形成主句的伴隨狀語。如上述破句可改為：Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday,tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.第二，給現(xiàn)在分詞引起的破句增加主語，使其本身形成一個主謂結構完整的分句。如上述破句也可改為：a.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday,andItriedtofindagaragetorepairmycar.（一個并列句）b.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.AndItriedtofindagaragetorepairmycar.（兩個獨立的簡單句）C．從屬連詞使用不當引起的破句(dependent-wordfragment)如果從屬連詞，如after,although,as,asif,because,before,evenif,eventhough,if,since,sothat,that,though,till,unless,until,when,whenever,where,wherever,which,whichever,while,who,whoever等，引導的分句被獨立使用而沒有完整的“主語+謂語”結構時，就形成破句。如：Jacksatnervouslyinthedentalclinic.Whilewaitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.為了改正此類錯誤，我們通?？梢圆捎萌N方法：第一，直接將從屬連詞引導的破句附加到主句上，使兩者成為一個“主句+從句”結構。如上述破句可改為：Jacksatnervouslyinthedentalclinicwhilehewaswaitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.第二，將從屬連詞去掉，使從屬連詞引導的破句變成為一個獨立的句子。如上述破句可改為：Jacksatnervouslyinthedentalclinic.Andhewaitedtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.（增加連接詞使句子之間的過渡變得平滑）第三，將從屬連詞引導的破句變成一個用做伴隨狀語的分詞短語。如上述破句可改為：Whilewaitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled,Jacksatnervouslyinthedentalclinic.或：Jacksatnervouslyinthedentalclinic，waitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.D．動詞不定式使用不當引起的破句(to-fragment)如果以to引導的動詞不定式短語被獨立使用而又沒有其他完整的“主語+謂語”結構時，就形成破句。如：Ihavealwaysworkedovertime.Tofinishwritingthisbookintime.為了改正動詞不定式使用不當引起的破句，我們可將該破句附加到主句上，使其成為主句的目的狀語。如上述破句可改為：Ihavealwaysworkedovertimetofinishwritingthisbookintime.當然，我們也可以把用作目的狀語的動詞不定式短語放在主句的前面，但此時我們必須用逗號把它與主句隔開。Tofinishwritingthisbookintime,Ihavealwaysworkedovertime.E.增加細節(jié)引起的破句(added-detailfragment)我們往往就會運用also,especially,except,exceptfor,forexample,forinstance,including,suchas,too等詞語。如果在該用主語或謂語時而沒有用，就形成破句。如：Thefirstloadofwashshouldbewhitethings.Suchasbedsheets,pillowcases,towels,handkerchiefs,andunderwear.Theclassoftenstartslate.Forexample,yesterdayataquarterpasteight.Hefailedanumberofcoursesbeforeheearnedhisdegree.Amongthem,ExtensiveReadingII,BasicWritingofEnglish,andPhilosophy.為了改正此類錯誤，我們通常可采取如下三種方法：第一，直接將破句部分附加到主句上使兩者合并成為一個完整的句子。如上述第一句可改為：Thefirstloadofwashshouldbewhitethings,suchasbedsheets,pillowcases,towels,handkerchiefs,andunderwear.第二，給破句部分加上主語和謂語，使其本身成為一個結構完整的成分。如上述第二句、第三句可分別改為：Theclassoftenstartslate.Forexample,yesterdayitbeganataquarterpasteight.Beforeheearnedhisdegree,hefailedanumberofcourses,amongthemwereExtensiveReadingII,BasicWritingofEnglish,andPhilosophy.（此句語序已經作了適當調整）第三，對原句進行全面調整，使破句部分成為原句內容的一部分。如上述第三句還可改為：AmongthecourseshefailedbeforeheearnedhisdegreewereExtensiveReadingII,BasicWritingofEnglish,andPhilosophy.③平行結構錯誤(faultyparallelism)如果我們恰當使用平行結構(parallelism)，不僅可以更加清楚地表達意義，而且可以起到修辭美的效果。Ienjoybadmintonandbowlingball.（名詞平行結構）Herofficeissmallanddirty.（形容詞平行結構）Werequestedthathesingourfavoritesongsandheallowustorecordthem.（叢句平行結構）IwanttolearnFrench,andhewantstolearnJapanese.（分句平行結構—并列句）但如果對平行結構使用不當，我們就會犯如下三種錯誤：A.并列結構錯誤(faultycoordination)用于并列結構的所有成份應該具有相同的語法特征，其詞類和充當的語法結構必須完全相同。否則，就出現(xiàn)結構錯誤。如：Hespendsagreatdealofmoneyandfoolishly.此句可改為：Hespendsagreatdealofmoneyfoolishly.由于這里的名詞賓語較長，而副詞狀語較短，所以，此句最好改為：Hespendsfoolishlyagreatdealofmoney.我們再看一個例子：Heistall,handsome,hardworkingandgently.此句可改為：Heistall,handsome,hardworkingandgentle.我們再看一個例子：HeeitherwantstostudyInformationEngineeringorstudyAutomationEngineering.應該改為：HewantstostudyeitherInformationEngineeringorAutomationEngineering.或者改為：HeeitherwantstostudyInformationEngineeringorwantstostudyAutomationEngineering.（顯然第二句沒有第一句簡潔）B．排比結構錯誤(faultyparallel)如：Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,offersconvenience,anditisnotveryexpensive.此句應該改為：.Manypeoplechooseairtransportationbecauseitisfast,convenient,andinexpensive.C.比較結構錯誤(faultycomparison)由于在漢語中使用比較結構時，人們通?？墒褂檬÷孕问?，所以很多人在用英語造句時也套用漢語句式進行省略，從而導致英語句子結構的錯誤。如：Mary’scollectionofbooksisasextensiveasJack.此句應該改為：Mary’scollectionofbooksisasextensiveasJack’s(collectionofbooks).我們再看一個例子：Thenumberofstudentsattendingyourschoolislargerthanourschool.此句應該改為：Thenumberofstudentsattendingyourschoolislargerthanthatofourschool.D.省略結構錯誤(incorrectomission)如果我們不恰當地省略了平行結構中的某些詞語，使得同一個詞語的同一種形式必須同時承擔兩種或更多不同的語法功能，也造成句子結構上的錯誤。如：Healwayshasandalwayswillworkhard.此句應該改為：Hehasalwayshasworkedandalwayswillworkhard.④修飾語位置不當(misplacedmodifier)在英語中，除了轉移修飾(transferredepithet)這件特殊的語法現(xiàn)象之外，修飾語總是必須最靠近被修飾語。如果我們換個角度看，也就是說，修飾語與哪個成份距離最近，它就修飾那個成份。請看下面的例子：Inearlyearned3000yuanlastmonth.很明顯，說話者本來的意思是想說“上月我賺了差不多3000元”，而不是要說“上月我?guī)缀跻?000元，但實際上什么也沒有賺到?！彼?，本句應該改為：Iearnednearly3000yuanlastmonth.我們再看一個句子：XIELihongistheonlygirlamongthesixworkerswhoisfromWuhan.很明顯，此句中whoisfromWuhan是用來修飾theonlygirl，說明XIELihong的籍貫，而不是用來修飾thesixworkers。因此，此句應該改為：Amongthesixworkers,XIELihongistheonlygirlwhoisfromWuhan.我們還必須提高句子寫作的技巧，使我們的語言簡潔、生動和形象。這包括以下三個方面：

⑴句子要簡潔。

請看下面各例：

繁：Anotherfactorthataddstothepersuasivepowerofthisspeechisthevividexampleitgives.

簡：Thevividexamplealsomakesthespeechmorepersuasive.

繁：OwingtothefactthatIwasverybusy,itwasn’tpossibleformetoaccepttheirinvitation.

簡：Iwastoobusytoaccepttheirinvitation

繁：Thereareseveralthingswhichareinterestinghere.

簡：Severalthingsareinterestinghere.

繁：Thepurposeofthereportistoexplain,toclarifyandtomakeclearthereasonsforthenewPanamaCanalTreaty.

簡：ThepurposeofthereportistoexplainthereasonsforthenewPanamaCanalTreaty⑵句型要多樣，避免單一。

EarnestHemingwaywasbornin1898.Hestartedwritingasanewspaperreporter.HethenwenttoEuropeandtookpartinWorldWarI.Thewarplayedanimportantpartinhisbooks.Heneverprojectedamindlesscombativeness.Heknewthesufferingthatwarcouldbring.Heshoweditbetterinhisshortstory,“InAnotherCountry”,thananywhereelse.

我們可以把它改為：

Bornin1898,ErnestHemingwaystartedwritingasanewspaperreporter.Then,hewenttoEuropeandtookpartinWorldWarI.Inspiteofthesignificanceofthewarforhim,heneverprojectedamindlesscombativeness.Heknewthesufferingthatwarcouldbring.Nowheredidheshowthisbetterthaninhisshortstory,“InAnotherCountry”.如：

Ireturnedtomyroom.Therewasanoteundermydoor.ItwasfromBob.Hesaidhewasinthetownlookingforajob.Hehadn'tfoundanythingyet.Headdedthathewassorrytohavemissedme.

可做如下改動：

WhenIreturnedtomyroom,IfoundanotefromBobunderthedoor.Hesaidhewasinthetownlookingforajob,buthadn’tfoundanythingyet.Headdedthathewassorrytohavemissedme.⑶句子要形象。

適當地使用一些修辭手法如比喻、夸張、排比、擬人等能更形象、更深刻地說明事理，增加文章的活力。

①明喻（simile）

②暗喻（metaphor）

Heissomethingofapoliticalchameleon.他有點像政治上的變色龍。Agoodbookisoftenthebesturnofalifeenshriningthebestthatlifecouldthinkof.一本好書往往就是人的一生最好的歸宿之所，它珍藏著人的思想的精華。

③擬人（personification）

Aliegoeshalfwayaroundtheworldbeforetruthhastimetogetsitstrouserson.真相還來不及穿上褲子，謊言已經走遍了半個世界。

④夸張（hyperbole）

Thetwosistersaredifferentinathousandandoneways.這兩姐妹個性迥異。三、組段——段落的拓展方法段落=主題句+拓展句①+拓展句②+拓展句③+……+結尾句例如：1999年6月全國大學英語四級考試的作文題為：

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritea

compositiononthetopic:ReadingSelectivelyor

Extensively.

Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyour

compositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:

1.有些人認為讀書要有選擇；

2.有些人認為應當博覽群書；

3.我的看法。根據這篇作文的標題和中文提綱的提示，我們可將其主要內容概括為：中心思想：Readingselectivelyorextensively主題句：Shouldwereadselectivelyorextensively?Everyonehashis/herownopinion.拓展句①：Somepeoplethinkthatweshouldreadselectively.拓展句②：Onthecontrary,othersbelievethatweshouldreadextensively.結尾句：Inmyopinion,weshouldfirstreadextensivelyandthenreadselectively.1．怎樣寫好主題句

寫好主題句要注意以下幾點：

第一，主題句必須由一個完整的句子構成。

第二，主題句必須具體，不能過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象。

第三，主題句用詞必須準確，結構完整，意思清楚。

下面我們來看幾個主題句寫作的范例：

Topic1:TheimportanceofEducation

Topicsentence1:Theprosperityofanationdependsonthedevelopmentofeducation.

Topicsentence2:Educationisalsovitaltothedevelopmentofanindividual.

Topic2:PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports:

Topicsentence1:Sportsbenefitusinmanyaspects.

Topicsentence2:Sportscandosomeharmtosomepeople.

Topic4:ProblemsofPiracy

Topicsentence1:Piracybringsgreatlosstobothproducersandauthors.

Topicsentence2:Thegovernmentshouldtakemeasurestodealwiththeproblemsofpiracy.當主題句位于段首時：NowIhavebeenacollegestudentformonths.UnlikewhatIhaveheardbefore,studyisstillthemostimportantthing,andIreallywanttolearnsomethingpractical.NotonlyshouldIgotoclasses,butIalsohavetostudybymyself.Itrequirestime,commitmentanddiscipline.Italsocanhelpsmetodevelopmylearningshills.Butjustdevelopingmylearningshillsisnotenough.Imustreinforcemycommunicatingshills.SoItriedmybesttoseizeeveryopportunitytoparticipateinactivitiesthoughfacedwithdifficultiesandfailures.IhavecomeacrosspeopleofvariouspersonalitiesandthereforeImustlearntocopewithdifferentpeopleandgaininterpersonalexperience.Besides,Ihavetolearntosolveproblemsaswellasashforhelp.Now,insteadoffeelingfrustrated,Ihavebecomemoreoutgoingandconfidentthanbefore.當主題句位于段尾時：Americansrelaxingathomemayputonkimonos,whichisaJapaneseword.AmericanswholiveinawarmclimatemaytaketheseanafternoonsiestaonanoutdoorpatiowithoutevenrealizingthatareSpanishwords.Intheirgardens,theymayenjoythefragranceofjasmineflowers,awordthatcameintoEnglishfromPersian.Theymayevenrelaxonachalselonguewhilesippingadrinkwithvodka,wordsofFrenchandRussianorigin,respectively.SowecanseetherearemanyforeignwordsandphrasesinAmericaneverydaylanguage.當主題句位于段中時：InSeptember,Jackfellofftheunevenbarsandgotaconcussion.Amonthlaterhesprainedhisankle,afterabadlandingoffthebalancebeam.Jackreallyshouldn’thavetakenthegymnasticscourse.InJanuarythisyear,hebrokehisthumbwhenhecaughtitonthebarofthepommelhorse.Healsobrokethesupportbeaminthebasementofhisparents’home,showingthemhisskillswhenhewashomefortheDecemberholidays.TheresultofhisbadluckwasthathefailedtograduateinMay.2.怎樣寫好拓展句——常用的段落拓展方法介紹一下10種常用的段落拓展方法：(1)順序法,包括①時間順序法，②空間順序法，③主次順序法和④步驟順序法；(2)舉例說明法；(3)分類法；(4)定義解釋法；(5)概括法；(6)比較法；(7)對比法；(8)列舉法；(9)類比法（或叫模擬法）；(10)因果關系法。(1)順序法①時間順序法(developmentbytime或chronologicalorder)我們在講故事和敘述事件經過時，最簡單最直接的方法就是按時間順序進行：把先發(fā)生的事情先講，后發(fā)生的事情后講。如：AnAwfulDayYesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn’thearmyalarmclockandIdidn’twakeupuntil

ten

to

eight

o’clock.Thus,Ididn’thaveenoughtimeforbreakfast,andIarrivedlateforclass.After

one

period

of

class,Ifeltterriblyhungry.ThenIsuddenlyfeltratherawkwardbecauseI,inahurry,putonthetrousersIworethedaybeforeandIfoundtherewassomedirtonthem.AfterIhadpulledthroughmyfourperiods,itwasalreadynearly

twelve

o’clock.Irushedoutformybrunch.Butunfortunately,Idroppedmyteacupandspoiltmynewshirt.When

I

got

home,Icouldn’tgetintomyapartmentbecauseIhadforgottentobringmykeyswithmewhenIhurriedoutinthemorning.SoIhadtocallthepolicetohelpmetobreakthedoor.After

I

finally

arrived

home,Ihadtoaskthedoor-repairingmantofixanewdoorforme.我們再看一個例子。

IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametomycollege.ItwasSeptember8,1985.Thatmorningwhenthebuscarriedmetothegateofthecollege,Ifeltmyheartbeatingexcitedly.AssoonasIgotoffthebus,Iwasledbyseveralsecond-yearstudentstothedormitorywhere,forthefisttime,Iwasgoingtoliveawayfrommyparents.Theelderroommatestaughtmehowtomakethebedandfixthenet.Intheafternoon,Iwentthroughtheregistrationproceduresinthegreathall,andgotacollegebedgeandastudentcard.IthoughtIreallybecameacollegestudent.Aftersupper,Itookawalkaroundthecampustogetherwithmyroommates,talkingaboutourpastsandfutures.Everythingonthecampusappearedespeciallybrightandfresh.Therewasasonginmyheartandcheeronmyface.Wewereallsoexcitedthatnoonewantedtogobacktoourdormandsleep.②空間順序法（developmentbyspace）ProfessorCook,awell-knownAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentoftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandthegrowthofthesouthernstates.TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,thecowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Fromthedescriptionabove,wecanseethatMrCookregardshisbookshelvesasamapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvergent.③主次順序法(developmentbyimportance)Therearesomeadvantagestousingcreditcards.Thebiggestadvantageisthattheconsumercanpurchasewhatshewantswhenshewantsit.Thereisnoneedtosaveupmoneyinadvance.Anotheradvantageofhavingacreditcardisthatitprotectstheowner.Ifacreditcardislostorstolen,theowneronlyhastocallthecreditcompanyandthecreditcompanywillstopthecreditcardnumber.Nooneelsecanuseit.Athirdadvantageisthattheconsumerreceivesarecordofherpurchaseeverymonth.Thismakesiteasiertorememberwhenandwherepurchasesaremade.4步驟順序法（developmentbyprocess或chronologicalsequencing）HowtoGrowCabbagesCabbageisakindofhealthyvegetable.Butdoyouknowhowtogrowcabbages?Thefirststeptogrowcabbagesispreparingaboxofrichsoil,whichhasbeenfertilized.Then

weuseasmallshortsticktomakesomeholesinit.Thenextistosowthecabbageseedsinthesoilanddon’tforgettocovertheseedswithathinlayerofsoil.Thenpleasewaterthemcarefully,butmakesureit’sneithertoowetnorto