英語國家概況-Chapter10-government解析

Chapter10TheUnitedStatesofAmerica

GovernmentCONTENTSUSConstitution1FederalSystem&

Government

2PoliticalParties3Election4ForeignPolicy51.USConstitutionConstitution—basic

instrumentlaw,drawnupin1787,cameintoeffectin1789.Twocharacters:separationofpowers,checkandbalances;

specifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates.

1.USConstitutionSignificanceoftheConstitutionTakingprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws,andoverlawsmadebythecongress;Firstofitskindintheworld,ithasinspireddozensofothercountriestoseekpoliticalreform.BasiclawofthelandNation’spoliticalstabilityEconomicgrowthSocialprogressWhatisfederalism?Whatistheseparationofpowers?WhatarethequalificationsforaUSPresident?HowdoyouunderstandthepowerofAmericanPresident?2.FederalSystem&GovernmentQuestionsforbrain-storming

2.FederalSystem&GovernmentTheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranchTheLegislativeBranchTheJudicialBranch

2.12.2

2.3

2.42.1TheFederalGovernment

TheFederalGovernment—thecentralgovernment.Threeequalandseparatebranches：TheExecutivebranchTheLegislativebranchTheJudicialbranchTheyarecheckedandbalancedbyoneanother.2.1TheFederalGovernmentGovernmentJudicialBranchExecutiveBranchLegislativeBranchSystemofU.S.GovernmentChecksandBalances2.2Theexecutivebranch

Departments&WhiteHouseFunctionsofThePresident

QualificationsofThePresident

PresidentandScandal2.2.12.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.42.2.1Departments&WhiteHouseTheexecutivebranchconsistsof14departmentsandmanyindependentagencies；Cabinetisformedbydepartmentheads—secretaries；sourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive.firstcitizenhiswife—FirstLadyOvalOffice:Bush’sNewRug2.2.1Departments&WhiteHouseOfficialpresidentialresidenceThepresidentworksandliveshereandtheofficesofmostofhisstaffsarealsolocatedthere,suchasWhiteHouseStaff,NationalSecurityCouncilandtheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA),etc.

TheWhiteHouseatChristmasnight2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentAsChiefExecutive,heisgiventheauthorityorduty:

tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons;tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices;toconcludetreaties;tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials;toinformCongressonthe“stateoftheUnion”;torecommendlegislation,approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress,andensuretheexecutionoflaws.2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentThepresident’slimits:majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate;vetooverriddenbyCongresswithtwo-thirdsconsentoftheSenators;allappropriationslegislatedbyCongress;canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimes;nopowertodismissCongress;hispolicycanbevetoedandabolishedbyTheSupremeCourt.2.2.3QualificationsofThePresident

Natural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35years-old;BeingresidentwithintheUSforatleast14years;Serveoneortwosuccessivetermsoffouryears.FranklinD.Roosevelt—theonlypresidentwhoservedmorethantwosuccessiveterms.AfterWorldWarII,Congressadoptedanamendmentlimitingapresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly.Oath-TakingCeremony2.2.4PresidentandScandalWatergateScandalTheWatergatescandaloccurredin1972.Itremainsoneofthetoppresidentialscandalsofmoderntime.ChinesepoemsquotoedbyAmericanPresidentsObama:(TownHall)Chineseproverb：Considerthepastyoushallknowthefuture.Nixon

Chairmanhaswritten:Somanydeedscryouttobedone,andalwaysurgently;theworldrollson,timepresses.Tenthousandyearsaretoolong;seizetheday,seizethehour！Thisisthehour.Thisisthedayforourtwopeople

(現在就是我們兩國人民只爭朝夕的時候了)

Cliton(1998)inXi’anCity

LetusgivenewmeaningtothewordswrittenintheancientBookofRites,whatyoucalltheLiShi:Whenthegreatwayisfollowed,allunderheavenwillbeequal(讓我們給《禮記》這本歷史古書的文字賦予新的意義：當大家走偉大的道路時，世界所有的人都將是平等的)。Reagan:

Manycenturiesago,WangPo,afamousChinesepoet-philosopher,wrote,"Althoughweresideinfarcornersoftheworld,havingagoodfriendisakintohavingagoodneighbor."

SeniorBush(1989)

There'saChineseproverbthatsays:"Onegenerationplantsatree;thenextsitsinitsshade."

：…wherewerelishedthehistoryoftheThreeKingdomsandcouldalmosthearthepoetLiBo'sdescriptionof"themonkeyswhoscreamedfromthetwosideswithoutstopping."JuniorBush:(2005)

ThousandsofyearsbeforeThomasJeffersonorAbrahamLincoln,aChinesepoetwrotethat,“thepeopleshouldbecherished,thepeoplearetherootofacountry；therootfirm,thecountryistranquil.”

(在托馬斯·杰斐遜或亞伯拉罕·林肯誕生的幾千年前，就有一位中國詩人寫道：“人民應該被珍視，人民是國家的根基。根基牢固，國家就安寧)。這句話出自《尚書·夏書》中的“五子之歌”，原文是“民可近，不可下。民惟邦本，本固邦寧”。

Obama:

Thousandsofyearsago,thegreatphilosopherMenciussaid：'Atrailthroughthemountains,ifused,becomesapathinashorttime,but,ifunused,becomesblockedbygrassinanequallyshorttime.’"

(山徑之蹊間，介然用之而成路；為間不用，則茅塞之矣。今茅塞子之心矣—《孟子·盡心下》)。

2.2.4PresidentandScandalTodefeathisadversary,NixonhiredfiveburglarstosetupwiretapstogetconfidentialinformationintheDemocraticNationalCommitteeoffices;ItwasexposedandbecamethebiggestpoliticalscandalinthehistoryofAmerica;Becauseofthepressureofpublic,Nixonwasimpeachedandresignedin1974.ListentotheAudio:WatergateWhatqualificationsareprescribedforaRepresentativeandaSenator?WhatarethefunctionsoftheCongress?Brieflystatethelegislativeprocess—howdoesabillbecomelaw?WhatdoyouknowabouttheJudicialBranchandtheJurySystem?2.3TheLegislativeBranchQuestionsforbrain-storming2.3TheLegislativeBranchTheSenateTheHouseofRepresentatives

TheFunctionofCongressCongress2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.3.1CongressLaw-makingandthesupremelegislativebody；Twohouses:theSenatetheHouseofRepresentatives

TheCapitol

isnolongeropenedtothepublicaftertheterroreventonSept.11th,2001.Capitol2.3.2TheSenate

100votingmembers,twofromeachstate;Theymaybereelectedforanunlimitednumberofsix-yearterms,chosenbyadirectelection;Qualificationsforbeingasenator:over30yearsold;aUScitizenforatleast9years;residentinthestatefromwhichheiselected.2.3.3TheHouseofRepresentatives435votingmembersplusanon-votingrepresentativefromPuertoRico,GumaandtheDistrictofColumbia;Statelegislaturedivideseachstateintocongressionaldistricts,eachdistrictelectingoneRepresentative;Qualificationsforbeingarepresentative:atleast25yearsold;aUScitizenfornolessthan7years;serveforatermoftwoyears.2.3.4TheFunctionofCongressFunctionofCongress—passinglawsfortheUnion;EitherhousemayintroducelegislationonanysubjectexcepttherevenuebillswhichmustoriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives.JointSessionofCongressTheconstitutionisgenerousinitsgrantofpowerstoCongress;Amongthesepowersare：thepowerto“spendandtaxinordertoprovideforthecommondefenseandgeneralwelfareoftheUnitedStates”;thepowertoborrowmoney;thepowertoregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongstates;

2.3.4TheFunctionofCongressthepowertodeclarewar,raiseandsupportarmies,andprovideandmaintainanavy;thepowertoestablishpostofficesandpostroads;thepowertosetupthefederalcourtsundertheSupremeCourt;thepower“tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecution”.2.3.4TheFunctionofCongress2.4TheJudicialBranchThejudicialbranchconsistsofaseriesofcourts:theSupremeCourtthecourtsofappeals—12thedistrictcourts—94TheSupremeCourt—highestcourt;OneChiefJusticeandeightAssociateJustices;decisionsaremadebythemajority.appointedbythePresidentwiththeSenate’sapproval;onlyremovedfromofficebyCongressthroughdifficultimpeachment.JurySystemInmostcriminaljusticesystemsandsomecivilcases,panelsareinitiallyselectedatrandomfromtheadultpopulationofthedistrict.Apersonwhoisservingon(isamemberof)ajuryisknownasajuror.Thenumberofjurorsisusuallytwelve,thoughsmallercasesmayrequireonlysix.

Somealternatejurorsarenominatedtofollowthetrialwhenjurorsdonotcompletethetrialforhealthorotherreasons(buttheydonottakepartindecidingtheverdict).Theroleofthejuryisthe“finderoffact”,whiletheJudgehasthesoleresponsibilityofinterpretingtheappropriatelawandinstructingthejuryaccordingly.

Occasionally,ajurymayfindthedefendant"notguilty"eventhoughheviolatedthelawifthejurythinksthatthelawisinvalidorunjust.JurySystemWhatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwomajorparties?Whatarethefunctionsofthemajorpartieswhenthegeneralelectioncomes?HowthepresidentisvotedintheUS?Whatisthe“winner-take-all”system?3.PoliticalPartiesQuestionsforbrain-storming3.PoliticalPartiesSymbolsofthepartiesTheDemocraticPartyTheRepublicanPartyFunctionofParties3.1

3.23.3

3.4

3.1Symbolsoftheparties

Donkey&ElephantIn1847,AmericanartistThomasNestdrewapoliticalpicturewithadonkeyrepresentingtheDemocraticPartyandanelephantrepresentingtheRepublicanParty.

TheDemocraticPartyandtheRepublicanPartyFromthenon,theybecamethesymbolofthetwoparties.3.2TheDemocraticPartyTheDemocraticParty—liberal;Government—playinganimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizingfullemployment;Favorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystemandlessrestrictiveabortionlaws,etc.;MoredisposedtosearchoutamethodoflivingwithRussiaandChinaandtolookforreductioninarmsspending.3.3TheRepublicanPartyTheRepublicanParty—conservative;Favoraneconomicsystem—givingenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthegovernmenttocontrolinflation;Stresstheneedforlawandorder;Opposecompletegovernmentalsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortion;Favorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandsininternationalrelations.3.4FunctionofPartiesTonominatecandidatesforofficeandhelpthemintheirelectioncampaigns.findthemostsuitablecandidates;helpcandidatestocollectthemoneyneeded,mobilizethepartyactivistsorhirepeopletohelpthemwiththepropaganda;urgethepublictovoteforthemandunderminetherivalsbyexposingtheirpersonalflawsorattackingtheirpolicies.4.ElectionTherearemanykindsofelectionsintheUnitedStates.WhenanAmericanvotesinNovemberinthepresidentialelectioneachleapyear,heisvotinginseveralotherelectionsaswell;HealsovotesforaRepresentativeoraSenator;Atregularintervalshevotestochoosethegovernorofhisstate,themayorofhiscityandtheholdersofseverallocalpublicoffices.PresidentialElectionOnlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorpartieshavethechancetowinaPresidentialelection;Theelectionprocessiscomplex;ThePresidentialelection(fourstages):Thefirststage:themajorpartiesholdconventionstochoosecandidatesforPresidentandVice-Presidentandtodeterminetheparty'splatform.Listentotheaudio:AmericanyouthsupportsDemocraticPartyPresidentialElectionThesecondstage

isthecampaigningstage.Byearlyfallthepresidentialraceison.Fromthattimeuntiltheelectionday,votersarebombardedfromallsides—byradio,television,newspapers,andpersonalcommunicationswithpoliticalmaterial.Therearewhistlestoptoursbytrain,byplane,andbycar.Thecandidatedeliverscountlessspeechesandshakescountlesshands.Thisisaveryimportantstageinthegeneralelection.PresidentialElectionThethirdstage

isthetimeforvoterstochoosethelistofpresidentialelectorsforthestate.ThenumberofelectorsofeachstateisequaltothatofitssenatorsandrepresentativesinCongress.Therearealtogether538presidentialelectors,535fromthestatesand3fromtheDistrictofColumbia(withoutseatsinCongress).PresidentialElectionAllthecandidatesofPresidentialelectorsarepartynominees.Peoplewillvotetheirpartycandidateforthepresidency.Asaresult,avoterisactuallychoosingaPresidentwhenhecastshisvoteforanelector.“Winner-take-all”principleIfthecandidatesofapartyfor“electors”inagivenstatereceiveamajorityofthetotalvote,thenthepartyisentitledtohavealltheelectoralvotesforthatstate.PresidentialElectionWhenthepresidentialelectorsarechosenoutinthepresidentialelectionyear,peoplehavealreadyknownwhoisgoingtobetheUSpresidentinthenextfouryears.Althoughtheresultisalreadyknown,theelectorsstillmeetintheirstatecapitalsandcasttheirvotesforPresidentandvice-PresidentonthefirstMondayafterthesecondWednesdayinDecember.Thatisthefourthstage.PresidentialElectionOnNovember2nd,2004,GeorgeWalkerBushwasreelectedasAmerica’sforty-thirdpresident.Butheisthefirstinsixteenyearstowinamajorityofthepopularvote.Thelastonewashisfather,in1988.SenateKerry&hiswife,TeresaPresidentBush&hiswife,LauraPresidentialElectionO’BamaandHillaryThetwomostlikelyDemocraticcandidatesfor2008PresidentialElection.WiththewithdrawalofHillaryClinton,O’Bama’ssuccessisontheway.

5.Foreignpolicy

NeutralityContainmentandIntervention

5.1

5.25.1Neutrality“DeclarationofNeutrality”；Americaenteredthewar—Germangovernmentresumedunrestrictedsubmarinewarfarein1917；WilsonsubmittedFourteenPointsin1918;5.1NeutralityFourteenPointsabandonmentofsecretinternationalagreements;freedomoftheseas;freetradebetweennations;reductionsinnationalarmaments(軍備、武器);adjustmentofcolonialclaimsintheinterestsoftheinhabitantsaffected;self-ruleforsubjugated(使屈服、征服)Europeannationalities;theestablishmentofanassociationofnationstoafford“mutualguaranteestogreatandsmallstatesalike”.WiththeoutbreakofWorldWarII,isolationistsentimentincreased；Neutralitylegislation—preventtheinvolvementofthewar；prohibitedtradeinarmswithanywarringnations;requiredcashforallothercommodities;forbadeAmericanmerchantshipsfromcarryingthosegoods.5.1NeutralityJapaneseattackatPearlHarboronDecember7,1941;AmericadeclaredwarwiththeAxisp