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IncollaborationwithDeloitte
High-EmittingSectors:
ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers
INSIGHTREPORT
SEPTEMBER2024
Images:GettyImages]
Contents
Foreword4
Executivesummary5
1Aviation10
1.1Currentemissionsprofile11
1.2TheFMCcommitment12
1.3Decarbonizationpathwaysinaviation12
1.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carbonaviation13
2Shipping16
2.1Currentemissionsprofile17
2.2TheFMCcommitment18
2.3Decarbonizationpathwaysinshipping18
2.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carbonshipping19
3Trucking21
3.1Currentemissionsprofile22
3.2TheFMCcommitment23
3.3Decarbonizationpathwaysintrucking23
3.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carbontrucking24
4Aluminium27
4.1Currentemissionsprofile28
4.2TheFMCcommitment29
4.3Decarbonizationpathwaysinaluminium29
4.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carbonaluminium30
5CementandConcrete32
5.1Currentemissionsprofile33
5.2TheFMCcommitment34
5.3Decarbonizationpathwaysincementandconcrete35
5.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carboncement36
andconcrete
6Steel38
6.1Currentemissionsprofile39
6.2TheFMCcommitment40
6.3Decarbonizationpathwaysinsteel40
6.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesinlow-carbonsteel41
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers2
7Carbondioxideremoval(CDR)43
7.1Currentemissionsprofile44
7.2TheFMCcommitment45
7.3Decarbonizationpathwaysincarbondioxideremoval45
7.4Supplierchallengesandopportunitiesincarbondioxideremoval46
8Cross-sectorchallengesandopportunities48
8.1Lackofemissionsmeasurementmethodsandstandards50
8.2Availabilityandcostofinputs51
8.3Buyers’riskaversionandunfamiliaritywithdecarbonizedsolutions52
9Conclusion54
Contributors55
Endnotes57
Disclaimer
ThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorld
EconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.ThedocumentwascreatedincollaborationwithDeloitteConsulting,anentitywithintheDeloittenetwork.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofDeloitteandDeloitteshallnotbeliableforanylossinconnectionwiththisdocument.
DeloittereferstooneormoreofDeloitteToucheTohmatsuLimited,aUKprivatecompanylimitedbyguarantee(“DTTL”),its
networkofmemberfirmsandtheirrelatedentities.DTTLandeachofitsmemberfirmsarelegallyseparateandindependent
entities.DTTL(alsoreferredtoas“DeloitteGlobal”)doesnotprovideservicestoclients.Pleasesee/abouttolearnmoreaboutourglobalnetworkofmemberfirms.
?2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers3
July2024
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers
Foreword
By2050,50%ofemissionsreductionsneededtoachievenet-zerogoalsareexpectedtocomefromtechnologiesnotyetavailableatscale.1
DilipKrishna
ChiefTechnologyOfficerSustainability,
Deloitte
RobJohannAdriaanvanRiet
ProgrammeHead,
ClimateActionand
FirstMoversCoalition,WorldEconomicForum
Buildingearlymarketdemandforbreakthrough
technologiesisthereforecriticaltocatalysetheir
commercialadoptionandtakestepstowardsglobaldecarbonization.Giventhescaleandcomplexityofthechallenge,strategicreformsandengagement
fromgovernments,regulators,investors,purchasingfirms,researchersandthepublicarecrucialtohelpacceleratethedeploymentoflow-carbonsolutions.
TheWorldEconomicForum,alongsideprivate
firmsandresearchinstitutionsestablishedthe
First
MoversCoalition
(FMC)toenabletheaccelerationofbreakthroughtechnologiesandsendcredible,
large-scaledemandsignalstocarbon-intensive
sectors.FMCmemberspledgetopurchase
largevolumesofgoodsthatmeetscience-basedemissionreductiontargets.AspartofthisFMC
effort,theForumcreatedthe
FirstSuppliers
Hub
(FSH)withstrategicsupportfromDeloitte
Consulting.TheFSHisaglobalrepositorywheresuppliersprovideinformationontheirlow-carbonprojectstofacilitateinformation-sharingand
offtakeagreements.Thisdatabaseconnectsusers
withapoolofsuppliersaswellasconnectingsupplierstoFMCmembers,policy-makersandfinancierslookingtogrowtheavailabilityoflow-carbongoods.
Suppliersareakeyplayerinthisecosystemas
theyareresponsibleforpiloting,developingand
scaling-upthelow-carbontechnologiesneeded
globally.Theyareinstrumentalindrivinginnovationandbringingthesetechnologiestomarket,therebyinfluencingdownstreamemissionsacrosstheglobalvaluechain.
InformedbythelessonslearnedfromtheFMCandFSH,thisreport,developedincollaborationwith
Deloitte,providesananalysisfromtheperspectiveofthesupplieronthevaluechain,decarbonizationpathways,andchallengesandopportunitiesfor
scaling-uptheirtechnologies.ThisreportalignswithFMC’sfocusoncarbondioxideremovalandsixothersectorsthatrepresent~25%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions:aviation,shipping,
trucking,aluminium,cement/concreteandsteel.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers4
Executivesummary
Thisreportbeginsbyanalysingthesupplychain,decarbonizationpathways,challengesand
opportunitiesfordecarbonizingtheheavy-emittingtransportandmaterialsectorsfromthesupplier’sperspective.Itproceedstodescribethefollowingthreecross-sectorobstaclesforsuppliersin
acceleratingthecommercializationoftheirlow-carbontechnologiesandproposespotential
solutionsforsupplierstonavigatethesebarriers:
–Lackofemissionsmeasurementmethodsandstandards:Supplierscanengagewithindustryconsortiumsandinternationalbodiestoadvocatefortheestablishmentofsector-specificcarbonaccountingmethodologies
andstandards,whichcanhelpsecurebuyersandfinancing.
–Availabilityandcostofinputs:Through
strategiclocationdecisions,collaborationsto
expandaccesstoinputs,andengagementwithgovernmentandfinancestakeholders,supplierscanhelpovercomechallengestoincreasethesupplyofnecessarymaterialsandimprovethecost-competitivenessoftheirsolutions.
–Buyers’riskaversionandunfamiliarity
withdecarbonizedsolutions:Supplierscanleverageinnovativecontractingmechanismstoshareormitigateofftakeagreementrisk
andeducatepotentialbuyersonvaluingtheirsolutionsbasedonholisticeconomicand
climateimpacts.
Thisreportalsohighlightsuniqueopportunities
acrosseachoftheFMC’ssevensectors,organizedaroundthreeheavytransportationsectors,three
heavyindustrysectorsandcarbondioxideremoval,asfollows:
–Aviation:Opportunitiestoscale-upsustainableaviationfuel(SAF)includeflexibletermsinSAF
offtakeagreementssuchas“book
andclaim”schemesandexpansioninemergingmarketsforfeedstocksupplywhilepreservingsustainability.
–Shipping:Adoptionofemission-reduction
incentivessuchascarbontaxesproposed
byindustryplayersandregionalentitiescan
acceleratebusinessdevelopmentforsuppliersoflow-carbonshippingfuels.
–Trucking:Battery-electricvehiclefleets
frommultiplecompaniescanusealternativechargingmodels,suchassharedcharging
infrastructure,tosharecostsandconsolidatepoweruse.
–Aluminium:Thedevelopment,scaling-upandbroadcommercializationofemissions-free
smeltingtechnologies,renewableenergyuseinelectrolysisandhydrogen,andcarboncapture,utilizationandstorage(CCUS)presentpotentialopportunitiesfordecarbonizationintheprimaryaluminiumsector.
–Cement/concrete:Non-fossilalternatives
suchascalciumsilicatecementandnaturalpozzolans2offerpotentialresiliencetosupplyshortagesandalignwithevolvingregulations.
–Steel:Governmentinterventionslikethe
EuropeanUnion’sCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism(CBAM)andtheUSDepartmentofEnergy’sfundingforindustrialdecarbonizationprojectscanhelpbalancecostdisparities
betweensuppliersandincentivizeadoption.
–Carbondioxideremoval(CDR):Exploring
utilizationmarkets,especiallythoseinvolving
long-termsequestration,cancomplement
geologicstoragesolutionsandfurtherenhancecarbonremovalefforts.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers5
FIGURE1:Globalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,bysector
3%
4%
2%
2%
6%
FMCsectors~25%
ofglobalGHGemissions
75%
8%
.Aviation
.Shipping
●Trucking
●Aluminium
●Cement
●Steel
●Othersectors
Source:
WorldEconomicF
orum.3
Basedontheinsightsfromthisreport,theWorldEconomicForumandDeloittearededicatedto
helpingacceleratetheadoptionanddemonstratingthefeasibilityoflow-carbontechnologiesin
heavy-emittingsectors.Relevantstakeholders,
includinggovernmentsandfinancialinstitutions,areencouragedtoembraceinnovativesolutionsformeaningfulemissionreductionsandexploretheresourcesavailablethroughtheFirstMoversCoalitionandFirstSuppliersHub.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers6
TABLE1:FMCsectoremissions,pathways,opportunitiesandchallenges
GlobalshareofDeepdecarbonizationKeyopportunitiesKeychallenges
GHGemissions,pathwaysinlinewithFMC
bysectorcommitments
Aviation
–Highproductioncostsandpricepremium,comparedtoconventionalJetAfuel.
–Complexandcapital-intensivesupplychain,withsignificant
investmentrequiredtoscale-upproduction.
–SAFcompetingwithother
formsoftransportationforthesamefeedstock,particularlyinemergingmarkets.
–Sustainableaviationfuel(SAF)withlife-cycleassessment
(LCA)emissionsabatement
>85%(e.g.power-to-liquid,
Fischer-Tropsch,alcohol-to-jet,andHEFA)dependingontheproductionprocess.
–Nextgenerationnear-
–Growingpublicinterestin
reducingaviationemissions,drivingdemandforSAF.
–PolicyinterventionsandmandatesincreasingSAFdemandandproduction.
–Overcapacityinagricultural
areasinemergingmarkets,
offeringpotentialforfeedstockproductionforSAF.
–Collaborativeinitiatives(e.g.
JetZeroCouncil)bringing
togetherdifferentstakeholderstode-riskprivateinvestmentsandinnovatewaystoreduceaviationemissions.
~
3%
zeroemissionspropulsion
technologies,includingbattery-electric,hydrogenturbineandfuelcells.
–InternationalMaritime
Organizationandregional
bodieslikeEUsettingambitiousGHGreductiontargets.
–“Bookandclaim”schemesallowingshippingcompaniestocontributetoemission
reductionswithoutphysicallyusinglow-emissionfuels.
–Globalcarbontaxesandmass-balancemechanismstohelp
industryandregionalbodiesdriveinvestmentinlow-carbonfuels.
–Methanolproducedusing
low-carbonhydrogenand
sustainableCO2(biogenicorrecycledCO2,e.g.fromdirectaircaptureetc.).
–Ammoniaproducedwithlow-carbonhydrogenandnitrogen.
–Low-carbonhydrogenasacombustionfuel.
–Vesselscapableofusingzero-emissionfuels.
Shipping
2%
~
–Difficultiesforsuppliers
inobtainingfundingwith
appropriateriskappetiteandinvestmentsizetodevelop
andscale-uplow-emissionfuelprojects.
–Highcostofzero-emissionshippingfuels,comparedtofossilfuels,makingthemlessattractiveforinvestment.
–Gapsbetweensuppliers
andshippingcompaniesonacceptablevolume,offtakelengthandgreenpremiumlevels.
4%–BEV–Battery-electricvehicles
–Limitedandregion-
specifichydrogenrefuellinginfrastructure.
–HighcostsassociatedwithtransitioningtoBEVsandFCEVs.
–DifficultyforlogisticscompaniesmanaginglargeEVfleets
toobtainnecessarypower
allocationfromelectricutilities,duetofast-chargingneedsandhighenergyconsumption.
Trucking
~
–Establishmentofclear
–FCEV–Fuel-cellelectricvehicles(hydrogen)
–Zerotail-pipeemissionfuels
incentivesandregulationstoencouragedecarbonizationtechnologiesinmedium-andheavy-dutytrucking.
–Innovativebusinessmodelsliketrucking-as-a-service(TaaS)
andcollectivechargingfarmscanhelpoffsetthehighupfrontcostsoftransition.
–Proposedtaxcreditsandgrantsincountriespromoteinvestmentsinhydrogen
production,storageanddistribution,enhancingfeasibilityofFCEVs.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers7
GlobalshareofDeepdecarbonizationKeyopportunitiesKeychallenges
GHGemissions,pathwaysinlinewithFMC
bysectorcommitments
Aluminium
2%
suchasinertanodesand
carbo-chlorinationcaneliminatesmeltingprocessemissions.
–Transitioningtorenewableenergyforelectrolysis
processescansignificantlyreduceemissions.
–Bypartneringwithsectoral
organizationstoprepare
procurement-ready
documentation,supplierscanhelpbuyersmakeinformeddecisions.
–Bycollaboratingwithwaste
managementsectorsand
governments,aluminium
manufacturerscansecure
recycledaluminiumand
increasesecondaryproduction.
Primaryaluminiumusing
breakthroughtechnologies,suchas:
–Electricorhydrogenboilers.
–Concentratedsolarthermal.
–Mechanicalvapourrecompression.
–Greenhydrogenorelectriccalcination.
–Inertanodes.
–Carbon-chlorination.
–CCUS(carboncapture,utilizationandstorage).
–Highcostofscaling-up
emergingrefiningtechnologieslimitsaccesstothese
technologiesinsomeregions.
–Maturenatureofaluminiumrecyclingleaveslessroomforimprovementandaddscompetitioninthematerialrecoverylandscape.
–Industryfaceschallenges
aligningongloballyacceptedstandardsanddefinitionsforlow-carbonaluminium.
–Emissions-freetechnologies
~
CementandConcrete
~
6%–Replacingclinkerwith
supplementarycementitiousmaterials(SCMs).
–Alternativechemistriesandprocessesthatreplace
limestone.
–Point-sourceCCUS.
–WithpotentialscarcityofSCMs,alternativeslikenon-fossilfly
ashesandnaturalpozzolanscouldbeused.
–Aslandscapeofclinker
alternativesevolves,suppliershaveopportunitytoshape
standardsandregulationstoaccommodatealternativechemistries.
–Supplierscancollaboratewithregionalvaluechainpartnersandregulatorybodiesto
developlocalizedapproachesandstandards.
–Highcostsofdecarbonizationandcompetitionforinvestmentwithothersectorspose
significantchallenges.
–Balancinghistoricallylocalindustryandtheneedfor
consistent,globalstandardsandcarbonaccounting.
–Asthesectortransitions,keyinputslikeSCMsmaybecomescarce,particularlyascoal
combustionandiron-makingblastfurnacesarephasedout.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers8
Carbondioxideremoval(CDR)
N/A–DACCS–Directaircapture
withcarbonstorage.
–BiCRS–Biomasscarbonremovalandstorage.
–BECCS–Bio-energywith
carboncaptureandstorage.
–BCR–Biocharcarbonremoval.
–ERW–Enhancedrockweathering.
–Mineralization.
–Measurement,reporting
andverification(MRV)
systemsrunbytrustedthirdpartiescanassuresuppliersaboutthecredibilityand
durabilityoftheircarbonremovalefforts.
–CompaniesdemonstratingdemandfordurableCDR
solutionscanacceleratetheindustry’sgrowthanddrivedowncosts.
–Leveragingthecollective
purchasingpowerof
companiescanstimulatedemandandaccelerate
thecommercializationCDRtechnologies.
–Nascenttechnologies,lackofmatureMRVstandardsandlowsupportfrom
policy-makersresultinhighcoststhatlimitCDRuptake.
–Morerobustclimatepoliciestosupplementdemand-
sideeffortsandachievenecessaryscale.
–Effectivenessof
technologiescanvary
greatlybasedongeographicfactors(e.g.availability
ofcropland,biomass,renewablepower).
–CDRoftencriticizedfor
“l(fā)egitimizing”continued
emissionsandavoidanceofotherabatementsolutions.Transparent,responsible
behaviourfromCDRfirmsisnecessarytocounteractthisperception.
Keychallenges
Steel
–Changestosteelproductiontolowercarbonintensitywilllikelyincreasefinalcost.
–Thefirstfirmstobringlow-
carbonsteeltomarketare
likelytostruggletoselltheirproducts,evenwhiletheyde-
risklow-carbontechnologiesforcompetitors.
–Longlife-cycleandhigh
costsofmajorsteelmakingassetsmaycomplicate
transitionplans.
–Absenceofglobalstandardsanddefinitionscanmakeitdifficultforsupplierstoalignproductionprocessesandforbuyerstomakeinformeddecisions.
GlobalshareofGHGemissions,bysector
Keyopportunities
Deepdecarbonization
pathwaysinlinewithFMCcommitments
–Policymechanisms(e.g.EU’sCarbonBorderAdjustment
Mechanism,CBAM)canhelpbalancecostoftransitioningtolow-carbonsteelproduction
andprevent“carbonspillover”.
–Organizationssignallinga
strongdemandforlow-carbonsteelcanminimizeriskof
investmentsand
driveinnovation.
–Useofcleanhydrogenand
biogascanhelpreduce
emissionsinsteelproduction.
–Direct-reducedironelectricarcfurnace(DRI-EAF).
–Scrapsteelelectricarcfurnace(Scrap-EAF).
–Novelreducingagents(e.g.low-carbonhydrogenor
gasifiedbiomass).
–Othertechnologies,suchas
electrowinningtomeltDRIto
makeitcompatiblewithBOFs(DRI-melt-BOF),replacementofpulverizedcoalinjection(PCI)withbiomass-orhydrogen-
basedalternatives,etc.
8%
~
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers9
1
Aviation
Aviationiswelloff-coursefromhitting
theIEA’sNetZeroEmissionsby2050
scenario.Long-termcontractsarecriticaltoacceleratethesupplyofSAFneededtodecarbonizetheindustry.
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers10
1.1Currentemissionsprofile
Therecoveryoftheaviationindustryhastransportsectorswilllikelyleadtoanincrease
acceleratedpost-pandemicinbothitspassengerintheaviationindustry’srelativecontribution
andcargosectors.Bytheendof2022,thetoglobalemissions.Whiletheindustryhas
USmarketplacealoneofferedover1.52trillionpioneeredseveralabatementandmitigation
passengermilestocomplementaglobalapproaches,industry-wideadoptionratesand
marketplaceofmorethan250billioncargotonne-supplierproductioncapacitiesofalternative
kilometres(CTKs)oftransportedgoods.4,5Thesolutionsindicatethataviationiswelloff-course
aviationindustryhasalargecarbonfootprintdueforthe100milliontonnes(Mt)ofCO2peryearNet
toitsdependenceonfuelconsumptionandalackZeroEmissionsby2050(NZE2050)scenarioof
ofviablealternativestojetengines,especiallyfortheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).7Without
long-haulflights.interventions,theemissionsintensityofaviation
fuelisexpectedtoremainconsistentlyhighat88
Althoughaviationaccountsforonly3%ofglobaltonnesofcarbondioxide-equivalent(tCO2e)per
greenhousegas(GHG)emissions,itsgrowthistonneoffuel,whileothersectorsseeadecreasing
outpacingothertransportsectors.6Additionally,business-as-usual(BAU)scenarioduetoefficiency
significantcarbonreductionsforecastinothergains(seeFigure2).
FIGURE2:Aviationemissionsintensitytrajectory,BAUscenario(tCO2e/tofaviationfuel)
CO2emissionsintensity
100
88888888888888
90
80
70
60
50
40
20
10
0
2019202020212022203020402050
Source:
WorldEconomicForum
8
.
30
High-EmittingSectors:ChallengesandOpportunitiesforLow-CarbonSuppliers11
TheFMCcommitment
FMCAviationcommitment
Airlinesandairtransportcompanies:
By2030,wewillreplaceatleast5%ofourconventionaljetfueldemandwithsustainableaviationfuels(SAF)thatreducelife-cycleGHGemissionsby85%ormorewhencompared
withconventionaljetfueland/orzero-carbonemittingpropulsiontechnologies.
Airfareandairfreightpurchasers:
By2030,wewillpartnerwithairtransport
operatorstoreplaceatleast5%ofconventionaljetfueldemandforourairtransportwith
sustainableaviationfuels(SAF)thatreduce
life-cycleGHGemissionsby85%ormorewhencomparedwithconventionaljetfueland/or
zero-carbonemittingpropulsiontechnologies.
*FMCin-scopetechnologiesinclude:
–Sustainableaviationfuels(SAF)withlife-cycleassessment(LCA)emissionsabatementof>85%.
–Nextgenerationnear-zeroemissions
propulsiontechnologies,includingbattery-electric,hydrogenturbineandfuelcells.
–OthertechnologieswithLCAGHGreduction>85%.
–ThesecommitmentsdonotincludeSAFwithLCA<85%,fossiljetfuelsandcarbonoffsets.
Fulldetailsofthecommitmentcanbefound
here
.
1.3
Decarbon
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