高考英語：重難點(diǎn)3“閱讀理解之說明文”真題分析

重難點(diǎn)03重難點(diǎn)03閱讀理解之說明文【命題趨勢(shì)】最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語篇，例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說明）等。【滿分技巧】高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測(cè)詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測(cè)詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測(cè)類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測(cè)某些單詞或短語的意思。詞義的猜測(cè)還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測(cè)。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測(cè)。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語境等推測(cè)關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測(cè)：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測(cè)詞義通過句法功能來推測(cè)詞義通過描述猜詞（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識(shí)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根、前綴、后綴、合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問題便不難解決了。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的?！緹狳c(diǎn)話題】說明文熱衷話題有：科普類，環(huán)保類。【限時(shí)檢測(cè)】（建議用時(shí)：每篇7分鐘）A（2021·廣西柳州·一模）話題：文章介紹了在高溫地區(qū)撒哈拉沙漠生存的銀螞蟻及其特征，它們的生存方式給研究人員帶來了很多發(fā)明靈感。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：6分ArecentissueofNationalGeographicmagazinedescribedoneofthewondersoftheearth,thetinysilverantsoftheSaharadesert.Theseantsliveinareaswheretemperaturesreachupto57℃,asthearticledescribedit,anenvironment“whereshoesmelt.”Thesetinyantsareamazing.IntheSaharadesert,wheremostcreaturesavoidgoingoutinthemiddleofthedaytoavoidhightemperatures,theSaharansilverantshaveevolved(進(jìn)化)anumberofadaptationstodojustthat.ScientistshavediscoveredthatseveraluniquefeaturesoftheSaharansilverantspermitthemtogrowwellinascorchingclimate.Theseantshavelongerlegsthanotherants,whichkeeptheirbodiescriticallygreaterdistanceawayfromthehotdesertsand.Theantsrun108timesthelengthoftheirownbodieseverysecondataspeedofjustover3kph.Andtheykeeptrackofthepositionofthesun,sothattheyalwaysknowthemostdirectroutebacktothenest,thusloweringtheirtimespentinextremeheat.Theirbodiesproduceproteinsthatresistheat.Someothercreaturesproducesuchproteinsaftertheycomeincontactwithextremeheat.Butsincethesilverantsonlyexitthenestforafewminutesatatime—notlongenoughfortheproteintotakeeffect—theyproducetheproteinwhilestillinthenestbeforetheygoout,ortheywoulddiebeforetheproteincouldtakeeffect.Researchersalsodiscoveredthattheantsarecoveredontheirtopsandsideswiththeuniquelytriangular(三角的)shapeofthesilverhairs,whichenablethemtodissipate(消散)heat.Thehairshelpanant'sbodyexchangeitsheattoacoolerarea,evenunderfullsunconditions.Thisdiscoveryinspiredthescientists,foritcouldleadtonewmaterialsandpaintsthatcanbeappliedtorooftopsorcarstokeepthemcool.Anditisalsoexpectedtobeappliedinclinicalcare,wearabledevices,protectiveclothingandotherfields.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“scorching”inParagraph2mean?A．extremelychillyB．extremelycoolC．extremelymildD．extremelyhot2.Whichstatementcanbeinferredfromthetext?A．TheSaharansilverants'hairsactlikeatinyair-heatingsystem.B．TheSaharansilverantsarebornwiththeabilitytotrackthemoon.C．TheSaharansilverants'adaptationstothedesertaretobediscovered.D．InspirationfromtheSaharansilverantswillbringupmorenewinventions.3.WhendotheSaharansilverantsproducetheproteinthatresistsheat?A.Aftercomingincontactwithextremeheat.B.Beforetravelinginthesun.C.Whilerunningunderfullsuncondition.D.Aftercomingbacktothenestfromoutside.4.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．SmallAntsMakeaBigDifferenceB．SmallAntsHuntforFoodEasilyC．SmallAntsSurviveintheSaharanDesertD．SmallAntsJumptheFastestintheWorld【答案】1-4DDBC【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了在高溫地區(qū)撒哈拉沙漠生存的銀螞蟻及其特征，它們的生存方式給研究人員帶來了很多發(fā)明靈感。1．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段“Theseantsliveinareaswheretemperaturesreachupto57℃,asthearticledescribedit,anenvironment"whereshoesmelt."(這些螞蟻生活在文章描述的溫度高達(dá)7℃的地區(qū)，這是一個(gè)“鞋子都會(huì)融化”的環(huán)境。)”，以及第二段“IntheSaharadesert,wheremostcreaturesavoidgoingoutinthemiddleofthedaytoavoidhightemperatures,theSaharansilverantshaveevolved(進(jìn)化)anumberofadaptationstodojustthat.”可知，銀螞蟻它們生長(zhǎng)在溫度很高的地方，由此可推知scorching意為“特別熱的”，故選D項(xiàng)。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thisdiscoveryinspiredthescientists,foritcouldleadtonewmaterialsandpaintsthatcanbeappliedtorooftopsorcarstokeepthemcool.Anditisalsoexpectedtobeappliedinclinicalcare,wearabledevices,protectiveclothingandotherfields.”可知，來自撒哈拉銀蟻的靈感將帶來更多的新發(fā)明。故選D項(xiàng)。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Butsincethesilverantsonlyexitthenestforafewminutesatatime—notlongenoughfortheproteintotakeeffect—theyproducetheproteinwhilestillinthenestbeforetheygoout,ortheywoulddiebeforetheproteincouldtakeeffect.(但是，由于銀蟻一次只離開巢穴幾分鐘——時(shí)間不足以使蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)揮作用——它們?cè)谕獬銮叭栽诔惭ㄖ挟a(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)，否則它們會(huì)在蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)揮作用之前死亡。)”可知，它們?cè)诔鋈ヌ栂滦袆?dòng)之前就產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)，故選B項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“ArecentissueofNationalGeographicmagazinedescribedoneofthewondersoftheearth,thetinysilverantsoftheSaharadesert.Theseantsliveinareaswheretemperaturesreachupto57℃,asthearticledescribedit,anenvironment“whereshoesmelt.”(最近一期《國(guó)家地理》雜志描述了地球上的奇跡之一，撒哈拉沙漠中的小銀蟻。這些螞蟻生活在文章描述的溫度高達(dá)57℃的地區(qū)，這是一個(gè)“鞋子都會(huì)融化”的環(huán)境。)”，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文介紹了在高溫地區(qū)撒哈拉沙漠生存的銀螞蟻，所以C項(xiàng)“小螞蟻在撒哈拉沙漠生存”符合文章主旨，適合作為本文的標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。B（2021·全國(guó)·高考真題）話題：文章介紹了情商的定義以及對(duì)有關(guān)于情商未來研究的期望。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：7分Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.5.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson’smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.6.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A．Toexplainarule. B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Topresentafact. D．Tomakeaprediction.7.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A．Favorable.B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful.D．Unclear.8.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A．Itsappealtothepublic. B．Expectationsforfuturestudies.C．Itspracticalapplication. D．Scientistswithnewperspectives.【答案】5-8DBAB【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了情商的定義以及對(duì)有關(guān)于情商未來研究的期望。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過文章第一段“Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities”可知，情商指的并不是一個(gè)人的積極品質(zhì)。故選D項(xiàng)。6．推理判斷題。通過文章第二段“Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“醫(yī)生”和“騙子”是舉例子來闡明下文的觀點(diǎn)——情商高并不一定能使一個(gè)人成為有道德的人。故選B項(xiàng)。7．推理判斷題。通過文章第三段“theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.…Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchers(宣傳的總體效果一直是利大于弊。這種普及最積極的方面是雇主、教育者和其他對(duì)促進(jìn)社會(huì)福利感興趣的人對(duì)情感進(jìn)行了新的、迫切需要的強(qiáng)調(diào)。情商的普及幫助了公眾和研究人員)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為情商普及是對(duì)人們有利的。故選A項(xiàng)。8．推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectivesfromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.”可推知，本段主要談了對(duì)未來關(guān)于情商研究的期望。故選B項(xiàng)。C（2021·浙江臺(tái)州·一模）話題：文章主要介紹了哈佛大學(xué)科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，辦公室里的空氣質(zhì)量會(huì)對(duì)員工的認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生重大影響。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：7分Feelinginactiveatwork?Indoorpollutionmightplayapart.AnewstudybyscientistsatHarvardhasfoundthattheairqualityinsideanofficecanhaveasignificantimpactonemployeescognitive(認(rèn)知的)function."Thelimitedamountofpreviousstudiesonindoorsettingsfocusedonmeasureslikethermal(熱的)comfortandsatisfaction,ratherthanoncognitiveoutcomes,"JoseGuillermoCedenoLaurent,aresearchertoldAFP.Joseandhiscolleaguesdesignedastudythatfollowed302officeworkersacrosssixcountriesoveraperiodofayear,allofwhomwereagedbetween18and65andworkedatleastthreedaysinanofficebuilding.TheirworkspaceswerefittedwithanenvironmentalsensortomonitorrealtimeconcentrationsofPM2.5.Theparticipantsweregivenacustom-designedappontheirphonestocarryoutthecognitivetests,whichtheywereremindedtotakeatprescheduledtimesorwhenPM2.5levelsfallbeloworrisebeyondcertainthresholds(臨界點(diǎn)).Thereweretwotestsfortheparticipants.Thefirstrequiredthemtocorrectlyidentifythecolorofdisplayedwordsthatspelledoutanothercolor.Thisevaluatedcognitivespeed.Thesecondtestinvolvedbasiccalculationwithlongnumberstoassesscognitivespeedandworkingmemory.Resultsshowedthatanincreaseof10microgramspercubicmeterofPMledtoaboutaonepercentreductioninresponsetimes,andmorethanaonepercentreductioninaccuracy."WhilepaststudieshaveshownthatprolongedexposuretoPM2.5damagesthecentralnervoussystemandcauseslong-termneurodiseases,thisisthefirsttoshowshort-termeffectsonpeople'scognitiveabilities,"JosetoldAFP.Foremployeesreturningtoin-personofficework,itistimetoopenawindowforfreshair.Iftheoutdoorairqualityisn'tgood,addinghighqualityportableaircleanersisagoodchoice.What'sthefunctionoftheenvironmentalsensor?A．Tomonitorindoorairquality.B．Toevaluateworkers'jobperformanceC．Toimproveworkingenvironment.D．Todevelopworkers'memoryaccuracy10.WhatmethoddidJosemainlyuseinhisstudy?A．Givingexamples. B．Analyzingcauses.C．Makingcomparisons. D．Confirmingassumptions.11.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.A．pollutedairdestroysone'snervoussystemB．a(chǎn)naircleanerisamustinanofficebuildingC．indoorsettingdeterminesaperson'sproductivityD．freshaircontributestoaperson'scognitiveaccuracy【答案】9-11ACD【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了哈佛大學(xué)科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，辦公室里的空氣質(zhì)量會(huì)對(duì)員工的認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生重大影響。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“TheirworkspaceswerefittedwithanenvironmentalsensortomonitorrealtimeconcentrationsofPM2.5.”可知，環(huán)境傳感器的功能是監(jiān)測(cè)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量。故選A項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Thereweretwotestsfortheparticipants.（對(duì)參與者進(jìn)行了兩項(xiàng)測(cè)試。）”可知，在這項(xiàng)研究里主要使用做比較的方法。故選C項(xiàng)。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“AnewstudybyscientistsatHarvardhasfoundthattheairqualityinsideanofficecanhaveasignificantimpactonemployeescognitivefunction.（哈佛大學(xué)科學(xué)家的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，辦公室里的空氣質(zhì)量會(huì)對(duì)員工的認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生重大影響。）”可知，新鮮空氣有助于一個(gè)人的認(rèn)知準(zhǔn)確性。故選D項(xiàng)。D（2021·云南·曲靖一中一模）話題：文章介紹了在疫情大環(huán)境下出行時(shí)需要注意的事項(xiàng)。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：7分Whengoingoutinpublic,itisimportanttostayatleast6feetawayfromotherpeopleandwearamasktoslowthespreadofCOVID-19.Considerthefollowingtipsforpracticingsocialdistancingwhenyoudecidetogoout.KnowBeforeYouGo:Beforegoingout,knowandfollowtheguidancefromlocalpublichealthauthoritieswhereyoulive.PrepareforTransportation:Considersocialdistancingoptionstotravelsafelywhenrunningerrandsorcommutingtoandfromwork,whetherwalking,bicycling,wheelchairrolling,orusingpublictransit,rideshares,ortaxis.Whenusingpublictransit,trytokeepatleast6feetfromotherpassengersortransitoperators–forexample,whenyouarewaitingatabusstationorselectingseatsonabusortrain.Whenusingridesharesortaxis,avoidpooledrideswheremultiplepassengersarepickedup,andsitinthebackseatinlargervehiclessoyoucanremainatleast6feetawayfromthedriver.Followtheseadditionaltipstoprotectyourselfwhileusingtransportation.ChooseSafeSocialActivities:Itispossibletostaysociallyconnectedwithfriendsandfamilywhodon’tliveinyourhomebycalling,usingvideochat,orstayingconnectedthroughsocialmedia.Ifmeetingothersinperson(e.g.,atsmalloutdoorgatherings,yardordrivewaygatheringwithasmallgroupoffriendsorfamilymembers),stayatleast6feetfromotherswhoarenotfromyourhousehold.Followthesestepstostaysafeifyouwillbeparticipatinginpersonalandsocialactivitiesoutsideofyourhome.KeepDistanceatEventsandGatherings:Itissafesttoavoidcrowdedplacesandgatheringswhereitmaybedifficulttostayatleast6feetawayfromotherswhoarenotfromyourhousehold.Ifyouareinacrowdedspace,trytokeep6feetofspacebetweenyourselfandothersatalltimes,andwearamask.Masksareespeciallyimportantintimeswhenphysicaldistancingisdifficult.Payattentiontoanyphysicalguides,suchastapemarkingsonfloorsorsignsonwalls,directingattendeestoremainatleast6feetapartfromeachotherinlinesoratothertimes.Allowotherpeople6feetofspacewhenyoupassbytheminbothindoorandoutdoorsettings.StayDistancedWhileBeingActive:Considergoingforawalk,bikeride,orwheelchairrollinyourneighborhoodorinanothersafelocationwhereyoucanmaintainatleast6feetofdistancebetweenyourselfandotherpedestriansandcyclists.Ifyoudecidetovisitanearbypark,trail,orrecreationalfacility,firstcheckforclosuresorrestrictions.Ifopen,considerhowmanyotherpeoplemightbethereandchoosealocationwhereitwillbepossibletokeepatleast6feetofspacebetweenyourselfandotherpeoplewhoarenotfromyourhousehold.Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe________.A．Suggestionstowearmasks B．ProtectivewaystousetransportationC．Tipsforsocialdistancing D．MethodstoslowdownCOVID-1913.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordridesharesinthethirdparagraphmostprobablymean?A．severalpassengersridinginthesamevehicleforfreeB．severalpassengersgoingDutchtakingthesametransportation.C．someridersbearingthesamecostindifferentvehicles.D．someridersheadingtothesameplacebutpayingfifty-fifty14.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.A．ToprotectourselvesfromtheCOVID-19,wearingmasksisamustatalltimes.B．Ifyouareacyclist,youNEEDN’Tcareabouttheguidelinesforsocialdistancing.C．Atsocialgatherings,you’dbetterwearmasksbecauseitisnoteasytokeepsixfeetawayfromothers.D．Tokeepsociallyconnectedwithothers,youcanchatwithothersonvideo-phoneorinperson【答案】12-14CBC【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了在疫情大環(huán)境下出行時(shí)需要注意的事項(xiàng)。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“Considerthefollowingtipsforpracticingsocialdistancingwhenyoudecidetogoout.”可知，本文主要講述了保持社交距離的建議，故選C。13．詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中“Whenusingridesharesortaxis,avoidpooledrideswheremultiplepassengersarepickedup,andsitinthebackseatinlargervehiclessoyoucanremainatleast6feetawayfromthedriver.”可知，劃線詞rideshares應(yīng)該是“拼車”(幾個(gè)人平攤車費(fèi))的意思，故選B。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中“Itissafesttoavoidcrowdedplacesandgatheringswhereitmaybedifficulttostayatleast6feetawayfromotherswhoarenotfromyourhousehold.”“Masksareespeciallyimportantintimeswhenphysicaldistancingisdifficult.”可知，在社交聚會(huì)上，你最好戴上口罩，因?yàn)榕c別人保持六英尺的距離并不容易，故選C。E（2020·福建·模擬預(yù)測(cè)）話題：短文說明了抱怨帶來的一些負(fù)面影響以及應(yīng)對(duì)抱怨的措施。難度：★★建議用時(shí)：7分Whilewemaythinkitfeelsgoodtocomplain,complaininghassomebadeffectsassociatedwithit.Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.Thebrainisdesignedtoworkefficiently.Thismeansthatwhenwerepeatathought,negativeorpositive,thenervecellsformabridgebetweeneachothertopassinformationatahigherspeed.Therefore,thenexttimewehaveasimilartypeofthought,itismoreeasilypassed.Thisexplainswhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海馬區(qū)),whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.Inadditiontocausingbraindamage,complainingalsoreleasesastresshormone(激素):cortisol,akindofchemicalthebodyproduceswhenwemeetwithsomedanger.Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力).Theilleffectsofourcomplainingaren'tjustlimitedtoourselves:theyalsoinvolvethosearoundus.Wetendtomirrorthemoodsofourfriends.Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.Thebestwaytodealwithconstantnegativityistodevelopasenseofgratitude(感恩).Justlikecomplainingactsasapoison,gratitudeactsasamedicine.Researchshowsitlowerscortisollevelsby23percent,aswellasreducesbloodpressureandbloodsugar.Italsodecreasestirednessanddepression.Gratitudeistheperfectcureforcomplaining,abehaviorthatstealsourbrainpower,happinessandphysicalwell-being.Whathaveyouobservedabouttheeffectsofcomplaininginyourownlifeorinthelivesofothers?Haveyounoticedthatwhenyouaregrateful,youfeelbetterallover?Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.WhatdoPara2-3mainlytalkabout?A．Thediseasescausedbycomplaining.B．Thedecreaseofavitalpartofourbrain.C．Thebadeffectsofcomplainingonbrainpower.D．Thereasonwhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.16.Whatcanweknowaboutcortisolfromthepassage?A．Gratitudeisaneffectivecureforcortisol.B．Ourbodyproducecortisolwhenwefeelexited.C．Cortisolisachemicalthatcancausebraindamage.D．Havingahighlevelofcortisolcanleadtomanyhealthproblems.17.Whatattitudedoesthewritertaketostubborncomplainers?A．Grateful. B．Tolerant. C．Disapproving. D．Doubtful.18.Wherecanthepassagemostprobablyappear?A．Inanewspaper. B．Inamedicalreport. C．Onawebsite. D．Inaradioprogram.【答案】15-18CDCC【分析】這是一篇說明文。短文說明了抱怨帶來的一些負(fù)面影響以及應(yīng)對(duì)抱怨的措施。15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.”及第三段“Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus(海馬區(qū)),whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.”（一項(xiàng)研究表明，抱怨會(huì)導(dǎo)致海馬體變小，而海馬體在解決問題中起著至關(guān)重要的作用）由此可知，第二段和第三段主要在說抱怨對(duì)腦力的不良影響。故選C項(xiàng)。16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity(免疫力).”（持續(xù)高水平的皮質(zhì)醇會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓、高血糖和免疫力低下。）由此可知，皮質(zhì)醇水平高會(huì)導(dǎo)致許多健康問題。故選D項(xiàng)。17．推理判斷題，根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinourcircleofcompanions.”由此判斷出作者對(duì)頑固的抱怨者持反對(duì)的態(tài)度。故選C項(xiàng)。18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.”由此判斷出，短文來自于網(wǎng)站。故選C項(xiàng)。F（2021·湖北·一模）話題：主要講述了面臨脆弱的退休金體系，工作人口數(shù)量的萎縮，中國(guó)政府決定逐步實(shí)行延遲退休的政策。難度：★★★建議用時(shí)：8分Atabout54,theaverageageofretirementinChinaisamongthelowestintheworld.Thisisaproblem.Sincestandardswereset.lifeexpectancyhasincreasedwhilethenumberofworkingadults-thosewhoselabor,infact,supportsretirees--hasbeguntodrop.Butpersuadingpeopletoworklongerisprovinghard.In2008thegovernmentsaiditwasthinkingaboutraisingretirementages,butbackedawaywithapublicprotest.Nowitfeelsitcanwaitnolonger.Thepressuretoactisevident.Currentretirementagesweresetinthe1950s,whentheaveragepersonwasexpectedtodiebeforereachingthatstage.FormostmeninChinatheageis6o,muchlowerthantheaverageof64.2intheOECD,aclubmostlyofrichcountries.YetlifeexpectancyinChinaisnowjusttwoyearsshortoftheOECDaverageof79,soChineseretireesonastatepension(養(yǎng)老金)usuallyneedsseveralmoreyearsofsupportfromgovernmentfundsthanthoseinrichworld.In2019thepublic-pensionsystemcoveredalmost1billionadults,morethananyothersuchorganizationintheworld.Thecountry’smainpensionfundmayrunoutofmoneyby2035,theChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,anofficialthink-tank,haswarned.Thegovernmentappearsnotyettohavedecidedhowtoreformthesystem.Thecurrentfive-yeareconomicplancontainsmerelyasentenceonthetopic,callingforadjustmentin“smallsteps”.Butitsinclusionmeansthatchangesareallbutcertaintobeginbeforetheplanendsin2025.After