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POWERFUL
FUTURES
PractitionerInsightsontheJustTransition toRenewableEnergy
Authors
?AnnaBiswas-
ForumfortheFuture
-India
?AvelaPamla-
InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)
–SouthAfrica
?HolleWlokas-
InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)
–SouthAfrica
?JoséVega–
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)LatinAmerica
-Colombia
?JuanPabloCárdenas-
InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)
-SouthAfrica
?MbeoOgeya-
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)Africa
-Kenya
?MicheleFerenz-
ConsensusBuildingInstitute
–UnitedStates
?PinakiHalder–
Landesa
-India
?PochoyLabog-
Business&HumanRightsResourceCentre
–Philippines
?RafaelFonseca-
IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico
–Mexico
?RicardoCruz-
IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico
–Mexico
?YumnaaFirfirey-
InitiativeforSocialPerformanceinRenewableEnergy(INSPIRE)
–SouthAfrica
BookSprintinA?vaMerkez,Türkiye-June2024.
Fromlefttorightatthebackline:Yumnaa,José,Mbeo,Avela,Holle,Pinaki,Ricardo,Pochoy.
2JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
Frontline:Anna,JuanPablo,Michele,Rafael.
Contents
JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJust
TransitiontoRenewableEnergy4
CHAPTER1:
AJustTransitionto
RenewableEnergy5
CHAPTER2:
ResponsibleLandand
WaterManagement
10
Context1
1
Emerginggoodpractice1
1
EnvironmentalandSocialImpact
Assessments(ESIA)1
2
Sociallyandenvironmentallysensitive
siteprioritisation1
2
Free,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)
applicationincustomarylands1
2
Fairlandprocurementpractices1
3
Promotesharedlanduses1
5
Waterplanning15
Waterefficiencymeasures15
Relevantstakeholderinsights1
6
CHAPTER3:
ResponsibleSupplyChain
Management
20
Context2
1
Emerginggoodpractices2
1
Socialimpactoftransitionminerals
mining2
2
Labourrightsandsafetyin
manufacturing2
4
Localsupplierdevelopment2
5
Relevantstakeholderinsights2
6
CHAPTER4:EffectiveCommunity
Engagement3
1
Context3
2
Emerginggoodpractices
33
Relevantstakeholderinsights3
6
CHAPTER5:EffectiveBenefitSharing
41
Context4
2
Emerginggoodpractices4
3
Howtogetbenefitsharingright4
3
Choosingabenefit-sharingscheme4
3
Designingbenefit-sharingschemesfor
long-termstrategicimpact4
4
Implementingabenefit-sharingschemefor
long-termimpact4
4
Monitoringbenefit-sharingschemeimpacts4
4
Opportunitiesforbenefitsharing4
5
Revenuesharingandsharedownership4
5
Skillsandlivelihoods4
6
Publicservicesandinfrastructure
51
Environmentalstewardship
52
CHAPTER6:Towardsamultistakeholder
governance5
6
Effectivepublicinstitutions5
7
Asociallyresponsibleprivatesector5
8
Resilientcommunities5
9
CHAPTER7:AboutJustRE
61
Emergingwaysofworking6
2
Coremembers6
3
TheResponsibleEnergyInitiative(REI)6
3
StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)6
4
INSPIRE6
5
IniciativaClimáticadeMéxico(ICM)6
6
JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
Asthetransitiontorenewableenergy(RE)increasesinpace,thechallengeofensuringthatitisjust,inclusive,andequitableisbecomingincreasinglypressing.AsorganisationsworkingintheGlobalSouth,wefelttheneedtocometogethertoworkjointlyonthiscollectiveobjective.Eachorganisation’sworkisattheforefrontofthesocialdimensionofrenewableenergydeploymentacrossLatinAmerica,Africa,andSouthandSoutheastAsia.Wehaveextensivelyexploredthischallenge,andidentifiedandformulatedresponsesalongsidethemanystakeholdersinvolved.
Weenvisionenergytransitionswherejusticeisacoreprincipleofthedeploymentofrenewableenergy.Ourorganisationsandinitiativeshaveasignificanttrackrecordinourrespectiveregions,andwedecidedtojoineffortstoformtheGlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRe-newableEnergy(JustRE).TheAlliancechampionssociallyresponsiblerenewableenergyimple-mentationwithmeaningfulparticipationandbenefitsforcommunitiesacrosstheglobe.Wewillcollaborate,exchangeknowledge,andcoordinatestrategicallytopromoteajusttransitiontore-newableenergy.Thisbookisthefirstharvestofourcollectiveendeavours.
t
Thebookisprimarilywrittenbypractitionersforpractitioners,especiallythoseinanintermediarycapacityworkingwithvariousstakeholdersinthescalingofrenewableenergy.Bysharinginsightsandexperiencesfromlocalinitiatives,fosteringinternationalcollaboration,andhighlightingtheglobalimpactoftheseefforts,weaimtodemonstratethatajustandequitabledeploymentofrenewableenergyispossibleanddesirableforall.Webelievethatthroughthecollectiveeffortsdescribedinthesepages,practitionerscanfindsomeofthetoolsandinspirationneededtodrivemeaningfulchange.Wehopethatyoufindthisbookusefulinachievingthisoutcomeandinampli-fyingthevoicesofcommunitiesworldwide.
4JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
CHAPTER1:
AJustTransitionto
RenewableEnergy
Limitingtheincreaseinglobaltemperaturetobelow1.5°Cisurgentanddanger-ouslymovingoutofreach.
[1]
Meetingthistargetpresumesafourfoldincreaseintotalinstalledrenewablegenerationcapacitybetween2020and2030(reaching11,174GW)andatwelvefoldincreaseby2050(33,216GW),requiringanaverageannualadditionofroughly1,000GW.
[2]
AchievingthisgoaloffersasimultaneousopportunitytotackleinequalityandfostereconomicdevelopmentintheGlobalSouth.
5JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
LaGuajira,Colombia-?EduarMonsalve/StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI)
Thebenefitsoftheenergytransitioncannotbeoverstated.Renewableenergyoffersenviron-mental,health,andsocioeconomicadvantages.Theseincludereducedairpollution,jobcreation,energyaccess,andenhancedenergysecurity
.[3],[4]
Nonetheless,aswithotherinfrastructure,renewablesarenotwithoutrisksofnegativeimpacts.Thesecanincluderiskstohumanrightsandhealthintheminingofrawmaterials,aswellasresettlementanddisplacementoflivelihoodactivitiesatutility-scaleREsites
.[5]
Forjustenergytransitions,itisessentialtomitigatenegativeandmaximisepositiveimpacts.
Whiledifferentconceptualapproachestothemeaningofjustenergytransitions(JET)exist,thecommonthreadsarelowcarbon,inclusivity,fairness,andeconomicresilienceatthenationalandlocallevels.Thefollowingfigurepresentsaselectionofconceptsdevelopedbyinternationalentities:
Figure1:JETdefinitions
“Greeningtheeconomyinawaythatisasfair
andinclusiveaspossibletoeveryoneconcerned,creatingdecentwork
opportunitiesand
leavingnoonebehind”[
6
]
InternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)
“Asystematictransitiontowardssustainable,lowcarbonenergyinsuch
awayastoensurethe
protectionofsociety,thesafeguardingofjobs,andenvironmentandthe
promotionofeconomicresilience”
[7
]
AfricaClimateFoundation(ACF)
“Justtransitionapproachensuresthatthe
affectedpeopleare
consideredbythosewhomakedecisions”[
8
]
InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(IISD)
Buildingbeyondthepreviousconcepts,thisbooktakesanall-encompassingandsystemicapproachtojusticeandequityconcerns,
[9],[10],[11]
recognisingthemultipledimensionsacrosstime,space,andtheprojectlifecycleandtheneedforstructuralreform.Indoingso,thebookdrawsonexistingliteratureidentifyingfiveformsofjusticethatarerelevanttoajustenergytransition,asillustratedinFigure2.
[12]
6JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
Figure2:Fiveformsofjustice
1.
Proceduraljustice
Itexploreslegal
processesandquestionsofjustice,includingtheideaofdueprocess,theruleoflawandhow
peoplearerepresentedindecisionmaking,howprocessesareinclusiveandinformationis
shared,andwho/whatinstitutionisresponsibleforchange.
2.
Distributionaljustice
Addressestheunjust
distributionofcostsandbene?tsfromupscalingrenewables(e.g.,
revenuesmanagement,socialandenvironmentalimpacts,issuesaroundtaxation).
3.
Recognitionjustice
Dealswiththe
recognitionand
protectionofrightsandidentitiesofdi?erentgroupsinsociety,
especiallyvulnerableandhistorically
marginalisedgroups.Italsoincludesemerging
notionsandrecognitionoftherightsofnatureand
non-anthropocentricentities.
4.
Restorativejustice
Itlooksattheimpactsoftheenergysector,
whetherintendedor
unintended,andstressesthattheyshouldbe
addressed.This
emphasisesthatanyinjusticecausedbytheenergysectorshouldbe
recti?ed(e.g.,
decommissioning
practices,foreseeableimpactsareincludedinprojectplanningand
permittingapplications).
5.
Cosmopolitanjustice
Underscoresthe
cross-bordere?ectsfromrenewableenergy
activitiesthatarecaused/accentuatedinacertaingeography,buta?ect
another.Hence,energydecisionmakersneedtobeconcernedaboutwhowillbea?ectedfroma
national,regionaland
internationalperspective,andconnectcountries
withinternationalenergyandclimatetargetstheyhavesigned.
Theconversationaboutjustenergytransitionhasfocusedonthephasing-outoffossilfuels,result-inginagapinresearchanddiscussionabouttheimpactsandbestpracticesinthephasing-inof
utility-scalerenewableenergy.[13],[14],[15]
Thepurposeofthisbookistocontributetofillingthisimport-antgapbyshowcasing—fromaGlobalSouthperspective—promisingemerginginclusivepracticesdrawnfromtheexperienceofJustREmembers.
Thisbookdiscussesrelevantissuesandsharespromisingpracticesrelatedtolandandwaterresources,supplychains,communityengagement,andbenefitsharing.Thesediscussionsarefol-lowedbyreflectionsonenablingfactors,includingpoliciesandpracticestandards,andanoutlookonfutureworkandtheroleofJustRE.
7JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
Whilethebookseeksanin-depthexplorationofcriticalaspectsoftheREchallenge,readersshouldbemindfulthatthebookdoesnotattempttofullycapturethenuancesandcomplexitiesofthewholeREsector.Thebookcentresonexamplesofpracticefromutility-scaleRE(solar,wind,andgeothermal).However,weacknowledgethecruciallyimportantroleofdistributedenergyresources,gridtransmissionanddistribution,energyefficiency,andothertechnologiesandinnovationsintheprocesstowardsasustainableandjustenergysystem.Readersareencouragedtocriticallyapproachtheinformationpresented,recognisingthatitrepresentsasnapshotofexperiencesandper-spectivesfromdifferentcontexts.
TheAllianceexperts,representingvariousGlobalSouthregions,havecollaboratedthroughtheBookSprints
[16]
methodologytodevelopthisbook.Thebookgathersinvaluablepracticeinsights,capturingexperiencesandlessonslearnedinREdeploymentacrosstheGlobalSouthandofferingpracticalguidanceandreal-worldexamplestoinformandinspirefuturesustainableREinitiatives.Thebookthusdrawsonthedeepandwide-rangingexpertiseoforganisationsactivelyengagedinutility-scaleREimplementationinColombia,India,Kenya,Mexico,thePhilippines,andSouthAfrica.Theorganisationsinvolvedprovidepolicyandindustrypracticeadvice,support,andcapacitybuildinginallyshipwithproject-affectedcommunities.
TheAllianceaimstofosterknowledgesharingandcollaborationamonglike-mindedorgan-isationstoguideJET'sprogressintheGlobalSouth.Definedbyaprofounddedicationtoequity,inclusivity,andcommunityself-determination,JustREmembersarecommittedtoadvancingjustenergytransitionsglobally.TheAllianceiscommittedtoplacingthesevaluesattheforefronttoenablethecreationandroll-outofsustainableREprojectsandguaranteethedistributionoftheirbenefitsacrossallrelevantparties.
JustREseekstocatalysetransformativechangeintheREsectorbycreatingspacesfordialogue,facil-itatingknowledgesharing,fosteringpartnerships,andidentifyingactionablestrategiesthatbuildoncollectiveandadaptivelearning.Atthetimeofwriting,JustREisinitspilotyear,buildingmomentumtowardsalonger-termvision.Oncetheappropriatefoundationislaid,theAlliancewillseektoexpandintoabroaderplatform,accessibletoorganisationsandstakeholdersworkinginand/orontheGlobalSouththatsharethegoalsofbuildingmorejustsocieties,economies,andenergysystems.
8JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
8NorthernCape,SouthAfrica-HolleWlokas-INSPIRE
REFERENCES
[
1]UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,2023,
Conferenceofthe
PartiesservingasthemeetingoftheParties
totheParisAgreement
2
]InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,2023,
WorldEnergyTransitionsOutlook
3
]UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,
EnvironmentalImpactsofCleanEnergy|
DepartmentofEnergy
[AccessedinJune2024]
4
]InternationalRenewableEnergy
Agency,2017,
RenewableEnergyBenefits:
UnderstandingtheSocio-Economics
[
5]StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,2022,
Considerationsforajustandequitable
energytransition
[
6]UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,2023,
Whatisjusttransition?Andwhyisit
important?
[
7]TheAfricanClimateFoundation,2022,
Just
EnergyTransitionsandNaturalGasInAfrica:
BalancingClimateActionAndStructural
Transformation
[
8]InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment,2024,
JustTransition
[
9]StockholmEnvironmentInstitute,2022,
Sevenprinciplestorealizeajusttransitionto
alow-carboneconomyforinstance
[
10]UnitedNationsGlobalCompact,2023,
JustTransitionandRenewableEnergy:
ABusinessBrief
[
11]ClimateJusticeAlliance,
JustTransition:
AframeworkforChange
[
12]RaphaelHeffron,2023,
Energyjustice—
thetriumvirateoftenetsrevisitedandrevised
[
13]GranthamResearchInstituteonClimateChangeandtheEnvironment,2024,
Whatis
thejusttransitionandwhatdoesitmeanfor
climateaction?
[
14]AutumnSpanne,2021,
JustTransition:
History,Principles,andExamples
[
15]JustTransitionCentre,2017,
Just
Transition:AReportfortheOECD
[
16]BookSprints,2019,
Home
9JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
CHAPTER2:
ResponsibleLandand
WaterManagement
CHAPTERHIGHLIGHTS
Utility-scalerenewableenergyprojectsrequiresignificantlandandwaterresources.Thelandacquisitionprocesscanexacerbateexistinginequalitieswithincommunities,sodevelopersshouldprotecttherightsandinterestsofalllandusersandowners,includingminorityandmostvulnerablegroupslikeIndigenouscommunities.Goodsocialpracticesrelatedtolandincludefairleasing,acknowledgingandincorporatingcommunities’knowledgeoftheterritorytominimisenegativeimpactsandmaximisepositiveoutcomes,andadequatelyidentifyingthemostsuitablesitesfortheprojectusingtechnicalandsocialindicators.Additionally,concurrentlanduses,suchasagrivoltaicsandanimalgrazing,canaddresslandcompetitionwhilegeneratinglocalbenefits.Regardingwateruse,itisessentialtoassesswateravailability,consideringdemandandsupplyovertheprojects’lifetime.Thisshouldbedoneholisticallytoensurethesitedoesnotcompetewithotheruses.
10JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
QuiNh?n,Vietnam-JuanPabloCárdenas-INSPIRE
ThedevelopmentofREsignificantlyimpactspeople’srightsandaccesstomultiplenaturalresources.Inthischapter,wediscussthechallengesassociatedwithlandandwatermanagementarisingfromthedeploymentofutility-scaleRE.WealsoexploreemergingresponsesandcaseswherethesehavebeenappliedandsharesomelearningsfromJustRE’sexperience.
Context
Onshoresolarandwindprojectsrequiresignificantland.Unfortunately,competitionoverlandisintensifyingasrenewableenergyprojectsincrease.Windprojectstypicallyrequire0.2to0.8hectarespermegawatt(MW),whilesolarprojectstypicallyrequire1.2to2hectares
[1]
permegawatt(MW).Theworld’slargestsolarproject,currentlybeingbuiltinIndia,willcover726squarekilometres,anareathesizeofSingapore
.[2]
YetREisstillsometimesunderstoodtobelessland-intensivethanthecur-rentfossilfuel-dominatedenergysystems(especiallywhenconsideringdistributedREandenergyefficiency)
.[3]
Atthesametime,windandsolarprojectscanallowformultipleuseswithinthesamelandarea,suchasagriculturalactivitiesthatcanbeco-locatedwiththeenergyinfrastructure.
Landacquisitionprocessesareacommondriverofconflictbetweendevelopers,govern-ments,andlocalcommunities,includingIndigenousgroups.
[4]
Thechallengeisparticularlyacutewhenlandrightsarecustomaryorwhenidentifyinglegitimatetenurerightsholdersiscomplex.ThisisoftenthecaseincountriesintheGlobalSouth,wheremultiplelandtenuresystems,formalandinformal,mayexistinparallelandwherereformprocessesandgovernmentrecordsrelatingtolanduseandrightsareoftenincomplete.
Existinginequalitieswithincommunitiescanbeexacerbatedbylandacquisitionprocesses.Forexample,inIndia,REcompaniesfrequentlyengageintransactionswithformallandowners,negotiatingfinancialcompensationforlandtobeallocatedforprojectuse.Thiscancreategreatereconomicandsocialdisparitiesbetweenlandowners,whoreceivefundsandstatus,andtheland-less,wholoseaccess-and-userights,makingthemmorevulnerable.Thesecompensationpracticesoftenexcludewomenfromconsultationsandagreements,eventhoughtheyplayasubstantialroleinagriculturaleconomies
.[5]
Solarprojectsalsoneedasignificantamountofwaterforcleaning.Competitionforwateruseisconsequentlyheightened,especiallyinwater-stressedareas.Usingchemicalsonrenewableenergyprojectsites,suchasdustsuppressantsanddielectricfluids,cancontaminategroundwater
.[6]
Emerginggoodpractice
SeveralgoodpracticesforinclusivelandandwaterresourcemanagementareemerginginthecontextofREdevelopment.Thereismuchtolearnfromotherinfrastructuresectorsandsocialpractitioners’experience.Below,wesharesomehighlightsofgoodpracticetosupportotherslookingforpossiblecoursesofactioninlandandwater.
11JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
EnvironmentalandSocialImpactAssessments(ESIA)
Establishingrobustenvironmentalandsocialimpactframeworksisessentialforeffectivelandandwatermanagement
.[7]
ESIAsanalyseaplannedproject'spositiveandnegativeconsequencesbasedonadeepcontextualunderstandingandcommunityengagement.Theseinstrumentsprovideanupdatedandcomprehensiveinformationinventoryfromwhichtodevelopasetofactionsthatmax-imisetheproject’spositiveimpactsandminimisethenegativeones
.[8]
ESIAsrepresentinternationalgoodpractice,asexemplifiedbytherequirementsofinternationalfinancialinstitutionssuchastheInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC)
[9]
andtheWorldBank.TheseorganisationsprovideextensivestandardsandguidelinestoeffectivelyconductESIAs,whichcanbeadoptedandadaptedbycoun-triesandcorporationstofittheirparticularneeds.
Somecountriesintegratesocialandenvironmentalassessmentsintoasingleprocess,whileothersconductthemseparately.Integratedassessmentscanprovideamoreholisticviewofaproject’simpacts,consideringtheinterplaybetweensocial,livelihood,andenvironmentalfactors.Sectoralplanningtoolsthatconsiderthelong-term,cumulativesocial,economic,andenvironmentalimpactsofmultipleREprojectsinthesamegeneralareaarealsoessential.ThepreparationofStrategicEnvironmentalAssessments(SEAs)canserveasabasisforaregionalplanningapproachthattakesaccountofthecombinedeffectsofdifferentindustryplayersusingsitesclosetoeachother.
Sociallyandenvironmentallysensitivesiteprioritisation
Siteselectionforutility-scaleREprojectsrequirescarefulconsiderationofthepotentialimpactsonlandandwaterresources.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattominimiseimpacts,projectsshouldprioritiselandthatisbarren,uncultivable,orculturallyandecologicallynon-significant.However,nouniversaldefi-nitionsforidentifyingsuchlandsexist,andsometimes,landisofficiallyclassifiedas“wasteland”whenusedbasedoncustomaryarrangements.
Communityengagementanddialogueareessentialforresponsiblesiteselection.Integratingthelocalknowledgeofcommunitiescanhighlightappropriateapproachesforsafeguardingtraditionallandpracticesandculturalamenities,ensurelocallyleddevelopmentinitiatives,andmitigateadverseREprojectimpactsonthecommunity.Usingtoolsincorporatingtechnicalandsocialindicatorscanhelpidentifythemostappropriatesiteforaproject.AnexampleistheSiteRightTool
[10]
inIndia.Thisspatialmappinginstrumentconsidersfactorslikesolarirradiance,windpatterns,andecologicalandsocioculturalfactorssuchasspecieshabitatsandancestralorspirituallocations.However,itiscrucialtonotethatthesetoolshavelimitations,suchasrelyingonofficialdatathatmaynotreflectcommunityunderstandingofresourceusepatterns.Theyarenotsubstitutesforcommunityengagement(seeChapter4).
Free,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)applicationincustomarylands
Respectingthelandrightsoflegitimatetenureholdersisessential,includingwherelandandpropertyrightsarecustomary,collective,ornotformallyrecorded.Landownershipvariesineachcountry,butadherencetointernationalstandardssuchastheFree,Prior,andInformedConsent(FPIC)shouldbeappliedwhencustomaryland—individualorcollective—isconsideredforrenewableenergyinstallations.FPICensuresthattherightsandinterestsofalllandusersarerespectedandprotected(forinstance,ForestRightsAct2006
[11]
andLARRAct2013
[12]
inIndia).OneexampleofaninternationalframeworkforFPICistheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)169convention,
[13]
whichprovidesaconsensus-buildingframeworkthroughconsultationonIndigenousandTriballands.
12JustRE—GlobalSouthAllianceforaJustTransitiontoRenewableEnergy
EstablishinganIndigenousconsultationframeworkisanenablingfactorforcommunityengagement,fairbenefitsharing,fairresourcemanagement,andinequalityreduction.Thiscanbeachievedbycreatinganationallegalframeworkandprinciples,guidelines,andproceduresforitsimplementation.
Article32,par.2,oftheUnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples,providesthatstatesmustconsultwiththeIndigenousPeoplesingoodfaithtoobtaintheirFPICbeforeapprovinganyprojectaffectingtheirlandsorterritoriesandotherresources.Article32describestheFPICpro-cess,which,ifproperlyimplemented,affordssafeguardsforIndigenousPeoples.
EstablishingaclearnationallegalframeworkforFPIChelpsbuildtrustamongallpartiesinvolved.Properlyestablishedconsultationmechanismsandprotocolscanhelpaddresstherootcausesofconflictsandpreventnewonesfromarising.Apriorandinformedengagementwithcommunitiescanalsocreatetheconditionsformoreequitablebenefitsharingandensuretangiblebenefitsforthecommunities
.[14]
SeveralcountrieshaveintegratedFPICintonationallegislation.Forinstance,in
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