新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向21 閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題(原卷版)

考向21閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題型細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的命題方式通常有：1.特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；3.以Accordingto…開頭提問方式；4.以填空題的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識圖等提問。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇　皫е鴨栴}找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句．仔細(xì)品味，對照比較．確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個特點(diǎn)：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯誤。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。值得一提的是，有時原文中的信息可能只是一個短語，甚至一個單詞，因此需要我們在閱讀中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種?？碱}型：題型一描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常?？疾榭忌鷮ξ闹杏嘘P(guān)人物動作、思想感情、心理活動、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，對于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息?！镜淅纠俊?019·全國卷I，B】ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.，todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemsliketheofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”a.pronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstaredlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，’Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”24.WhatmadeChrisnervous？A.Tellingastory. B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest. D.Answeringaquestion.【語篇解讀】本文屬于記敘文，講述ThomasWhaley為了幫助學(xué)生學(xué)英語以及樹立信心專門開展了一個演講課程。24.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段todayisspeechday和本段最后一句withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidswhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.以及第二段第一句Buthe’snervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是那種喜歡公共演講的孩子，但是他卻很緊張，故可知Chris是因?yàn)樽鲅葜v緊張，故選B。題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o效信息。做此類題時，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，有針對性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題常考的一種題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡潔明快，省略了大量的詞語，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時具有語言精練，形象性、鼓動性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容?？忌仨毦邆漭^強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。（1）補(bǔ)全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機(jī))。（2）聯(lián)想推測法在些廣告時間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語篇意義。為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見的縮寫詞有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(學(xué)士學(xué)位)【典例示例】【2019·北京卷，A】Wanttoexplorenewcultures，meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime?YoucandoallthethreewithGlobalDevelopmentAssociation(GDA).Whateverstageoflifeyou’reat，whereveryougoandwhateverprojectyoudoinGDA，you’llcreatepositivechangesinapoorandremotecommunity(社區(qū)).Weworkwithvolunteersofallagesandbackgrounds.Mostofourvolunteersareaged17-24.Nowweneedvolunteermanagersaged25-75.Theyareextremelyimportantinthesafeandeffectiverunningofourprogrammes.Wehavesuchrolesasprojectmanagers，mountainleaders，andcommunicationofficers.Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose，youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity’saccesstosafedrinkingwater，orhelptoprotectvaluablelocalcultures.Youmightalsodesignanadventurechallengetotrainyoungvolunteers.Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally，you’llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.Youmayhavechancestomeetnewpeoplewho’llbecomeyourlifelongfriends.Thissummerwehaveboth4-weekand7-weekprogrammes:CountrySchedule4-weekprogrammes7-weekprogrammesAlgeria5Jul.—1Aug.20Jun.—7Aug.Egypt24Jul—20Aug.19Jun.—6Aug.Kenya20Jul.—16Aug.18Jun.—5Aug.SouthAfrica2Aug.—29Aug.15Jun.—2Aug.GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhereourhelpisneeded.Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities.ThereisnootherchancelikeaGDAprogramme.Joinusasavolunteermanagertodevelopyourownskillswhilebringingbenefitstothecommunities.FindoutmoreaboutjoiningaGDAprogramme:Website:Email:humanresources@31.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofvolunteermanagers?A.Toseeklocalpartners B.TotakeinyoungvolunteersC.Tocarryoutprogrammes D.Tofosterculturalawareness32.TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein__________.A.Egypt B.Algeria C.Kenya D.SouthAfria33.ThesharedgoalofGDA’sprojectsto__________.A.explorenewcultures B.protecttheenvironmentC.gaincorporatebenefit D.helpcommunitiesinneed【語篇解讀】這是一篇應(yīng)用文，這是一篇招聘志愿者的廣告。31.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問管理人員的主要職責(zé)是什么。根據(jù)第三段中Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincrease...,orhelptoprojectYoumightalsodesign...可知，根據(jù)崗位不同，管理人員可以幫助增加小區(qū)的飲用水，可以規(guī)劃地方文化，可以設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn)年輕的志愿者，從這些內(nèi)容上可以判斷出其主要職責(zé)是執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃。故選C。32.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問八月份開始的這個項(xiàng)目將在哪里開展。根據(jù)這個表格中4-weekprogrammes中的最后一個，可知答案選D。33.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問GDA的所有項(xiàng)目的共同目的是什么。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities可知，其目標(biāo)就是促進(jìn)偏遠(yuǎn)貧窮區(qū)域的發(fā)展，即幫助有需要的小區(qū)。故選D。題型三數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來說比較簡單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對于相對不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡單的運(yùn)算就可得出?！镜淅纠俊?017·北京卷，B】Inspiringyoungminds! TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.What’sinside?What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativethingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazine? Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲學(xué)）—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.Soundstoogoodtobetrue? Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear! Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope￡55RestofWorld￡65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.￡55. B.￡60.C.￡65.D.￡70.【文章大意】文章介紹了一本雜志TOKNOWMagazine。61.D【解析】數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPack中的IncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70，中國屬于RestofWorld，故答案為D。題型四排序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時間為線索；如果是說明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。從近幾年高考試題來看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中。題型五圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字?？刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題?！镜淅纠縏heHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探險者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（墳?zāi)梗﹐fourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.‘”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.【答案與解析】1.D此題考查學(xué)生的圖示理解能力。首先要找到并標(biāo)出現(xiàn)在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的歷史景點(diǎn)?？梢钥吹紺hiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.C從地圖中我們可以看到，NezPerce原先所擁有的土地比現(xiàn)在NezPerce保留區(qū)的位置大多了。題型六代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。【典例示例】（2016·新課標(biāo)卷III））OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSlidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.＂Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?＂theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.＂I’mfromMississippitoo.＂Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.＂TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,＂Weltysaid.＂Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.＂TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion(團(tuán)聚).＂Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’＂Weltyadded.＂AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’＂Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation.＂Idon’tmakethemup,＂shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.＂Idon’thaveto.＂Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.26.Theunderlinedword＂them＂inParagraph6referstoWelty’s_______.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories【文章大意】文章介紹了一位女作家請紐約的朋友吃飯時發(fā)生的故事。Welty是一位年紀(jì)比較大的作家，她來自密西西比。Welty的作品都是來自于現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活。26.D【解析】畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)＂Nowwebelieveyourstories＂可知，them指代的是Welty寫的小說里面的故事，聽了Welty和兩個陌生人的有關(guān)密西西比的談話之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小說里的故事都是來源于生活，故選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解解題方法1.把握解題的順序原則一般來說隱含題目答案的位置與題目的順序是一致的，這能幫助我們縮小尋找范圍，大大提高效率。我們做題時可以采用采用步步為營法，看一題做一題。2.通過定位詞尋找出題點(diǎn) 定位詞和主題句是英語閱讀理解解題方法的最重要的兩個要素，前者適用于解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題，后者用于解答主旨大意題。通過定位詞解題，就是說我們在閱讀題干的時候迅速的把題干中有標(biāo)記意義的詞或詞組劃記出來，然后用這個詞回到原文當(dāng)中定位。我們首先要關(guān)注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數(shù)字、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的數(shù)詞，以及題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞。如 在找定位詞的時候，請同學(xué)們注意以下幾點(diǎn)： （1）文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的專有名詞是全文描述對象的中心，沒有唯一出處，所以不能算是定位詞。我們?nèi)绻l(fā)現(xiàn)大部分題干中都有這個專有名詞的，就應(yīng)該排除它作為定位詞的可能。 （2）大多數(shù)時候我們選擇的定位詞都是名詞，因?yàn)槊~的可替代性相對較低，容易找到唯一出處。但是我們所找的名詞要盡量是實(shí)體名詞，也就是能指代一件具體事物的名詞。一般來說，下面兩類名詞都不可取。 a.抽象詞。如opinion,idea,result,information,role,effect,trend,theory等等。 b.言語詞。如statement,argument,comment,response,reaction,enquiry,answer，reason等等。 （3）并不是所有的我們在題干中找到的定位詞在原文中都會對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，有些情況下，原文中出現(xiàn)的只是題干定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在這種情況下，劃出定位詞并在腦中留下印象也有利于我們在瀏覽文章是迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定位詞的對應(yīng)形式，從而找到題目答案的位置。3.排除法排除法是解答閱讀理解題的另一個重要的方法。因?yàn)橛械臅r候如果是給填空題讓我們做，我們也許不能填出正確答案，但是如果給出四個選項(xiàng)讓我們選的話，我們可以通過對比排除錯誤選項(xiàng)。那么怎樣通過排除法做題呢（1）正確選項(xiàng)的特征正確選項(xiàng)雖然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改寫，意思不變。如換一個同義詞，把否定改為肯定，把肯定改為否定等。 （2）錯誤選項(xiàng)的特征a．張冠李戴：把A事物的特點(diǎn)說成是B事物的，企圖混淆視聽。 b.斷章取義：抓住一個字眼或細(xì)節(jié)做文章，對作者本意歪曲的理解。 c.過度猜測：文中并沒有出現(xiàn)和選項(xiàng)一致的直接信息，選項(xiàng)對文意進(jìn)行了不切實(shí)際的過度猜測。d.把已然說成未然（或把未然說成已然）：本來文中還沒有發(fā)生的事在選項(xiàng)中變成了已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，或者反之。e.選項(xiàng)與原文事實(shí)相反：選項(xiàng)所敘述的內(nèi)容與原文所提到的完全相反【檢測訓(xùn)練】1Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1.What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A.Ithascamera-basedsystems. B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A.It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B.It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C.It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D.It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC.TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility2AyoungwomanwaswalkinginSantaAna,California,whenshecameuponanelderlystreetvendor(小販)sellingtamales(玉米粉蒸肉).Seeinghowtiredhelookedinhiswheelchair,shedecidedtogivehimafewbucksandasandwich—andshealsogavehimasympatheticeartolistentohisstory.WhenKeniaBarraganfirstsawJoseVillaOchoa,shethoughtofherownparents.“Ifeltforhim,”shetoldKTTVNews,“Myparentsarebotholder,andIwouldhatetoseemydadoutsellingtamalesforsomebodyandbarelymakingendsmeet.”Knownas“DonJoel”,heexplainedthatalthoughhewantedajob,nocompanywouldhirehimbecauseofhisage.Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.Attheendofeachhardday,shewouldgivehimacutoftheearnings.Thisallowedhimtobuyfood,butwasnotenoughforhimtoaffordhismedicaltreatmentoraphone.The28-year-oldwomanwashappytolistentoDonJoel’sstory,butshewantedtodomore.ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.InadditiontothemoneyraisedforDonJoel’sretirement,Keniapurchasedhimanewwheelchairandashinynewpairofshoes.Eventhoughhe’s94,hesayshefeelslikehe’s40now,becausethekindnesshasmadehimfeelsoalive.Hedescribesthegenerosityas“l(fā)ife-changing”.Keniafeelsexactlythesameway.Shesaysshe’salwayslookingforapurposethathelpspeopleandthatshe’sbeenlivinginlinewiththosevaluesinhercurrentjob,workingwithpeoplewhohavedisabilitiestogetthemtransportation.Hergoalinlifeistoestablishahomelessshelter.5.WhydidDonJoelselltamales?A.Tobuyanewwheelchair. B.Tostruggleforaliving.C.Topayoffhismedicaldebt. D.Tohelpalocalwoman.6.HowdidKeniachangeDonJoel’slife?A.Byestablishingahomelessshelter. B.Bygivinghimmoneyandsandwiches.C.BycollectingdonationsonInstagram. D.Bylisteningtohisstoryattentively.7.WhatcanweinferaboutKeniainthetext?A.Shedislikedherfatherbecauseofhisjob.B.Sheisawealthywomanreadytohelpothers.C.ShehelpedDonJoelwhenshewas40yearsold.D.Sheisakindwomanaimingtodomorecharity.8.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Rosegiven,fragrantinhand. B.Thebestheartsarealwaysthebravest.C.Nopain,nogain. D.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.3Thefirstwaveofanewclassofanti-agingdrugshavebegunhumantesting.Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics—theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.Knownas“senescent”cells,theycancreatelow-levelinflammation(炎癥)thatpreventsnormalsystemsoflivingcellsrepairandcreatesapoisonousenvironmentforneighboringcells.InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎)oftheknee.Resultsfromalargerclinicaltrialareexpectedinthesecondhalfofthisyear.Thecompanyisalsodevelopingsimilardrugstotreatage-relateddiseasesoftheeyesandlungs,amongotherconditions.Senolyticsarenowinhumantests,alongwithanumberofotherpromisingapproachestargetingthebiologicalprocessesthatlieattherootofagingandvariousdiseases.AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinpatientssufferingfrommildtomoderateAlzheimer'sdisease.ThecompanyalsohasdrugsforParkinson'sanddementiainhumantesting.AndinDecember,researchersatDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicineeventriedtoseeifacreamincludingtheimmune-suppressingdrugcouldslowaginginhumanskin.Thetestsreflectresearchers'expandingeffortstolearnifthemanydiseasesassociatedwithgettingolder-suchasheartdiseases,arthritis,cancer,anddementia-canbedealtwithtodelaytheiroutbreak.9.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthedrugs?A.Toridinflammation. B.Tolengthenpeople'slife.C.Totreatage-relateddiseases. D.Toremovecancercells.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“senescent”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Repairing. B.Cycling. C.Aging. D.Dividing.11.Howdoesthetextmainlydevelop?A.Bylistingdata. B.Byprovidingdetails.C.Bymakingcomparisons. D.Byanalyzingcauses.12.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook. C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.4DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,Juliabeganhersecondyearasafirstgradeteacherinanonlineclassroom.OneSeptemberafternoon,shereceivedacallfromandCynthia,whowashavingtechnicaldifficultieswithhergranddaughter'stoolsforonlinelearning.JuliaimmediatelyknewsomethingwaswrongwithCynthia.Thetwowomenhadspokenmanytimesbefore,butJuliahadneverheardshesoundedlikethis.HerwordsweresojumbledthatJuliacouldbarelyunderstandher.Juliacalledherheadmaster,Charlie,whoconvincedherthathewouldcallandcheckonCynthiahimself.JustlikeJulia,CharliecouldbarelyunderstandCynthia.Hesuspectedshemightbehavingastroke(中風(fēng))—herecognizedthesignsfromwhenhisownfatherhadsufferedone.CharlieimmediatelybecameconcernedthatCynthia'stwograndchildren,agessixandeight,wereprobablyhomealonewithherandscared.Charlieaskedhisofficemanagertosendanambulancetothegrandmother'shome.ThequickresponsefromJuliaandCharliesavedCynthia'slife.Shearrivedatthehospitalintimetogettreatmentbeforelong-termdamageoccurred.Thankstoanextendedstayinthehospital,shehasregainedmostofthemovementthroughoutherbodyexceptforonehandandaregionofhermouth.“I'mproudofthepeopleIworkwith,thattheyrespondedsoquicklyandthatitdidmakeadifferencetoCynthia,”saysJulia.“Iamsopleasedtobepartofsuchacaringcommunity.”Buttheschool'scrisisresponseisonlyonepieceofthecommunity'sextraordinaryeffortstohelpCynthiaandhergranddaughters.Anotherfamilywithyoungchildrentookinthetwogirls.Virtuallearninghasbeenachallengeacrossthecountry,butit'sfairtosaythatithashelpedthecommunitygrowcloser.Manyteacherstheregavetheirpersonalphonenumberstostudentsandfamiliesincasetheyneededextrahelp.Inthiscase,theexchangewasliterallylife-altering.13.CynthiacalledJuliainorderto.A.complainaboutthepoorcontentsofonlinelearningB.consultabouthergranddaughter'sacademicperformanceC.seeksomehelpforlackofcertaintechnicalknowledgeD.volunteerherservicesasateacherinanonlineclassroom14.Theunderlinedword“jumbled”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto.A.briefB.unclearC.gentleD.impolite15.HowdidCharliedecidethatCynthiamighthavesufferedastroke?A.Byrecallinghisownprevioussufferingsfromthedisease.B.Byusinghisprofessionalknowledgetoformthejudgment.C.BycombiningJulia'scallwiththegranddaughters'description.D.Byidentifyingthesymptomsthatastrokepatientmayhave.16.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvirtualleaning?A.Ithascausedmuchinconveniencetoparents.B.Itwillbringaboutunavoidableleakofprivacy.C.Ithasprovidedmorebenefitsthanchallenges.D.Itneedstechnicalguidancetobehighlyeffective.5Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認(rèn)同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens(代金券)theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,”saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology.“Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,”researcherssaidinthestudy,publish