新高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)練習(xí)考向21 閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題(原卷版)

考向21閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題的題型細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過(guò)程、論述等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的。有些問(wèn)題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見(jiàn)的命題方式通常有：1.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題；2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；3.以Accordingto…開(kāi)頭提問(wèn)方式；4.以填空題的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問(wèn)。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇　皫е鴨?wèn)題找答案”的方法．先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ)。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句．仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比較．確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無(wú)此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時(shí)候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來(lái)。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語(yǔ)句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過(guò)有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來(lái)獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過(guò)一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。值得一提的是，有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)單詞，因此需要我們?cè)陂喿x中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種?？碱}型：題型一描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常?？疾榭忌鷮?duì)文中有關(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過(guò)程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對(duì)它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，對(duì)于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息?！镜淅纠俊?019·全國(guó)卷I，B】ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.，todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemsliketheofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”a.pronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstaredlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，’Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”24.WhatmadeChrisnervous？A.Tellingastory. B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest. D.Answeringaquestion.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文屬于記敘文，講述ThomasWhaley為了幫助學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)以及樹(shù)立信心專門開(kāi)展了一個(gè)演講課程。24.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段todayisspeechday和本段最后一句withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidswhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.以及第二段第一句Buthe’snervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是那種喜歡公共演講的孩子，但是他卻很緊張，故可知Chris是因?yàn)樽鲅葜v緊張，故選B。題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見(jiàn)，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問(wèn)，考生完全沒(méi)有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o(wú)效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問(wèn)題要求，有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題常考的一種題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡(jiǎn)潔明快，省略了大量的詞語(yǔ)，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時(shí)具有語(yǔ)言精練，形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容?？忌仨毦邆漭^強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測(cè)等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測(cè)法”兩種方法來(lái)解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。（1）補(bǔ)全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說(shuō)廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語(yǔ)境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機(jī))。（2）聯(lián)想推測(cè)法在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒(méi)有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語(yǔ)篇意義。為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見(jiàn)的縮寫詞有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(學(xué)士學(xué)位)【典例示例】【2019·北京卷，A】Wanttoexplorenewcultures，meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime?YoucandoallthethreewithGlobalDevelopmentAssociation(GDA).Whateverstageoflifeyou’reat，whereveryougoandwhateverprojectyoudoinGDA，you’llcreatepositivechangesinapoorandremotecommunity(社區(qū)).Weworkwithvolunteersofallagesandbackgrounds.Mostofourvolunteersareaged17-24.Nowweneedvolunteermanagersaged25-75.Theyareextremelyimportantinthesafeandeffectiverunningofourprogrammes.Wehavesuchrolesasprojectmanagers，mountainleaders，andcommunicationofficers.Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose，youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity’saccesstosafedrinkingwater，orhelptoprotectvaluablelocalcultures.Youmightalsodesignanadventurechallengetotrainyoungvolunteers.Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally，you’llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.Youmayhavechancestomeetnewpeoplewho’llbecomeyourlifelongfriends.Thissummerwehaveboth4-weekand7-weekprogrammes:CountrySchedule4-weekprogrammes7-weekprogrammesAlgeria5Jul.—1Aug.20Jun.—7Aug.Egypt24Jul—20Aug.19Jun.—6Aug.Kenya20Jul.—16Aug.18Jun.—5Aug.SouthAfrica2Aug.—29Aug.15Jun.—2Aug.GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhereourhelpisneeded.Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities.ThereisnootherchancelikeaGDAprogramme.Joinusasavolunteermanagertodevelopyourownskillswhilebringingbenefitstothecommunities.FindoutmoreaboutjoiningaGDAprogramme:Website:Email:humanresources@31.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofvolunteermanagers?A.Toseeklocalpartners B.TotakeinyoungvolunteersC.Tocarryoutprogrammes D.Tofosterculturalawareness32.TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein__________.A.Egypt B.Algeria C.Kenya D.SouthAfria33.ThesharedgoalofGDA’sprojectsto__________.A.explorenewcultures B.protecttheenvironmentC.gaincorporatebenefit D.helpcommunitiesinneed【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇應(yīng)用文，這是一篇招聘志愿者的廣告。31.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)管理人員的主要職責(zé)是什么。根據(jù)第三段中Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincrease...,orhelptoprojectYoumightalsodesign...可知，根據(jù)崗位不同，管理人員可以幫助增加小區(qū)的飲用水，可以規(guī)劃地方文化，可以設(shè)計(jì)挑戰(zhàn)項(xiàng)目培訓(xùn)年輕的志愿者，從這些內(nèi)容上可以判斷出其主要職責(zé)是執(zhí)行項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃。故選C。32.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)八月份開(kāi)始的這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將在哪里開(kāi)展。根據(jù)這個(gè)表格中4-weekprogrammes中的最后一個(gè)，可知答案選D。33.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問(wèn)GDA的所有項(xiàng)目的共同目的是什么。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities可知，其目標(biāo)就是促進(jìn)偏遠(yuǎn)貧窮區(qū)域的發(fā)展，即幫助有需要的小區(qū)。故選D。題型三數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過(guò)計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法，問(wèn)題便迎刃而解了。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算就可得出?！镜淅纠俊?017·北京卷，B】Inspiringyoungminds! TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.What’sinside?What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativethingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazine? Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲學(xué)）—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.Soundstoogoodtobetrue? Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear! Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope￡55RestofWorld￡65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.￡55. B.￡60.C.￡65.D.￡70.【文章大意】文章介紹了一本雜志TOKNOWMagazine。61.D【解析】數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPack中的IncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope￡60RestofWorld￡70，中國(guó)屬于RestofWorld，故答案為D。題型四排序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索；如果是說(shuō)明文，排序題通常以說(shuō)明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。從近幾年高考試題來(lái)看，這類試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中。題型五圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字?？刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題。【典例示例】TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探險(xiǎn)者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（墳?zāi)梗﹐fourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.‘”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.【答案與解析】1.D此題考查學(xué)生的圖示理解能力。首先要找到并標(biāo)出現(xiàn)在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的歷史景點(diǎn)?？梢钥吹紺hiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.C從地圖中我們可以看到，NezPerce原先所擁有的土地比現(xiàn)在NezPerce保留區(qū)的位置大多了。題型六代詞指代題代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測(cè)代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在?！镜淅纠浚?016·新課標(biāo)卷III））OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSlidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.＂Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?＂theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.＂I’mfromMississippitoo.＂Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.＂TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,＂Weltysaid.＂Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.＂TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion(團(tuán)聚).＂Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’＂Weltyadded.＂AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’＂Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation.＂Idon’tmakethemup,＂shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.＂Idon’thaveto.＂Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.26.Theunderlinedword＂them＂inParagraph6referstoWelty’s_______.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories【文章大意】文章介紹了一位女作家請(qǐng)紐約的朋友吃飯時(shí)發(fā)生的故事。Welty是一位年紀(jì)比較大的作家，她來(lái)自密西西比。Welty的作品都是來(lái)自于現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活。26.D【解析】畫線的them指代前面提到的人或物，根據(jù)＂Nowwebelieveyourstories＂可知，them指代的是Welty寫的小說(shuō)里面的故事，聽(tīng)了Welty和兩個(gè)陌生人的有關(guān)密西西比的談話之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小說(shuō)里的故事都是來(lái)源于生活，故選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解解題方法1.把握解題的順序原則一般來(lái)說(shuō)隱含題目答案的位置與題目的順序是一致的，這能幫助我們縮小尋找范圍，大大提高效率。我們做題時(shí)可以采用采用步步為營(yíng)法，看一題做一題。2.通過(guò)定位詞尋找出題點(diǎn) 定位詞和主題句是英語(yǔ)閱讀理解解題方法的最重要的兩個(gè)要素，前者適用于解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題，后者用于解答主旨大意題。通過(guò)定位詞解題，就是說(shuō)我們?cè)陂喿x題干的時(shí)候迅速的把題干中有標(biāo)記意義的詞或詞組劃記出來(lái)，然后用這個(gè)詞回到原文當(dāng)中定位。我們首先要關(guān)注的是表示人名、地名等的專有名詞和表示年份、數(shù)字、百分?jǐn)?shù)等的數(shù)詞，以及題干中出現(xiàn)的大寫的名詞。如 在找定位詞的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意以下幾點(diǎn)： （1）文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的專有名詞是全文描述對(duì)象的中心，沒(méi)有唯一出處，所以不能算是定位詞。我們?nèi)绻l(fā)現(xiàn)大部分題干中都有這個(gè)專有名詞的，就應(yīng)該排除它作為定位詞的可能。 （2）大多數(shù)時(shí)候我們選擇的定位詞都是名詞，因?yàn)槊~的可替代性相對(duì)較低，容易找到唯一出處。但是我們所找的名詞要盡量是實(shí)體名詞，也就是能指代一件具體事物的名詞。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，下面兩類名詞都不可取。 a.抽象詞。如opinion,idea,result,information,role,effect,trend,theory等等。 b.言語(yǔ)詞。如statement,argument,comment,response,reaction,enquiry,answer，reason等等。 （3）并不是所有的我們?cè)陬}干中找到的定位詞在原文中都會(huì)對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，有些情況下，原文中出現(xiàn)的只是題干定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)換形式。在這種情況下，劃出定位詞并在腦中留下印象也有利于我們?cè)跒g覽文章是迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)文中定位詞的對(duì)應(yīng)形式，從而找到題目答案的位置。3.排除法排除法是解答閱讀理解題的另一個(gè)重要的方法。因?yàn)橛械臅r(shí)候如果是給填空題讓我們做，我們也許不能填出正確答案，但是如果給出四個(gè)選項(xiàng)讓我們選的話，我們可以通過(guò)對(duì)比排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。那么怎樣通過(guò)排除法做題呢（1）正確選項(xiàng)的特征正確選項(xiàng)雖然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改寫，意思不變。如換一個(gè)同義詞，把否定改為肯定，把肯定改為否定等。 （2）錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征a．張冠李戴：把A事物的特點(diǎn)說(shuō)成是B事物的，企圖混淆視聽(tīng)。 b.斷章取義：抓住一個(gè)字眼或細(xì)節(jié)做文章，對(duì)作者本意歪曲的理解。 c.過(guò)度猜測(cè)：文中并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)和選項(xiàng)一致的直接信息，選項(xiàng)對(duì)文意進(jìn)行了不切實(shí)際的過(guò)度猜測(cè)。d.把已然說(shuō)成未然（或把未然說(shuō)成已然）：本來(lái)文中還沒(méi)有發(fā)生的事在選項(xiàng)中變成了已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事，或者反之。e.選項(xiàng)與原文事實(shí)相反：選項(xiàng)所敘述的內(nèi)容與原文所提到的完全相反【檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練】1Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿勢(shì)）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（認(rèn)證）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1.What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A.Ithascamera-basedsystems. B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A.It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B.It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C.It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D.It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC.TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility2AyoungwomanwaswalkinginSantaAna,California,whenshecameuponanelderlystreetvendor(小販)sellingtamales(玉米粉蒸肉).Seeinghowtiredhelookedinhiswheelchair,shedecidedtogivehimafewbucksandasandwich—andshealsogavehimasympatheticeartolistentohisstory.WhenKeniaBarraganfirstsawJoseVillaOchoa,shethoughtofherownparents.“Ifeltforhim,”shetoldKTTVNews,“Myparentsarebotholder,andIwouldhatetoseemydadoutsellingtamalesforsomebodyandbarelymakingendsmeet.”Knownas“DonJoel”,heexplainedthatalthoughhewantedajob,nocompanywouldhirehimbecauseofhisage.Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.Attheendofeachhardday,shewouldgivehimacutoftheearnings.Thisallowedhimtobuyfood,butwasnotenoughforhimtoaffordhismedicaltreatmentoraphone.The28-year-oldwomanwashappytolistentoDonJoel’sstory,butshewantedtodomore.ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.InadditiontothemoneyraisedforDonJoel’sretirement,Keniapurchasedhimanewwheelchairandashinynewpairofshoes.Eventhoughhe’s94,hesayshefeelslikehe’s40now,becausethekindnesshasmadehimfeelsoalive.Hedescribesthegenerosityas“l(fā)ife-changing”.Keniafeelsexactlythesameway.Shesaysshe’salwayslookingforapurposethathelpspeopleandthatshe’sbeenlivinginlinewiththosevaluesinhercurrentjob,workingwithpeoplewhohavedisabilitiestogetthemtransportation.Hergoalinlifeistoestablishahomelessshelter.5.WhydidDonJoelselltamales?A.Tobuyanewwheelchair. B.Tostruggleforaliving.C.Topayoffhismedicaldebt. D.Tohelpalocalwoman.6.HowdidKeniachangeDonJoel’slife?A.Byestablishingahomelessshelter. B.Bygivinghimmoneyandsandwiches.C.BycollectingdonationsonInstagram. D.Bylisteningtohisstoryattentively.7.WhatcanweinferaboutKeniainthetext?A.Shedislikedherfatherbecauseofhisjob.B.Sheisawealthywomanreadytohelpothers.C.ShehelpedDonJoelwhenshewas40yearsold.D.Sheisakindwomanaimingtodomorecharity.8.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Rosegiven,fragrantinhand. B.Thebestheartsarealwaysthebravest.C.Nopain,nogain. D.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.3Thefirstwaveofanewclassofanti-agingdrugshavebegunhumantesting.Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics—theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.Knownas“senescent”cells,theycancreatelow-levelinflammation(炎癥)thatpreventsnormalsystemsoflivingcellsrepairandcreatesapoisonousenvironmentforneighboringcells.InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎)oftheknee.Resultsfromalargerclinicaltrialareexpectedinthesecondhalfofthisyear.Thecompanyisalsodevelopingsimilardrugstotreatage-relateddiseasesoftheeyesandlungs,amongotherconditions.Senolyticsarenowinhumantests,alongwithanumberofotherpromisingapproachestargetingthebiologicalprocessesthatlieattherootofagingandvariousdiseases.AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinpatientssufferingfrommildtomoderateAlzheimer'sdisease.ThecompanyalsohasdrugsforParkinson'sanddementiainhumantesting.AndinDecember,researchersatDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicineeventriedtoseeifacreamincludingtheimmune-suppressingdrugcouldslowaginginhumanskin.Thetestsreflectresearchers'expandingeffortstolearnifthemanydiseasesassociatedwithgettingolder-suchasheartdiseases,arthritis,cancer,anddementia-canbedealtwithtodelaytheiroutbreak.9.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthedrugs?A.Toridinflammation. B.Tolengthenpeople'slife.C.Totreatage-relateddiseases. D.Toremovecancercells.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“senescent”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Repairing. B.Cycling. C.Aging. D.Dividing.11.Howdoesthetextmainlydevelop?A.Bylistingdata. B.Byprovidingdetails.C.Bymakingcomparisons. D.Byanalyzingcauses.12.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook. C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.4DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,Juliabeganhersecondyearasafirstgradeteacherinanonlineclassroom.OneSeptemberafternoon,shereceivedacallfromandCynthia,whowashavingtechnicaldifficultieswithhergranddaughter'stoolsforonlinelearning.JuliaimmediatelyknewsomethingwaswrongwithCynthia.Thetwowomenhadspokenmanytimesbefore,butJuliahadneverheardshesoundedlikethis.HerwordsweresojumbledthatJuliacouldbarelyunderstandher.Juliacalledherheadmaster,Charlie,whoconvincedherthathewouldcallandcheckonCynthiahimself.JustlikeJulia,CharliecouldbarelyunderstandCynthia.Hesuspectedshemightbehavingastroke(中風(fēng))—herecognizedthesignsfromwhenhisownfatherhadsufferedone.CharlieimmediatelybecameconcernedthatCynthia'stwograndchildren,agessixandeight,wereprobablyhomealonewithherandscared.Charlieaskedhisofficemanagertosendanambulancetothegrandmother'shome.ThequickresponsefromJuliaandCharliesavedCynthia'slife.Shearrivedatthehospitalintimetogettreatmentbeforelong-termdamageoccurred.Thankstoanextendedstayinthehospital,shehasregainedmostofthemovementthroughoutherbodyexceptforonehandandaregionofhermouth.“I'mproudofthepeopleIworkwith,thattheyrespondedsoquicklyandthatitdidmakeadifferencetoCynthia,”saysJulia.“Iamsopleasedtobepartofsuchacaringcommunity.”Buttheschool'scrisisresponseisonlyonepieceofthecommunity'sextraordinaryeffortstohelpCynthiaandhergranddaughters.Anotherfamilywithyoungchildrentookinthetwogirls.Virtuallearninghasbeenachallengeacrossthecountry,butit'sfairtosaythatithashelpedthecommunitygrowcloser.Manyteacherstheregavetheirpersonalphonenumberstostudentsandfamiliesincasetheyneededextrahelp.Inthiscase,theexchangewasliterallylife-altering.13.CynthiacalledJuliainorderto.A.complainaboutthepoorcontentsofonlinelearningB.consultabouthergranddaughter'sacademicperformanceC.seeksomehelpforlackofcertaintechnicalknowledgeD.volunteerherservicesasateacherinanonlineclassroom14.Theunderlinedword“jumbled”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto.A.briefB.unclearC.gentleD.impolite15.HowdidCharliedecidethatCynthiamighthavesufferedastroke?A.Byrecallinghisownprevioussufferingsfromthedisease.B.Byusinghisprofessionalknowledgetoformthejudgment.C.BycombiningJulia'scallwiththegranddaughters'description.D.Byidentifyingthesymptomsthatastrokepatientmayhave.16.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvirtualleaning?A.Ithascausedmuchinconveniencetoparents.B.Itwillbringaboutunavoidableleakofprivacy.C.Ithasprovidedmorebenefitsthanchallenges.D.Itneedstechnicalguidancetobehighlyeffective.5Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(認(rèn)同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens(代金券)theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,”saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology.“Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,”researcherssaidinthestudy,publish