英語國家概況Chapter-12(課堂課件)

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英語國家概況TheUnitedStatesofAmerica1Chapter12

Literature英語國家概況1.mainthemerecordofaquest/seekingthecontinuousnarrativeofthepursuitofsuccessandhappinessthelostcontinentofAtlantisthegolden“citiesofCibola”NorthwestPassagetotheOrientdreamsofsuccessreligiousfreedomwestwardmovementforhappiness32.

principalformsofAmericanliterature

novelshortstorypoemdramaprincipalforms4TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsITheRomanticPeriodIITheRealisticPeriod

IIITheNaturalisticPeriodIVTheModernPeriodVCONTENTTheContemporaryPeriodVI5TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsI

1.2FeatureintheRevolutionaryPeriod

1.3Representativefiguresandworks

1.1Featurein

theColonialPeriod

6

1.1TheColonialPeriod

(1607-1775)

Q1:WhowerethefirstAmericans?HowdidtheycometoAmerica?Q2:WhatistheinfluenceofpluralismonAmericanliterature?7

1.1TheColonialPeriod(1607-1775)(cont.)

CharacterofWritings—religious,practical,orhistorical.AmericanPuritanism—majortopicstressespredestination(預言)originalsintotaldepravity(墮落)limitedatonement(贖罪)orthesalvation(拯救)ofaselectedfewwhowouldreceiveGod’sgrace.Discussion:ComparetheAmericanPuritanismwithChineseConfucianism.81.2TheRevolutionaryPeriodrepresentativework—ThomasJefferson’sDeclarationofIndependence.CharacterofDeclarationofIndependencerhetorical(帶修辭色彩的)vigorrefineddiction(措辭)polishedstyleardentlongingforfreedomQ:HowwasAmericanliteratureforwardedintheRevolutionaryPeriod?91.3RepresentativeFigures

1.3.2BenjaminFranklin

1.3.1JonathanEdwards

10

1.3.1JonathanEdwards

religiousidealismpowerfulsermons(布道)—preachingthepuritanideasandcondemningpeople’sdepravity.best-knownwork—“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”(1741).initiatingtheGreatAwakeningMovementtorevivePuritanism.11Almanac—publishedcontinuouslyforalmostaquarterofacentury.adages(格言)andsayings“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”“Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”

1.3.1JonathanEdwards(cont.)

121.3.2BenjaminFranklinlevelheaded(頭腦冷靜的)commonsenseacompletelyworldlyman;astatesman,ambassador,scientist,essayistaswell.PoorRichard’sAlmanac—bothaliteraryachievementandaprofitablebusiness.131.3.2BenjaminFranklin(cont.)Autobiography—mostfamouswork.“thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan”—risingfrompovertyandobscurity(身份低微)towealthandfame.Autobiography—arecordofspiritualgrowthinadditiontoself-examinationandself-improvement.14

TheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865)II

2.2WritersofFiction

2.3WritersofPoetry

2.1Feature

2.4Questions

15theAgeofRomanticismAmericanliteraturebetweentheWarofIndependenceandtheCivilWarPre-Romanticism(1770s——1830s)Post-Romanticism(1830s——1875)floweringtimebeforeAmericanCivilWar(1830——1860)decliningtimeafterAmericanCivilWar(1860——1875)162.1FeatureAmericanRenaissance.CharacterofAmericanwritingsfreeexpressionofemotions,attentiontothepsychic(精神的)statesoftheircharacter.exalted(贊美)theindividualandthecommonman.revealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownandgrewonthenativelands.BestRepresentivesWashingtonIrving&JamesFennimoreCooperWaltWhiteman&EmilyDickinson172.2WritersofFictionJamesFennimoreCooperEdgar

Allan

Poe

Herman

MelvilleRalphWaldoEmerson

WashingtonIrvingNathanielHawthorne

2.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.42.2.62.2.5182.2.1WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)

“thefatherofAmericanliterature”thefirsttowriteusingthelocalcolorandthedetailsinhisworks.symbolismtothethemes.

RipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow—mostfamousstories.19

2.2.2JamesFennimoreCooper(1789-1851)

twogreatfiguresofAmericanmythology:thebravefrontiersmanandtheboldIndian.authorofthe“LeatherStockingTales”—aseriesoffivenovelsThePioneers(1823)TheLastoftheMohicans(1826)ThePrairie(1827)ThePathfinder(1840)TheDeerslayer(1841)frontiersmanhero—NattyBumpporepresentingtheidealAmerican.20

2.2.3RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)

chiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism—summitofAmericanRomanticism.definedas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses”.Hisessayshaveacasualstyle.Thebest—NatureandEssays

21

2.2.4NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

adescendantofPuritanimmigrants.apioneerinpsychologicaldescription.wroteasamoralist;triedtofindouthowmenreactedintheirmindwhentheyfoundtheyhaddonesomethingwrong;exposedtheevilsofthesocietybydescribingthepsychologicalactivitiesofhumanbeings.mostfamousnovel—The

ScarletLetterotherworksTheHouseofSevenGables(1851)TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)TheMarbleFaun(1860)

22

2.2.5

EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)

alonelywriterbothinlifeandliteraturehistory.literaryoutput:poetry,shortstories,andreviewsforliteraryworks.strangethemeandstylemakehimanoutsiderofthemaincurrentofAmericanliterature.foreignersacclaimedhimasgeniusmasterpiecesTheRaven(1845)TheFalloftheHouseofUsher(1839)232.2.6HermanMelville(1819-1891)

fame—establishedonMobyDick.acknowledgedasoneoftheworld’sgreatmasterpieces.theme—toofaradvancedforhiscontemporariespresentingableakviewoftheworld:theuniverseisGodlessandpurposeless;humanlifeisalsomeaninglessandfutile.242.3WritersofPoets

EmilyDickinsonWaltWhitman2.3.12.3.2252.3.1WaltWhitman(1819-1892)

poems—TheLeavesofGrasscombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividualpoeticstylefreeverse—poetrywithoutafixedbeat(拍子)orregularrhymescheme.hispoetryironicallyignoredbythegeneralpublicduetohisunconventionalstyle.26

2.3.2EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)

differentfromWhitmanthepoetess—turnedtotheouterworldandembracedsociety,democracyandnation;casthereyesinwardtoexploretheinnerfeelingsoftheindividual.shyandsensitivenature,sheavoidedvisitorsandledaquitereclusive(隱居的)life.272.3.2EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)(cont.)shortpoemstherealworld—invisibleintheconciselines,neitheraretherepeople.naturedwellinherworld,andmetaphysical(形而上學的)thinkinglikedeathandimmortalityoccupieshermind.mostfamouspoemsMyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose(1896)BecauseIcouldNotStopforDeath(1890)ANarrowFellowintheGrass(1891)constructingawonderfulworld—smallbutintense,fresh,individualandoriginal.282.4QuestionsQ1:WhatarethecharacteristicsofAmericanwritingduringtheRomanticperiod?Q2:

HowmuchdoyoulikeNathanielHawthorne’swork—TheScarletLetter,andhowdoyouinterprettheletter“A”?29

TheRealisticPeriod(1790-1865)III

3.2RepresentativeFigures

3.1Feature

30

3.1Feature

areactionagainstRomanticism.stressing—truthfultreatmentofmaterial.thewritingsareconcernedwiththeworldofexperience,thecommonplace,thefamiliarandthelow.dominantfigures—MarkTwainWilliamDeanHowellsHenryJames313.2RepresentativeFiguresHenryJamesWilliamDeanHowellsMarkTwain3.2.13.2.23.2.32.2.62.2.5323.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)

grewupintheMississippiRiverfrontiertownofHannibal,Missouri.Twain’sstyle—basedonvigorous,realistic,colloquialAmericanspeech—anewappreciationoftheirnationalvoice.firstmajorauthorcomingfromtheinteriorofthecountry;capturingitsdistinctive,humorousslangandiconoclasm.33MasterpieceTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnHuck’sinnerstrugglebetweenhissenseofguiltinhelpingJimtoescapeandprofoundconvictionthatJimisahumanbeing.Throughescape,hegetstoknowJimbetterandacceptsJimasbothahumanbeingandaloyalfriend.3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.)34OtherFamousNovelsTheAdventureofTomSawyer(1876)ThePrinceandthePauper(1882)LifeontheMississippi(1883)TheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)TheMysteriousStranger(1916)

3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.)35Contributionmakingcolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediuminliterature.

influenceofhisstylesweepingacrosstheAmericanliteraryworld.far-reachingmakingSome20th-centurywritersacknowledgetheirindebtedness(受惠)toMarkTwain3.2.1MarkTwain(1835-1910)(cont.)36bridgesthe19thand20thcenturiesandconnectsAmericaandEurope.“theinternationaltheme”—themeetingofAmericaandEurope.Europeans—morecultured,moreconcernedwithart,andmoreawareofthesubtletiesofsocialsituationsAmericans—moralityandinnocence

3.2.2HenryJames(1843-1916)37MajorWorksTheAmerican(1877)DaisyMiller(1878)TheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheGoldenBowl(1904)ThePortraitofALady(1881)3.2.2HenryJames(1843-1916)(cont.)38realism—photographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwith“motives”andpsychologicalconflicts.prolificwriter—drama,poetryandnovelsinadditiontocriticism,travelogues(旅行見聞)andautobiography.masterpiece—TheRiseofSilasLapham(1885)3.2.3WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)39

TheNaturalisticPeriod(1900-1914)IV

4.2RepresentativeFigure

4.1Feature

40

4.1Feature

Applyprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofictionanddrama.Viewinghumanbeingsasanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives.41TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Americanvalues—materialistichumanindividualisobsessedwithanever-ending,yetmeaninglesssearchforsatisfactionofhisdesires.MoneySexembracingsocialDarwinism

“thesurvivalofthefittest”4.2RepresentativeFigure42MasterpieceSisterCarrie(1900)

Carrie—acountrygirllookingforabetterlifeinChicago.Drouettookherhomeasmistress.Hurstwood,Drouet’sfriend,desertedfamilyandforcedhertorunawaywithhim.Carriebecameafamousactress;Hurstwoodcommittedsuicide.Dreiser’snaturalisticpursuitexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.4.2RepresentativeFigure(cont.)43OtherWorksTrilogy(三部曲)ofdesireTheFinancer(1912)TheTitan(1914)TheStoic(1945)

masterpiece—TheAmericanTragedy(1925)4.2RepresentativeFigure(cont.)44

TheModernPeriod(1914-1939)V5.2ModernPoetry

5.1LostGeneration

455.1LostGenerationAmericanwriterscaughtinWWIandcutofffromtheoldvalues;unabletocometotermswiththenewera.5.1.1ErnestHemingway5.2.2Q:WhatistheLostGeneration?F.ScottFitzgerald

5.1.1465.1.1F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)TheGreatGatsby—a

masterpieceinAmericanliterature.Gatsbydiscoversthedevastatingcostofsuccessintermsofpersonalfulfillmentandlove.Gatsby’slifepattern:first,adreamThen,disenchantment(覺醒)Finally,asenseoffailureanddespairendoftheAmericanDream475.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)NobelPrizewinnermajorworksAFarewellToArms(1928)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)485.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)(cont.)49Hemingway’sworld—chaoticandmeaninglessmanfightingasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotunderstand.Heropossessinga“despairingcourage”.thecourageenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity(災禍).writingstyle—colloquialismconcrete,specificwordscasualandconversationalshort,simplesentences5.1.2EarnestHemingway(1899-1961)(cont.)505.2ModernPoetryEzraPound(1885-1972)—alinkbetweenUSandBritainImagism“image”somethingthat“presentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime.”TheCantos—hewroteandpublisheduntilhisdeath.

RepresentativeFigure51

TheContemporaryPeriod(1939-)BlackWriters6.1JewishWriters6.2TheBeatMovement6.3LiteratureofModernSouth6.4Women’sVoices6.5Drama6.6VI52

6.1BlackWriters

RichardWright—NativeSon(1940)RalphEllison—InvisibleMan(1952)JamesBaldwin—GoTellItontheMountain(1954)readersconsciousofanoppressedracegroaningandstrugglingforsalvation53LangstonHughes(1902-1967)poetlaureate,literaryfigureofHarlemRenaissance.embracedAfrican-Americanjazzrhythmsandincorporatedblues,spirituals,colloquialspeech,andfolkwaysinhispoetry.mostbelovedpoem“TheNegroSpeaksofRivers”suggestingthat,likethegreatriversoftheworld,Africanculturewillendureanddeepen.6.1BlackWriters(cont.)546.2JewishwritersJewishwritersnotonlyfocusuponJewishcharactersandsocialquestions,butalsobringadistinctivelyJewishsenseofhumortotheirnovels.Yiddish—languageusedbyEuropeanJewspreserveJewishculture,isolatedbutintact(完好的),untiltheearly20thcentury.55SaulBellow(1915-2005)WonNobelPrizein1976Famousworks

■DanglingMan(1944)

■

TheVictim(1947)

■

TheAdventuresofAugieMarch(1954)

■HendersontheRainKing(1959)■Herzog(1964)

■Mr.Sammler’sPlanet(1970)■

Humboldt'sGift(1975)6.2Jewishwriters(cont.)56SaulBellow(1915-2005)6.2Jewishwriters(cont.)576.3TheBeatMovement“beat”—representinganon-conformist,rebelliousattitudetowardconventionalvaluesconcerningsex,religionandtheAmericanwayoflife,anattituderesultingfromthefeelingofdepressionandexhaustionandtheneedtoescapeintoanunconventional,communalmodeoflife.centralBeatwritersWilliamBurroughsAllenGinsbergJackKerouac58

BeatWriters’Works

expressemotion“raw”,ratherthan“cooked”throughmemoryandtranslationintoart.representativeworksJackKerouac—OntheRoad(1957),WilliamBurroughs—NakedLunch(1959)AllenGinsberg—Howl(1956)6.3TheBeatMovement(cont.)59BeatWriters’Works6.3TheBeatMovement(cont.)606.4LiteratureofModernSouth

WilliamFaulkner—NobelPrizewinningnovelistMajorworksTheSoundandtheFury(1929)AsILayDying(1930)LightinAugust(1932)Absalom,Absalom!(1936)GoDown,Moses(1942)storiessetinasmallsoutherncounty,explorationofbasichumannatureandbasicpatternsofhumanbehaviormakethemenduringworksinworldliterature.616.5Women’sVoices

Feministmovementduringthe1960sand1970saffectedAmericancultureandwomen’srelationshipwiththeoppositesex.62

TonyMorrison(1931-)

NobelPrizeforLiteraturein1993.exploredtheexperienceofblackwomeninaracistculture.famousnovels—TheBluestEye(1970)&Beloved(1987)thelatterisaboutMargaretGarner,aslaveescapingwithherchildren;whenrecaptured,attemptedtokillherchildrenratherthanreturnthemtolifeofslavery.6.5Women’sVoices(cont.)

63

AliceWalker(1944-)

spokeforthewomen’smovement,fortheanti-nuclearmovement.concernofherworkssexualandracialrealitieswithinblackcommunities;unavoidableconnectionsbetweenfamilyandsociety.6.5Women’sVoices(cont.)

64AliceWalker’sMasterpieceFiction—weavingbackandforththroughtimeandindividualperspectives.Characters—seekredemption,forgivenessandpeace.receivedthePulitzerPrizein1983forTheColorPurple.6.5Women’sVoices(cont.)

65AmyTan(1952-)

Chinese-AmericanwriterportraysthelivesofChineseAmericandaughtersandtheirChineseimmigrantmothers.characters’conflictingemotionsbeingnative-bornAmericansofChineseancestry.NovelsTheJoyLuckClub(1989)TheKitchenGod’sWife(1991)

focusontherelationshipsbetweenmothersanddaughters.6.5Women’sVoices(cont.)

666.6DramariseofAmericandramain20thcentury.Withtheopeningoftheatres,dramaturnedupasaninfluentialliteraryforminAmericanliterature.threerepresentativeplaywrights.67EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)

greatestplaywright,wonNobelPrizein1936.drama—seriousliteratureandwrotetragediesconsistently.wrote45playshighlyexperimentalinformandstyle;combiningliterarytheoriesofsymbolism,naturalismandexpressionism.greatinfluenceonlaterAmericanplaywrights.6.6Drama(cont.)68EugeneO’Neill’sFamousPlaysBeyondtheHorizon(1920)TheHairyApe(1922)DesireUndertheElms(1924)TheIcemanCometh(1946)—climaxofhiscareer

LongDay’sJourneyintoNight(1956)

sensitiveartist.felt“thediscordant(不調(diào)和的),broken,faithlessrhythm”ofhistime;probingintotherootofhumandesiresandfrustrations;pessimisticplays,leavingthecharacterswithoutillusionandhope.6.6Drama(cont.)69EugeneO’Neill’sFamousPlays6.6Drama(cont.)70TennesseeWilliams(1911-1983)adramatist,wrotenovel,poetry,proseandshortstories.representativeworks

TheGlassMenagerie(1945)AStreetcarNamedDesire(1947)—forwhichwasawardedPulitzerPrize.CatonaHotTinRoof(1955)SuddenlyLastSummer(1958)6.6Drama(cont.)71TennesseeWilliams’WritingFeatureswroteofisolatedandlonelypeopleofAmericansociety.goodatcreatingpathetic(悲慘的)womantypicalone—Laura,heroineinTheGlassMenagerie.afragilegirllivesinillusion,whichissmashedtopiecesbyamaleintruder—symbolofreality.6.6Drama(cont.)72ArthurMiller(1915-2005)

“socialdramatist”—concernstheconflictsoftheindividualwithinsocietyandpresentsasocialcritiqueoftheinhumancapitalistsystem.DeathofaSalesman(1947)moderntragedy;presentationanddisclosureofthecrueltyandbloodinessofcapitalism.otherimportantplaysAllMySons(1947)TheCrucible(1953)AViewfromtheBridge(1955)6.6Drama(cont.)73ArthurMillerMasterpiece—DeathofaSalesman6.6Drama(cont.)74ArthurMillerMasterpiece—DeathofaSalesmanmoderntragedypresentationanddisclosureofthecrueltyandbloodinessofcapitalism.miserablelifeandtragicdeathofWilly—firmconvictioninAmericandream.Disillusioned,hekilledhimselftoget$20,000lifeinsurancemoney.6.6Drama(cont.)75Willy—thesalesmannotambitiousdream&harshrealityToestablishhisownbusiness,topayofftheloanforthehouse,tohavesuccessfulchildrenandlivehappilywithhisfamily.

Thecompanyheservedfor30yearsdismissedhimforhisgettingold.Twosonsturnedouttobelosersinthesociety;One—athief;theother—abraggart.6.6Drama(cont.)76Ⅰ.Readthefollowingstatementanddecidewhethertheyareture(T)orfalse(F).——1.WaltWhitmanintroducedgreatinnovationstoAmericanliterature,anddevisedapoeticstyle,freeverse.——2.EmilyDickinson’spoemsareusuallylong,exploringtheinnerlifeoftheindividual.——3.StephenCraneisfamousforhiswritingsaboutthemeetingofAmericaandEurope.——4.EzraPoundleadstheSchoolofImagism,whichadvocatesaclear,highlyvisualpresentation.77——5.JackKerouac’sOntheRoadisarepresentativeworkoftheBeatWriters.——6.AliceWalkerwaspassionateaboutthecivilrightsmovementsandthewomen’smovementof1960s,andTheColorPurpleishermasterpiece.——7.America’smostrenownedplaywrightisTennesseeWilliams,andhisplaysarehighlye