新高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)大題突破+限時(shí)集訓(xùn)專題03 閱讀理解說(shuō)明文（解析版）

專題03閱讀理解說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文閱讀理解一般作為全國(guó)卷閱談理解中的CD篇，主要分為兩種類型：實(shí)驗(yàn)研究和介紹說(shuō)明型。說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物的形狀，性質(zhì)，特征，成果或公用等進(jìn)行介紹，解釋或闡述的文章，把我所說(shuō)明事物的特征和本質(zhì)是理解說(shuō)明文的關(guān)鍵，說(shuō)明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定義法，解釋法，比較法，比喻法，數(shù)字法，圖標(biāo)法，引用法和距離法等。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、清晰，文章很少表達(dá)作者的情感傾向。閱讀說(shuō)明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說(shuō)明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、結(jié)構(gòu)、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意義和特征等。Teenagersaroundtheworldarefamiliarwiththegreatpainofboredom.Andeveryparentisfamiliarwiththesoundsofgroaning(咕噥的)kids,sulking(生悶氣)intheirroomorpacingaimlesslyaroundthehouse.Butsometimes,it’sthisverysenseofboredomthatcaninspirecreativityandcreatefast-growingtrends.Thisistrueforpickleball(匹克球),nowapopularsportintheWest.AccordingtotheMentalFlosswebsite,thesportwasinventedinthesummerof1965.Atthattime,FrankPritchard,13,hadnothingtodoinhisfamily’ssummerhomeinWashington,US.Aftercomplainingloudly,hisfather,Joel,suggestedhemakeupagame.WhenFrankreplied“Whydon’tyou?”hisfathergladlytookupthechallenge.Thus,pickleballwasborn.Certainpartsoftennis,badmintonandping-pongcanbeseenfrompickleball.It’sabatgameplayedonabadminton-sizedcourtwithwhatlookslikeawiffleball(威浮球)overalownet.Onlytheservingteamcanscorepoints,andallservesmustbemadewithanunderhandstroke(擊球).Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadilyoverthelastdecade.AccordingtoMentalFloss,thenumberofpickleballcourtshasgrownbyanestimated385percentworldwidesince2010.Onereasonforitspopularityisthatit’s“asportforeveryone”.Anyonecanplaypickleballbecauseit’srelativelyeasytopickup.Therearesimplerules,andallpeopleneedisacoupleofbatsandaball,whichisaffordableandaccessibletoall.Plus,pickleballisasportcenteredaroundfunandfriendship.Thegamelastsasshortas15minutes,whichmeanslessrunningandstressforplayers.Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,especiallyconsideringthatabad-temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵鬧)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.1．Whatdoweknowaboutpickleball,accordingtothepassage?A．Itwasinventedaccidentallybyayoungboy.B．Itisagamesuitableforfamilygatherings.C．Itcombineselementsfromseveralballgames.D．Thegame’sjudgescomefromaservingteam.2．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Whypickleballhasbecomesowellreceived.B．Whatequipmentpickleballplayersneed.C．Howsignificantpickleballistotheworld.D．Whatrulesmustbeobeyedinpickleball.3．WhatdidPritchardthinkofthepopularityofpickleball?A．Unexpected. B．Reasonable. C．Natural. D．Awkward.4．Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?A．Toadviseustojoininsportsgames.B．Toteachushowtoplaypickleball.C．Totellusthebirthofasportsgame.D．Tomotivateustofollownewtrends.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。作者介紹了現(xiàn)在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)孩子在一個(gè)夏日里感到無(wú)聊而誕生。1．C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Certainpartsoftennis,badmintonandpingpongcanbeseenfrompickleball.(網(wǎng)球、羽毛球和乒乓球的某些部分可以從匹克球中看到。)”可知，匹克球結(jié)合了網(wǎng)球、羽毛球及乒乓球的元素。故選C。2．A【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段第一句“Thepopularityofpickleballhasgrownsteadilyoverthelastdecade.(匹克球的受歡迎程度在過(guò)去十年中穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。)”及本段內(nèi)容可知，匹克球在過(guò)去的十年間一直受到人們的歡迎。本段介紹了匹克球受歡迎的原因：易學(xué)及設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單、增進(jìn)友誼及充滿樂(lè)趣、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度不大。故選A。3．A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Pritchardsaidthatthegame’srapidriseinpopularitywasamazing,especiallyconsideringthatabad-temperedkid“inspiredasportscrazebymakingastink(吵鬧)aboutbeingboredoneafternoon56yearsago”.(Pritchard說(shuō)，這款游戲受歡迎程度的迅速上升令人驚訝，尤其是考慮到一個(gè)壞脾氣的孩子“通過(guò)在56年前的一個(gè)下午發(fā)牢騷(吵鬧)激發(fā)了一場(chǎng)體育熱潮”。)”可推斷，他對(duì)匹克球的流行感到出乎意料。故選A。4．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章作者介紹了現(xiàn)在很流行的匹克球特殊的起源——因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)孩子在一個(gè)夏日里感到無(wú)聊而誕生。從而可以推斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的就是向讀者介紹匹克球的產(chǎn)生。故選C。說(shuō)明文閱讀理解主要考查以下題型：一、主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)所讀材料或所讀材料片斷）中心思想的概括，做這類題時(shí)，考生應(yīng)通讀全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同時(shí)注意文章的主題句，因?yàn)橹黝}句表達(dá)中心思想，其他句子均圍繞主題句進(jìn)行展開(kāi)。主題句通常位于文章第一段首句，第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中間（通常是第一段或最后一段的中間）也是完全可能的，主旨大意題的考查形式很多，如概括標(biāo)題、主題、段意、中心思想等。二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題顧名思義，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題即對(duì)文章的某個(gè)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)置的試題，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的命題方法很多，如可能是對(duì)某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)用同義結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換后進(jìn)行考查，也可能是將文章中的幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)放在一起要求考生判斷是非（選出正確的一項(xiàng)或選出錯(cuò)誤的一項(xiàng)）或?qū)讉€(gè)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行排序等。解答這類試題時(shí)，一個(gè)常用的方法就是運(yùn)用定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比校從而確定答案（此時(shí)要特別注意一些常見(jiàn)的同義裝換或簡(jiǎn)單換算）。三、代詞指代題這類題要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文推測(cè)代詞的指代意義，它主要考查考生在一定語(yǔ)境中對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的正確理解。做這類題時(shí)，考生不僅要讀懂相關(guān)句子的句意，理順相關(guān)句子的邏輯關(guān)系，而且還要學(xué)會(huì)合理變通，尤其要學(xué)會(huì)變通理解其中的同義表達(dá)。四、詞義猜測(cè)題即要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測(cè)生詞的詞義，它是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)引起充分重視。猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法很多，常用的有同義解釋法、因果推斷法、前后對(duì)比法，基本構(gòu)詞法，語(yǔ)境理解法，舉例說(shuō)明法，常識(shí)背景法、類屬分析法等。（一）、Intheendlesssky,theunaidedhumaneyeshouldbeabletoperceiveseveralthousandstarsonaclear,darknight.Unfortunately,growinglightpollutionhasdisabledpeoplefromthenightlyview.Newcitizen-science-basedresearchthrowsalarminglightontheproblemof“skyglow”—thediffuseillumination(漫射照明)ofthenightskythatisaformoflightpollution.Thedatacamefromcrowd-sourcedobservationscollectedfromaroundtheworldaspartofGlobeatNight,aprogramdevelopedbyastronomerConnieWalker.Lightpollutionhasharmfuleffectsonthepracticeofastronomybutalsoonhumanhealthandwildlife,sinceitdisturbsthecyclefromsunlighttostarlightthatbiologicalsystemshaveevolvedalongside.Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壯觀)isevidentinancientcultures.GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.AnyonecansubmitobservationsthroughtheGlobeatNightwebapplication.Participantsrecordwhichonebestmatcheswhattheycanseeintheskywithoutanytelescopesorotherinstruments.Researchersfindthatthelossofvisiblestarsindicatesanincreaseinskybrightnessof9.6%peryearwhileroughly2%ismeasuredbysatellites.Existingsatellitesarenotwellsuitedtomeasuringskyglowasitappearstohumans,becausetheycannotdetectwavelengthsshorterthan500nanometers(納米).WhiteLEDs,withshorterwavelengthsunder500nanometers,nowareincreasinglycommonlyusedinoutdoorlighting.Buthumaneyesaremoresensitivetotheseshorterwavelengthsatnighttime.Space-basedinstrumentsdonotmeasurelightfromwindows,either.Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.“Theincreaseinskyglowoverthepastdecadeunderlinestheimportanceofredoublingoureffortsanddevelopingnewstrategiestoprotectdarkskies,”saidWalker.“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.”1．WhatisapurposeofGlobeatNight?A．Todevelopnewlightsources. B．Tocollectdataonstarvisibility.C．Tohelpastronomersexplorespace. D．Topopularizescienceamongcitizens.2．Whatdoesthelossofvisiblestarsleadto?A．Poorerhumanhealth. B．Fewerwildlifespecies.C．Moredelicatebiologicalsystems. D．Lessnightlycultureelementsofthesky.3．Whatdoestheauthorstressinparagraph5?A．Satellitesplayavitalrole. B．WhiteLEDsarewidelyused.C．Crowd-sourceddataareinvaluable. D．Shorterwavelengthsarehardtodetect.4．WhatcanbeinferredfromWalker’swords?A．Theirconsistenteffortspayoff. B．Thedatasetneedstobeupdated.C．Moreparticipantsareexpectedtojoinin. D．Theskyglowhasbeenover—emphasized.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹光污染正在奪走我們的夜空，使得星星在我們眼前消失。1．B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“GlobeatNighthasbeengatheringdataonstarvisibilitysince2006.

”（自2006年以來(lái)，“天空輝光”一直在收集恒星能見(jiàn)度的數(shù)據(jù)。）可知，“天空輝光”的目的是收集星星能見(jiàn)度的數(shù)據(jù)。故選B。2．D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Furthermore,thelossofvisiblestarsisagreatlossofhumanculturalheritage.Untilrelativelyrecently,humansthroughouthistoryhadanimpressiveviewofthestarrynightsky,andtheeffectofthisnightlyspectacle(壯觀)isevidentinancientcultures.(此外，可見(jiàn)星星的損失是人類文化遺產(chǎn)的巨大損失。直到最近，歷史上的人類都能看到令人印象深刻的星空，這種夜間奇觀的影響在古代文化中很明顯。)”可知，可見(jiàn)星星的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致較少的夜間天空文化元素。故選D。3．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Butthesesourcesaresignificantcontributorstoskyglowusseenfromtheground.(但這些光源是我們從地面看到的天空發(fā)光的重要貢獻(xiàn)者。)”可推斷，作者在第五段中強(qiáng)調(diào)了眾包數(shù)據(jù)是無(wú)價(jià)的。故選C。4．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“TheGlobeatNightdatasetisnecessaryinourongoingevaluationofchangesinskyglow,andweencouragewhoevercantogetinvolvedtohelpprotectthestarrynightsky.(全球夜間數(shù)據(jù)集對(duì)于我們持續(xù)評(píng)估天空輝光的變化是必要的，我們鼓勵(lì)任何可以參與的人來(lái)幫助保護(hù)星空。)”可推斷，Walker期望會(huì)有更多的參與者加入。故選C。（二）、There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headlinesaboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at12yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.Buttherearesomestrikingpersonalstoriesontheothersideoftheagespectrum(年齡譜),too.OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGamesthissummer.Chusovitina,whocompetedinasportdominatedbyteenageathletes,receivedastandingovation(鼓掌歡呼)afterperforminginwhatshesaidwouldbeherlastOlympics.“Ifeelverygoodtobehere.ButthiswillforsurebemylastOlympics,shetoldreporters.“I’m46yearsold.Nothingisgoingtochangethat.I’malive,I’mhappy,I’mherewithoutanyinjuries,andIcanstandonmyown,”sheaddedwithalaugh.Thenthere’sAustralianequestrian(馬術(shù)師)MaryHanna,whoatage66isthesecond-oldestfemaleathleteinOlympichistoryandtheoldestOlympiancompetinginTokyo.“Throughtheirefforts,HannaandChusovitinaarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.They’reproofthatyoucancompeteorputyourselfuptoaphysicalchallengewaypastwhatisconsideredyourpeak,”saidMichaelStones,aprofessoratLakeheadUniversityinOntario,Canada,whoresearcheshealthyagingandphysicalperformance.“It’sgreatthatthisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathletes,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”TheseOlympiansalsolendthegamessomeexperienceandmaturity,especiallyinteamsports,saidSandraHunter,aprofessorofexercisescienceatMarquetteUniversityinMilwaukee,Wisconsin.“Theseolderathletescanhelpguidetheyoungerones,particularlywithallthementalandpsychologicalchallengesthatwe’veseen,”shesaid.“Theybringalevelofmaturitytotheteamsandsurroundingathletesthatallowstheyoungerathletestolearn.”“Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasonable,youdisconnectyourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”ThequotefromAmericanwriterRobertFritzishighlyconsistentwiththeOlympicspiritaswellasenlighteningusonourwaytosuccess.5．WhoisOksanaChusovitina?A．A12-year-oldtabletennisplayer.B．A46-year-oldgymnastfromSyria.C．A66-year-oldAustralianequestrian.D．Aneight-timeOlympianfromUzbekistan.6．Thefirstparagraphisintendedto________.A．leadinthetopicofthepassageB．stresstheimportanceofbeingageniusC．tellthedifferencebetweenyoungerandolderathletesD．introducearesearchonperformancesofyoungerathletes7．What’sprofessorMichaelStones’sattitudetothoseyoungerandolderOlympians?A．Doubtful. B．Uncaring.C．Supportive. D．Indifferent.8．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Olympicathletesshouldtrytheirbesttobeuninjured.B．Olympicathletesprovesuccessisnotrelatedtoage.C．Olympiansshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountablebarrier.D．Olderathletesarechangingtheconversationaroundageandagility.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了兩位在奧運(yùn)賽場(chǎng)上全力挑戰(zhàn)自我的大齡運(yùn)動(dòng)員，她們展現(xiàn)了真正的奧運(yùn)精神。5．D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“OksanaChusovitina,a46-year-oldgymnastfromUzbekistan,impressivelycompetedinhereighthOlympicGamesthissummer.(來(lái)自烏茲別克斯坦的46歲體操運(yùn)動(dòng)員OksanaChusovitina在今年夏天參加了她的第八個(gè)奧運(yùn)會(huì)，令人印象深刻。)”可知，OksanaChusovitin是參加了八次夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)的烏茲別克斯坦體操運(yùn)動(dòng)員。故選D。6．A【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“There’vebeenplentyofTokyo2020headlinesaboutHendZaza,theSyriantabletennisgeniuswho,at12yearsold,isoneoftheyoungestOlympiansofalltime.(2020年?yáng)|京奧運(yùn)會(huì)上有很多關(guān)于敘利亞乒乓球天才HendZaza的頭條新聞，他12歲，是有史以來(lái)最年輕的奧運(yùn)選手之一。)”以及第二段“Buttherearesomestrikingpersonalstoriesontheothersideoftheagespectrum(年齡譜),too.(但是，在年齡譜的另一邊也有一些引人注目的個(gè)人故事。)”可知，開(kāi)篇文章介紹介紹2020年?yáng)|京奧運(yùn)會(huì)上一名奧運(yùn)歷史上最年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員入手，從而引出下文出現(xiàn)的大齡運(yùn)動(dòng)員的事跡。故選A。7．C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的““It’sgreatthatthisyear’sOlympicsincludesomanyyoungerandolderathletes,”hetoldHuffPost.“Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”(“今年的奧運(yùn)會(huì)包括這么多年輕和年長(zhǎng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，這真是太好了，”他告訴赫芬頓郵報(bào)?！八麄儽砻?，年齡本身并不是體育活動(dòng)卓越的不可逾越的障礙?！?”可知，professorMichaelStones認(rèn)為有這么多如此年輕的和年齡大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員很不錯(cuò)，由此可以推斷，他對(duì)這些年輕和年紀(jì)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)員參加比賽表示支持。故選C。8．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的““Theyshowthatagealoneisnotaninsurmountable(不可克服的)barriertoexcellenceinphysicalactivities.”(“他們表明，年齡本身并不是體育活動(dòng)卓越的不可逾越障礙?！?”以及尾段中的““Ifyoulimityourchoicesonlytowhatseemspossibleorreasonable,youdisconnectyourselffromwhatyoutrulywant,andallthatisleftiscompromise.”(“如果你把你的選擇限制在看似可能或合理的事情上，你就會(huì)把自己與你真正想要的東西脫節(jié)，剩下的就是妥協(xié)?！?”可知，在體育活動(dòng)方面，年齡問(wèn)題是可以逾越的，我們不能把選擇限制在看似合理的事情上，并結(jié)合全文介紹奧運(yùn)史上年齡最大和最小運(yùn)動(dòng)員的事跡，我們可以推斷出運(yùn)動(dòng)員的成功與否跟年齡無(wú)關(guān)。故選B。一、（2023·廣東廣州·統(tǒng)考二模）Thisparagraphisnotordinary.Lookatit.Atfirst,itwon’tlooktooodd.Justanormalparagraph—youmaythink.Butlookatitagainandyoumightfinditabitunusual.Canyouspotit?Isanything...missing?Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-atextwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tcontaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.Trywritingoneyourselfandyou’llimaginethetaskfacedbytheFrenchwriterGeorgesPerec,whenafriendchallengedhimtowriteawholenovelwithoutusingE-aletterwhichisevenmorecommoninFrench.Perecwasafrighteninglycleverwriter,aloverofwordgamesandpuzzlesandalsoamasteroftheChineseboardgameGo.AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalreadywrittena5,000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsandbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”Buthisfriendsthoughtthistaskwouldbebeyondhim.Perectookupthechallenge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcommonlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhisimagination.Helaterclaimedhewrotethisnovelfasterthananyofhisotherbooks.Hewasforcedtothinkandfightforeverysentence.Hehadnochoicebuttobeoriginal.TheresultwasLaDisparition,adetectivestoryaboutthemysteriousdisappearanceofacharacternamedA．Vowl.TheonlyEswerethefourinhisnameonthecover.Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticallydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarrassingforthecritics,buthilariousforthewriterandhisfriends.Fortunately,thegamePerecwasplayingdidnotdestroythebookitself.Everysentenceseemstwistedslightlyoutofshape,andtheresultingstyleisunique.1．Whydoesthewriterstartwithalipogram?A．ToprovePerec’sworkishard.B．TointroducePerec’stoughtask.C．Todemonstratewhatalipogramis.D．Tochallengereaderstowriteone.2．WhichofthefollowingisNOTapalindrome?A．Madam. B．Nursesran.C．NoXinNixon. D．Nolemons,nomelon.3．WhatdidPerecthinkofthechallengehetookup?A．Itforcedhimtowritefaster. B．Itenrichedhiswritingstyles.C．Nowriterbuthecouldmakeit. D．Itfreedhiscreativityinwriting.4．Whatdoestheunderlineword“hilarious”meaninparagraph5?A．Confusing. B．Surprising. C．Verylucky. D．Extremelyfunny.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了佩雷克是一位聰明得驚人的作家，熱愛(ài)文字游戲和謎題，也是中國(guó)棋盤(pán)游戲圍棋的大師。1．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Whatyou’vejustreadisalipogram-atextwithoutaparticularletter.Itisthehardestkindasitdoesn’tcontaintheletterE-themostcommonletterintheEnglishlanguage.(你剛剛讀到的是一篇漏字文——一篇沒(méi)有特定字母的文章。它是最難的一種，因?yàn)樗话帜窫——英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的字母)”可知，文章開(kāi)頭提到的漏字文是最難的一種，由此為了介紹佩雷克的艱巨任務(wù)。故選B。2．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“AswellaswritingcrosswordpuzzlesforParismagazines,hehadalreadywrittena5000-wordpalindrome,atextthatreadsthesameforwardsandbackwards,likethewell-known“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”(除了為巴黎的雜志寫(xiě)填字游戲，他還寫(xiě)了一篇5000字的回文，前后讀起來(lái)是一樣的，比如著名的“Aman,aplan,acanal-Panama.”)”可知，回文是一種正反讀都一樣的詞語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成一種對(duì)稱結(jié)構(gòu)。B選項(xiàng)不符合該特點(diǎn)。故選B。3．D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Perectookupthechallenge.Hewasunabletousemorethan70%oftheFrenchwords,includingthosemostcommonlyused.Surprisingly,hediscoveredthis“impossible”ruleunlockedhisimagination.(佩雷克接受了挑戰(zhàn)。他不能使用超過(guò)70%的法語(yǔ)單詞，包括那些最常用的單詞。令人驚訝的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)“不可能”的規(guī)則釋放了他的想象力。)”可知，佩雷克認(rèn)為他所接受的挑戰(zhàn)釋放了他在寫(xiě)作上的創(chuàng)造力。故選D。4．D【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞前面的句子“Despitethedozensofcluesaboutthefantasticallydifficultrule,manyoriginalreviewersfailedtospotwhatwasstaringtheminthefaces—themissingletter.Embarrassingforthecritics(盡管關(guān)于這條極其困難的規(guī)則有幾十條線索，但許多最初的評(píng)審者都沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)他們臉上正在盯著的東西——丟失的字母。對(duì)評(píng)論家來(lái)說(shuō)很尷尬，)”可知，不知道有缺失的字母對(duì)于評(píng)論家來(lái)說(shuō)這是很尷尬的事情，其與后文構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，但是對(duì)于作者和他的朋友來(lái)說(shuō)這是極大的樂(lè)趣。故劃線詞hilarious與D選項(xiàng)Extremelyfunny為同義詞，意為“非常有趣的”。故選D。二、（2023·河北·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Aroboticgameofcatandmouseplayingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryingoutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance.TheTianjicatrobotdevelopedbyresearchersatTsinghuaUniversityinChinausesabrain-inspiredcomputingchipcalledTianjicX.Theso-calledneuromorphicchip(神經(jīng)形態(tài)芯片)canrunmultipleartificialintelligencetechniquesatthesametimeinanenergy-efficientmanner.Itisoneexampleofexperimentswithneuromorphicsystemsthatcouldallowsmallrobotstomakedecisionsusinglimitedcomputingresourcesandpower.TheresearcherschallengedtheTianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatwassettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles.ThisrequiredTianjicattotrackthemouserobotbyusingbothvisualrecognitionandsounddetection,andtofigureoutthebestpathtochasedownitspretendprey(假想獵物)withoutknockingonanything.TheteamsaysthattheTianjicXchipreducedtheamountofpowerrequiredfortherobotcattomakedecisionsduringthechasebyabout.halfcomparedwithanNVIDIAchipdesignedforAIcomputing.Performingacat-and-mousechasewouldbeastepupindifficultyformostcommercializedrobots,whichusuallyfollowverypredictableroutinesinwarehousesorfactories.Manyrobotsthatinteractwithmorecomplexandunpredictableenvironmentsrelyonremotecontrolbyhumanoperators,orelsemustmaintainwirelessconnectionswithdistantdatacentresthathavethecomputingpowernecessaryformoreintensivedecision-making.Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightandpowerrequirementscouldprovidepracticaladvantagesorroboticdeployment(部署).TheTianjicatrobotisworldwideacknowledged.“Forrobotics,thisisveryimportantbecauseitallowsthesystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy,”saysJeffreyKrichmarattheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.5．Whatdotheresearcherswanttherobottodobytestingit?A．Dorescue-work.B．Assistinresearch.C．Helpgetridofrats.D．Savepower.6．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellus?A．Whytherobotchasesanotherrobot.B．Whattherobot’spretendpreyislike.C．Howresearcherstesttherobot.D．Howmuchpowertherobotusesinanaction.7．WhatmakesaTianJicatrobothaveadvantagesoverothers?A．Itssmallsize.B．Itsmouse-likeshape.C．Itsbusinessvalue.D．Itsdatecenter.8．What’sJeffreyKrichmar’sattitudetowardstheinventionoftheTianjicatrobot?A．Negative.B．Doubtful.C．Unconcerned.D．Favorable.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了清華大學(xué)研發(fā)的一款名為T(mén)ianjicat的機(jī)器人，通過(guò)應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)室里玩的貓和老鼠的機(jī)器人游戲測(cè)試Tianjicat的多方面綜合的能力，證明了未來(lái)機(jī)器人將不需要人工參與，進(jìn)而可以執(zhí)行搜索和救援任務(wù)或野生動(dòng)物調(diào)查，有望實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化投入使用。5．A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Aroboticgameofcatandmouseplayingoutinalabprovidesasightatfuturepossibilitiesofrobotscarryingoutsearch-and-rescuemissionswithoutmuchhumanguidance(一場(chǎng)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里上演的貓捉老鼠的機(jī)器人游戲讓我們看到了未來(lái)機(jī)器人在沒(méi)有人類指導(dǎo)的情況下執(zhí)行搜救任務(wù)的可能性)”可知，研究人員希望通過(guò)測(cè)試來(lái)讓機(jī)器人執(zhí)行搜救任務(wù)。故選A。6．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“TheresearcherschallengedtheTianjicatrobottochase(追逐)anotherrobotthatwassettomoverandomlyinaroomfilledwithobstacles(研究人員讓Tianjicat機(jī)器人去追趕另一個(gè)機(jī)器人，這個(gè)機(jī)器人被設(shè)定在一個(gè)充滿障礙物的房間里隨機(jī)移動(dòng))”可知，第三段主要在介紹研究人員如何測(cè)試機(jī)器人的。故選C。7．A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Neuromorphicsystemshaven’tyetbeencommercializedinabigway,buttheirrelativelylowsize,weightandpowerrequirementscouldprovidepracticaladvantagesorroboticdeployment(神經(jīng)形態(tài)系統(tǒng)還沒(méi)有大規(guī)模商業(yè)化，但它們相對(duì)較小的尺寸、重量和功率要求可以提供實(shí)際優(yōu)勢(shì)或用于機(jī)器人調(diào)動(dòng))”可知，該機(jī)器人較小的體型是其優(yōu)勢(shì)。故選A。8．D【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Forrobotics,thisisveryimportantbecauseitallowsthesystemtooperateforlongerdurationsinhard-to-reachenvironmentswithgreaterautonomy(對(duì)于機(jī)器人來(lái)說(shuō)，這非常重要，因?yàn)樗试S系統(tǒng)在難以到達(dá)的環(huán)境中運(yùn)行更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，具有更大的自主權(quán))”可知，JeffreyKrichmar對(duì)此機(jī)器人持支持的態(tài)度。故選D。三、（2023·湖南株洲·統(tǒng)考一模）SittingatthetopofamountainonLaGomeraIslad,Antonioissuedaninvitationtothreevisitinghikersinthedistance—“Comeoverhere”.We’regoingtotreatyoutolunch“-withoutspeakingword:Hewhistled(吹口哨)it.Antonio,71,saidinhisyouth,whennativesratherthantouristswalkedtherockyfootpathsofhisisland,hisnewswouldhavebeengreetedrightawaybyarespondingwhistle,loudandclear.Buthismessagewaslostonthesehikers,andtheycontinuedtheirjourney.AntonioisaproudguardianofLaGomera’swhistlinglanguage,whichhecalledthepoetryofmyisland.”Headded.Likepoetry,whistlingdoesnotneedtobeusefulinordertobespecialandbeautiful.“Thelanguage,officiallyknownasSilboGomero,replaceswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitch(高音)andlength.Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlesthanSpanishletters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywhistlingcameintoexistenceonLaGomera.Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarerequiredtotravelevenashortdistanceoverland.Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssoundcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastwomilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.In2009,theisland’slanguagewasaddedbyUNESCOtoitslistoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanity.Butwithwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasmadeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcourses.ErinGerhards,alocalgirlkeentoimproveherwhistling,said,“Whistlingisawaytohonorthepeoplethatlivedhereinthepastandtorememberwedidn’tstartwithtechnologybutsimplebeginnings.”9．HowdidthehikersreacttoAntonio’sinvitation?A．Theyignoredit. B．Theywavedtheirhands,C．Theywhistledback. D．Theystoppedsuddenly.10．WhyisLaGomera’swhistlinglanguagelikelytobemisinterpreted?A．Becauseitisaformofpoetry. B．Becausethesamesoundcarriesdifferentmeanings.C．Becauseitisn’tusefulinlife. D．Becauseitssoundsincludevariouspitchesandlengths.11．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．ThetouristattractionsofLaGomera.B．ThegeographicfeaturesofLaGomera.C．Thereasonforwhistling’suseonLaGomera.D．Thecomparisonbetweenwhistlingandshouting.12．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Erinfiguresouthowislanderslivedbefore.B．SilboGomeroistaughtinLaGomera’sschools.C．TechnologyoutweighstraditionsonLaGomera.D．SilboGomeroisimportantindailyconversations.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了SilboGomero這種哨子語(yǔ)言。9．A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Buthismessagewaslostonthesehikers,andtheycontinuedtheirjourney.(但是這些徒步旅行者沒(méi)有領(lǐng)會(huì)他的意思，他們繼續(xù)他們的旅程)”可知，徒步旅行者忽略了安東尼奧的邀請(qǐng)。故選A。10．B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thelanguage,officiallyknownasSilboGomero,replaceswrittenletterswithwhistledsoundsthatvarybypitchandlength.

Unfortunately,therearefewerwhistlesthanSpanishletters,soasoundcanhavemultiplemeanings,causingmisunderstandings.(這種語(yǔ)言的官方名稱是席爾波戈梅洛語(yǔ)(SilboGomero)，它用不同音高和長(zhǎng)度的哨聲取代了書(shū)面字母。不幸的是，哨子的數(shù)量比西班牙字母要少，所以一個(gè)聲音可能有多種含義，導(dǎo)致誤解)”可知，因?yàn)橥瑯拥穆曇粲胁煌暮x，導(dǎo)致哨聲可能會(huì)被誤解。故選B。11．C【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“Withitsdistinctgeography,it’seasytoseewhywhistlingcameintoexistenceonLaGomera.

Onmostoftheisland,deepvalleysrunfromhighpeaksdowntotheocean,andplentyoftimeandeffortarerequiredtotravelevenashortdistanceoverland.

Whistlingdevelopedasagoodalternativewaytodeliveramessage,withitssoundcarryingfartherthanshouting--asmuchastwomilesacrosssomevalleyswithfavorablewindconditions.(由于其獨(dú)特的地理位置，很容易理解為什么吹口哨會(huì)出現(xiàn)在拉戈梅拉。在島上的大部分地方，深谷從山峰向下延伸到海洋，即使是很短的距離，也需要大量的時(shí)間和精力。吹口哨成為了傳遞信息的另一種很好的方式，它的聲音比喊叫傳播得更遠(yuǎn)——在風(fēng)向有利的山谷里，它的聲音可以傳播兩英里)”可知，第三段主要講述了在拉戈梅拉島上使用哨子語(yǔ)言的原因。故選C。12．B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中“Butwithwhistlingnolongeressentialforcommunication,SilboGomero’ssurvivalmostlyreliesona1999lawthathasmadeteachingitanecessarypartofLaGomerasschoolcourses.(但隨著口哨聲不再是交流的必要手段，SilboGomero的幸存主要依賴于1999年的一項(xiàng)法律，該法律將傳授口哨聲作為拉戈梅拉學(xué)校課程的必要組成部分)”可推知，戈梅拉的學(xué)校教授Silbo，故選B。四、（2023·江蘇南京·校聯(lián)考一模）Youremotionhelpsyoumakesenseoftheworld.Atthecoreofanemotionisasubjectiveexperienceofthevalenceofit—whatemotionscientistscall“affect”(情感).Generallyspeaking,affectiswhatwearemostfocusedon.Doyouhavechocolatecakeinfrontofyou?That’sgood!Doyouseeaspideronthetable!That’sbad!Youraffectivereactionstellyouwhichexperiencesaredesirable,andwhicharen’t,butthetotalemotionalexperienceincludesallyoudoandthink.Youcanlearnalotbyobservinganddescribingthem.Youcanalsolearnalotbyappreciatingtheirsecretlife.Theproblemis:theaffectivefeaturesofemotionstendtodominate.Oursubjectivevalenceofemotionisalmostallwecansee.Whenemotionsareonlyaboutwhatispleasantorunpleasantinsubjectiveexperiencerightnow,themoreimportantfeaturesofemotiondisappear.Ifyoucanslowdownandexpand;ifyoustoprunningorclinging(沉浸其中)andadoptasenseofcuriosity,emotionsbecomemoresubtleanddifferent.Whenfearcomesup,don’twalkawaysothatfeardissipates.Instead,stay.Allowyourselftofeelthenervousness,thesweating,andeverythingelsethatcomesalongwithit.Itisoneofthehardestthingstodoinlife,butit’salsooneofthemostrewarding.Ifyourun,youaretellingbasicpartsofyourbrain,“Iguessthisthreatreallywasreal.Ibetterstayawayfromit.”Youaretrainingyourselftofear,regardlessofthatsituation.Ifyoucling,youaresaying,“Escapefromthisemotionisathreat”,andsinceitisnotahappyexperience,happinessslipsthroughyourhandslikesand.Notethatyoucannotfoolyourself.Justallowthefullemotion.Youwillneverenterintotheirsecretlifeuntilyoustoprunningorclinging.Tocontrolyourlife,youneedtoactivelytrainyouremotionstobeyourally(同盟).Observe.Describe.Appreciate.Dothatandyoumayfindyouhavealliesforhealthylivingthatw