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非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞除了在句子中充當(dāng)謂語外,還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式,可在句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語、補(bǔ)語和狀語等,稱作非謂語動(dòng)詞,包括動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。高考重點(diǎn)要求:1、掌握不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞在句子中的作用2、區(qū)分不定式、分詞作定語和狀語的異同3、掌握不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語,不定式和分詞作賓補(bǔ)的慣用結(jié)構(gòu)4、注意非謂語動(dòng)詞與句子謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間關(guān)系,以確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式5、弄清非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系,以確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)形式第一節(jié)知識(shí)點(diǎn)概述一、動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動(dòng)詞原形”,有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語,但可以擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng)詞不定式仍保留動(dòng)詞的一些特點(diǎn)。(一)動(dòng)詞不定式的特征及用法1.動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成及特征“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式,是一種非謂語形式,在句子中不能作謂語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,它具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。2.動(dòng)詞不定式的用法動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。作主語例如:TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.或ItisnoteasytolearnEnglishwell.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),往往用it作形式主語,這種句型可歸納為下面的句型:Itis+adj.+動(dòng)詞不定式如果要說明不定式的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者,可以用for或of即:Itis+adj.+for/ofsb.todosth.作表語Mywishistobecomeateacher.作賓語Mostofusliketowatchfootballmatches.作賓語補(bǔ)足語Hetoldmetobehereontime.作定語Ihavenothingtosayaboutthatthing.作狀語Hestoppedtohavealook.3.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式not+to+動(dòng)詞原形例如:Heaskedmenottomakesuchamistake.4.動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞連用疑問代詞who,what,which和疑問副詞when,where,how,why等后面可以接動(dòng)詞不定式,構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語,可以在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。例如:(1)Hedoesn’tknowhowtousethemachine.(不定式作賓語) (2)Howtousethemachineisaquestion.(不定式作主語) (3)Thequestioniswhentogothere.(不定式作表語)(二)動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)形動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種,由不定式符號(hào)(to)加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式的形式有五種:一般式todo例如:IliketoreadEnglish.進(jìn)行式tobedoing例如:Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.完成式tohavedone例如:Heseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.被動(dòng)式tobedone例如:Theworkistobedonesoon.完成被動(dòng)式tohavebeendone例如:Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.二、分詞分詞是動(dòng)詞非謂語形式的一種,包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞表示:主動(dòng),動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。過去分詞表示:被動(dòng),動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。(一)分詞的作用分詞在句中可以作定語、表語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如:1.作定語Doyouknowtheboystandingatthegate?HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun?2.作表語Weareexcitedatthenews.Thenewshetoldusisexciting.3.作賓語補(bǔ)足語Iheardhimsingingasongintheclassroom.Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.4.作狀語Whilelyinginbed,helistenedtosomemusic.Seenfromthehill,thevillagelooksmovebeautiful.分詞作狀語時(shí),它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語,否則分詞前面必須有自己的主語。(二)分詞的時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式,而過去分詞則沒有時(shí)態(tài)形式的變化。現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生,或在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。例如:Knowinghisunclewouldcome,hebegantomakesomepreparations.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí),表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。常用作狀語。例如:Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.(三)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式被動(dòng)一般式beingdone例如:Thisisoneofthenewsupermarketsbeingbuiltinourcity.被動(dòng)完成式havingbeendone例如:Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hewasabletooperatethemachine.(四)分詞的否定形式分詞的否定式,由not+分詞構(gòu)成,例如:Nothavingheardthenews.Iwrotetohimagain.Notknowinghowtoworkoutthemathsproblem,Iwenttotheteacherforhelp.(五)分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時(shí),帶邏輯主語的分詞短語成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),在句法功能上起狀語作用。例如:Weatherpermitting,theywillgoandvisitthesciencemuseum.
Themeetingbeingover,theyalllefttheroom.三、動(dòng)名 動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞非謂語形式的一種,由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞既有動(dòng)詞特征,也有名詞特征。 動(dòng)名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定語。例如:⑴Smokingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.(作主語)⑵Myjobislookingafterchildren.(作表語)⑶Ihavefinishedreadingthenovel.(作賓語)⑷Wehavegotaswimmingpoolinourschool.(做定語) 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式由not+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。例如: Hemademeangrybynottakingthemedicine. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由名詞所有格或物主代詞加上動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。例如: Wouldyoumindmyopeningthedoor? 動(dòng)名詞的一般式,表示的動(dòng)作可以與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在前,或在后。例如: Weallenjoylisteningtomusic.(同時(shí)發(fā)生) Doyouremembermeetingmethere?(在謂語動(dòng)詞前發(fā)生) 動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前完成的動(dòng)作。例如: IregretnothavingbeentakentotheGreatWallwhenIwasachild. Sheattendedthepartywithoutbeinginvited.第二節(jié)實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一、復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)需注意的要點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作可能與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可能在其之后發(fā)生。例如:Isawtheyoungmanenterthehouse.(同時(shí)發(fā)生)Ihopetogotherenexttime.(之后發(fā)生)2.不定式完成式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。例如:I’msorrytohavebrokenyourglasses.3.不定式進(jìn)行式表示不定式的動(dòng)作,與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:Whenhecamein,Ihappenedtobereadingatthetable.4.不定式的被動(dòng)式有兩種形式:tobedone表示將要被做,tohavebeendone表示已被做。例如:Thenewcinematobeputupnextyearwillbeverylarge.Thecinemaissaidtohavebeenbuiltlastyear.5.在表示情緒的動(dòng)詞,如like,love,hate,prefer等后,用動(dòng)名詞作賓語表示一般傾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/shouldlike/love/prefer后要用不定式例如:Ihateeatingthesamefoodeveryday.WouldyouliketowatchTVintheevening?6.在動(dòng)詞need,want,require后用動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)含義,相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式;而用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式表示主動(dòng)含義。例如:Thehouseneedscleaning.=Thehouseneedstobecleaned.Heneedstocleanthehousefirst.7.在介詞后一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語,但在少數(shù)介詞,如but,except后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”則省去“to”。例如:Ihavedonenothingbuthelphimwithhisluggage.Ihavenochoicebuttowaitforhimatthebusstop.8.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語,因此,要表示完成主動(dòng)的意思常用定語從句。例如:Theaccidentwhichhappenedyesterdaywasveryserious.9.如果分詞短語的邏輯主語與句子不是相同的,則要用從句或分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。例如:Weatherpermitting,wewillgototheCenter10.分詞作狀語時(shí),分詞的邏輯主語要與句子的主語相一致。若它們之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,而動(dòng)賓關(guān)系則用過去分詞。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語,分詞要用完成時(shí)。例如:Havingfinishedhiscomposition,hewenthome.Whilelookingthroughthepaper,hefoundsomeerrors.二、歷屆高考試題分析例1、Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_________.A.thethiefhavingcaughtB.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaughtD.thethieftobecaught【答案】C。leadto這個(gè)詞組中to是介詞,后面跟名詞,于是B被排除,thethief是動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語,構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),與catch之間應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故排除A。常見的帶介詞to的短語有:(get)beusedto,lookforwardto,lookupto,stickto,objectto,bedevotedto,payattentionto等。例2、Though_______money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin【答案】C。lack是及物動(dòng)詞,后接賓語money。hisparents與lack是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,要用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。譯文:雖然缺錢,他的父母親還是設(shè)法讓他上了大學(xué)。例3、Hegotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forhecouldn’trisk____thegoodopportunity.A.tolose B.losing C.tobelost D.beinglost【答案】:Brisk后面只能帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語,含義為“冒……之險(xiǎn)”。_____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone'sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed【答案】C。在非謂語動(dòng)詞中,用動(dòng)名詞或不定式來作主語,而分詞和介詞短語不能作主語,因此A、D被排除。在這個(gè)句子中,willdo是謂語,缺少主語,要用動(dòng)名詞作主語。expose與one'sskin是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以要用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式beingexposed。譯文:在陽光下曬太長時(shí)間對(duì)人的皮膚有壞處。例5、____intouseinApril2000,thehotlinewasmeantforresidentsreportingwaterandheatingsupplybreakdowns.A.Put B.Putting C.Havingput D.Beingput【答案】:Aputsth.intouse“讓……投入使用”。顯然,put和句子主語thehotline構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用表示被動(dòng)的過去分詞。例6、Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust____alookatthesportsstars.A.had B.having C.tohave D.have【答案】:C動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語。例7、Withalotofdifficultproblems_______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled【答案】C動(dòng)詞不定式tosettle作為difficultproblems的定語表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪鉀Q的難題;過去分詞settle作定語表示已經(jīng)解決的難題,現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式beingsettled作定語表示正在解決的難題。例8、MoreandmorepeoplearesigningupforYogaclassesnowadays,____advantageofthehealthandrelaxationbenefits.A.taking B.taken C.havingtaken D.havingbeentaken【答案】:Atakeadvantageof(利用)和句子主語Moreandmorepeople構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,且和句子謂語signupfor(報(bào)名參加)同時(shí)發(fā)生,所以選擇A。Sandycoulddonothingbut________tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit【答案】A。該句中的but是介詞,后接動(dòng)詞不定式。當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞是do,does或did時(shí),后接不帶to的不定式;是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),后接帶to的不定式。該句的謂語是coulddonothing,要填動(dòng)詞原形admit。譯文:山德不得不向老師承認(rèn)自己錯(cuò)了。Hesentmeane-mail,________togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hope【答案】B?,F(xiàn)在分詞hoping表示與sendmeane-mail同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。一些考生認(rèn)為應(yīng)該填不定式作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語時(shí),句子的正確形式是:Hesentmeane-mailtogetfurtherinformation.不需要hope一詞,如果要選擇“hoped”時(shí),句子的正確形式是:Hesentmeane-mailandhopedtogetfurtherinformation?!癶ope”和“sent”作并列謂語。第三節(jié)鞏固練習(xí)Direction:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerthatcompletesthesentence.1.Everyoneinourclasswasworkinghardanddoingwhatwecould_______agoodcollege.A.enterB.toenterC.enteringD.entered【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形enter。【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句,即在could后省略了動(dòng)詞do,若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyoneinourclasswasworkinghardanddoingwhatwecoulddotoenteragoodcollege。即句中的不定式短語(toenteragoodcollege)是用作目的狀語的,而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌?1)Theydidwhattheycouldtocomforther.他們盡量安慰她。(2)Theydideverythingtheycouldtosaveherlife.他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。(3)Hestudiesashardashecouldtocatchupwithhisclassmates.他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。值得指出的是,這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題:(4)Heranasfastashecould_____tocatchtheearlybus.A.tohopeB.hopeC.hopingD.hoped此題的答案是C不是A,其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語hopingtocatchtheearlybus用作伴隨狀語。(5)Hespenteveryminutehecould_____spokenEnglish.A.practiceB.topracticeC.practicingD.practised此題答案選C,這與前面動(dòng)詞spent的搭配有關(guān),即spend…(in)doingsth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整,即為HespenteveryminutehecouldspendinpractisingspokenEnglish.(6)Beforegoingabroadhedevotedallhecould_______hisoralEnglish.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimproving此題答案選D,注意兩點(diǎn):一是devote…to…是固定搭配,意為“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”;二是其中的to是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。2.Heknowsnothingaboutit,sohecan’thelp_______anyofyourwork.A.doingB.todoC.beingdoingD.tobedone【陷阱】容易誤選B,根據(jù)can’thelpdoingsth這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出?!痉治觥科鋵?shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu):can’thelptodosth=不能幫助做某事can’thelpdoingsth=禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事又如下面一題,答案也是B:Shecan’thelp____thehousebecauseshe’sbusymakingacake.AcleaningB.tocleanC.cleanedD.beingcleaned再請(qǐng)看以下試題:Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp_____intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded此題應(yīng)選C,句中的can’thelp意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式)。3.Allhertime_______experiments,shehasnotimeforfilms.A.devotedtodo B.devotedtodoingC.devotingtodoing D.isdevotedtodoing【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。【分析】此題最佳答案為B?,F(xiàn)分析如下:(1)devote意為“致力于,獻(xiàn)身于”,主要用devote…to…或bedevotedto,其中的to是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,不用不定式。(2)選A錯(cuò)誤:若將do改為doing則可以。(3)選B正確:allhertimedevotedtodoingexperiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),用作狀語。(4)選C錯(cuò)誤:因?yàn)閍llhertime與devote為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。(5)選D錯(cuò)誤:若單獨(dú)看Allhertimeisdevotedtodoingexperiments,此句并沒有錯(cuò),但問題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡單句沒有必要的連接方式,所以從整體上看仍不對(duì),假若在后一句的句首加上and或so,則可選D,或?qū)將中的is改為being也可選它。請(qǐng)做以下類似題(答案均選A):(1)Allthepreparationsfortheproject______,we’rereadytostart.A.completed B.havebeencompletedC.hadbeencompleted D.beencompleted(2)Such_______thecase,Icouldn’thelpbut______him.A.being,support B.was,supportC.hasbeen,supporting D.is,tosupport比較以下各題,答案選B,因?yàn)榫渲惺褂昧瞬⒘羞B詞and:(1)Allthepreparationsfortheproject______,andwe’rereadytostart.A.completed B.havebeencompletedC.hadbeencompleted D.beencompleted(2)Such_______thecase,Icouldn’thelpbut______him.A.being,support B.was,supportC.hasbeen,supporting D.is,tosupport4.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,______itmoredifficult.A.notmake B.nottomakeC.notmaking D.donotmake【陷阱】容易誤選C,受題干中的逗號(hào)的影響,認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)在分詞表結(jié)果的用法?!痉治觥科鋵?shí)答案應(yīng)選B,句中的逗號(hào)相當(dāng)于連詞and或but,nottomakeitmoredifficult是對(duì)逗號(hào)前的不定式tomakelifeeasier的補(bǔ)充說明。此句的意思是“新技術(shù)的目的是為了使生活變得更容易,而不是使生活變得更困難”。兩個(gè)不定式同時(shí)用以說明句子主語purpose的內(nèi)容。請(qǐng)做以下類似試題(答案選B):Thepurposeoftheschemeisnottohelptheemployersbut_____workforyoungpeople.A.provide B.toprovideC.providing D.provided5.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands______behindhisback.A.tobetied B.beingtiedC.tied D.havingtied【陷阱】容易誤選B?!痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镃。從意義上看,hands與tie的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故排除D。在A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選項(xiàng)A比較容易排除,因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ奖硎緦硪饬x,在此與語境不符。現(xiàn)將B和C作一比較:B為現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式,它表示兩層意義,一是表被動(dòng),二是表進(jìn)行,也就是說hishandsbeingtied的實(shí)際意思是“他的手正在被捆住”,這顯然與語境不符。而C為過去分詞,它也表示兩層意義,一是表被動(dòng),二是表示動(dòng)詞的完成或完成后的狀態(tài),此句中的withhishandstiedbehindhisback可視為手被捆在背后的一種狀態(tài)。由此可知最佳答案為C。請(qǐng)看下面一題:Anyone______tryingtotakeknivesonheardflightswouldbecaughtbythepolice.A.finds B.foundC.beingfound D.willfind答案選B而不選C,其中的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。比較下面兩題,最佳答案是D不是A,現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)和進(jìn)行:(1)Thecourthearsabout120casesayear;visitorsarewelcometoseeacase______.A.argued B.tobearguedC.tobearguing D.beingargued(2)Thesilenceofthelibrarywassometimesbrokenbyanoccasionalcough
or
bythesoundofpages_______.A.turned B.havingturnedC.tobeturned D.beingturned6.Remindme_______themedicinetomorrow.A.oftaking B.takingC.totake D.take【陷阱】容易誤選A。受remindsbof(doing)sth這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)的影響?!痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镃。比較以下三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu):remindsbof[about]sth=使某人想起某事remindsbofdoingsth=提醒某人做過某事(暗示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生)remindsbtodosth=提醒某人去做某事(暗示動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生)請(qǐng)看兩個(gè)例句:Iremindedhimofhispromise.我提醒他做過的諾言。Mywiferemindedmeofseeingthatfilm.我妻子提醒我曾經(jīng)看過那部電影。Canyouremindmetophonehertomorrow?你明天能否提醒我給她打電話?7.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,_____constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youfly B.yourflightC.flight D.flying【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選?!痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镈。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞,這就說明不能選B或C,因?yàn)锽、C均為名詞,不能受副詞constantly的修飾。A和D均是可能的,因?yàn)槠渲杏袆?dòng)詞fly。但若選A,youfly是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu),與其后的謂語willbe相沖突,所以只能選D,即動(dòng)名詞flying在此用作主語。8.Notonlyshouldyougetused______underdifficultconditionsbutyoualsoyoupaymoreattention______yourworkwell.A.towork,todoB.toworking,todoingC.towork,todoingD.toworking,todo【陷阱】容易誤選A,認(rèn)為兩個(gè)空白處均應(yīng)填不定式。【分析】正確答案為B,因?yàn)間etusedto與payattentionto這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的to均為介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞,不能動(dòng)詞原形。類似地,以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的to也是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞,而不是動(dòng)詞原形:lookforwardtodoingsth盼望做某事beopposedtodoingsth反對(duì)做某事objecttodoingsth反對(duì)做某事sticktodoingsth堅(jiān)持做某事getdowntodoingsth開始做某事taketodoingsth喜歡上做某事admittodoing承認(rèn)做了某事payattentiontodoingsth注意做某事devoteone’stimetodoingsth把某人的時(shí)間用于(奉獻(xiàn)于)做某事beequaltodoingsth等于做某事,能勝任做某事Whatdoyousaytodoingsth你認(rèn)為做某事怎么樣9.Bothofmyparentsinsisted_______acomputerforme,butIdon’tthinkitisnecessary.A.tobuy B.buyingC.onbuying D.inbuying【陷阱】容易誤選B,誤認(rèn)為insist后不能接不定式,但可以接動(dòng)名詞?!痉治觥看鸢笐?yīng)選C。其實(shí),動(dòng)詞insist后既不能接不定式也不能接動(dòng)名詞,因?yàn)閕nsist通常用作不及物動(dòng)詞;若語義上需接賓語,要借助介詞on或upon,即用于insiston[upon](doing)sth;但它有時(shí)的確也可用作及物動(dòng)詞,不過其賓語通常只能是that從句,而不能是普通的名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞。如:Heinsistedonseeingherhome.他堅(jiān)持送她回家。Iinsistedthathe(should)stay.我堅(jiān)持要他留下。10.“Doyouhaveanythingmore______,sir?”“No.Youcanhavearest
or
dosomethingelse.”A.typing B.tobetypedC.typed D.totype【陷阱】容易誤選D,根據(jù)havesthtodo這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)推出?!痉治觥孔罴汛鸢甘荁。確實(shí),在“have+賓語+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,用作定語的不定式通常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義,如Ihavesomeclothestowash等,即盡管其中的someclothes與其后的不定式towash具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系,但卻習(xí)慣上用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。但值得指出的是,這類句型的主語與其后的不定式具有主動(dòng)關(guān)系,如Ihavesomeclothestowash中的towash就是由該句主語I來完成的。而上面一題的情形有所不同,即其中的totype這一動(dòng)作不是由句子主語you來完成的,而是由說話者“我”來完成的。比較:AreyougoingtoShanghai?Doyouhaveanythingtotaketoyourson?你要去上海嗎?你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎?I’mgoingtoShanghainextweek.Ihavealotofthingstotakewithme.下個(gè)星期我要去上海,我隨身要帶很多東西去。11.Shetookherson,ranoutofthehouse,_____himinthecaranddrovequicklytothenearestdoctor’soffice.A.put B.toputC.putting D.havingput【陷阱】容易誤選B或C,誤認(rèn)為這考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法?!痉治觥空_答案選A。句中的took,ran,put,drove為四并列的謂語動(dòng)詞,其時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)一致。類似地如(答案選A):Igotoutofthetaxi,_____thefareanddashedintothestation.A.paid B.payingC.topay D.havingpaid但是,下面一題稍有不同:Hearingthenews,herushedout,______thebook______onthetableanddisappearedintothedistance.A.left;lainopen B.leaving;lyingopenC.leaving;lieopened D.left;layopened此題答案選B,leaving在此表結(jié)果,lyingopen與其前的動(dòng)詞leave有關(guān),leave后接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示使某人或某物處于做某事的狀態(tài)中。12.Thebossinsistedthateveryminute______madefulluseof______theworkwell.A.be,todo B.was,doingC.be,doing D.was,todo【陷阱】容易誤選B?!痉治觥科鋵?shí)正確答案是A。分析如下:(1)第一空填be,是因?yàn)閕nsisted后接that從句,從句謂語要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的虛擬語氣,其中的should也可省略。(2)第二空要填todo,是因?yàn)榇司渲^語為被動(dòng)語態(tài),假若將此句轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語態(tài),則是…shouldmakefulluseofeveryminutetodotheworkwell,句中涉及makeuseof…todosth(利用……做某事)這一結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,還有makethemostof(盡量利用),makethebestof(盡量利用)等短語也可能用于此類試題。請(qǐng)看以下類似例子:(1)Theoldprofessortolduseverypartofthematerialsshouldbemadeuseof______thepowerstation.A.tobuild B.buildingC.build D.built此題答案選A,不是B。為便于理解,可先考慮以下結(jié)構(gòu):…makeuseofeverypartofthematerialstobuildthepowerstation由此可見,makeuseof的賓語是everypartofthematerials,其后的不定式tobuildthepowerstation為目的狀語。(2)Doesthewayyouthoughtof_______thewatercleanmakeanysense?A.making B.tomakeC.howtomake D.havingmade此題答案選B,不是A。句子主語是theway,youthoughtof是修飾主語的定語從句,不定式tomakethewaterclean也是修飾主語的定語,也就是說,句子主語帶有兩個(gè)定語修飾語。13.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee______thenextyear.A.carriedout B.carryingoutC.carryout D.tocarryout【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。【分析】答案選A。此句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,現(xiàn)分析如下:(1)thattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear是修飾名詞theplan的定語從句。(2)由于theplan與空格處的carryout有被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故填過去分詞carriedout。請(qǐng)做以下類似試題:(1)Whodoyouthinkyou’dlike_____withyou,aboy
or
agirl?A.tohavego B.tohavetogoC.tohavegone D.havingtogo在確定答案之前,我們先來看看下面這個(gè)句子:IthinkI’dliketohaveaboygowithme.句中的go要用原形,這是因?yàn)槠淝坝斜硎臼挂鄣膭?dòng)詞have。在此句中,假若對(duì)名詞aboy提問,便可得出:Whodoyouthinkyou’dliketohavegowithyou?對(duì)照上面一題,答案很顯然是A。(2)Whodidtheboss_____hiscarthistime?A.makewash B.maketowashC.makewashing D.makingtowash在做此題之前,也請(qǐng)先看看下面這個(gè)句子:ThebossmadeJackwashhiscarthistime.假若對(duì)句中的名詞Jack提問,便可得出:Whodidthebossmakewashhiscarthistime?由此可知上面題答案為A。(3)YoucanneverimaginewhatgreatdifficultyIhad______yourhouseallbymyself.A.found B.findingC.tofind D.forfinding此題答案選B??疾榈幕窘Y(jié)構(gòu)是havegreatdifficulty(in)doingsth。14.Howhappyweare!Theholidaywehavebeenlookingforward_______atlast.A.tohascome B.tohavecomeC.tohavingcome D.hascome【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選?!痉治觥科鋵?shí)正確答案是A。大家知道,短語lookforwardto意為“盼望”,其中的to是介詞,而不是不定式符號(hào),所以后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞,許多同學(xué)據(jù)此便選擇了C。但問題是,句中介詞to的賓語不是havecome,而是theholiday。正解的句子分析是:theholiday為句子主語,wehavebeenlookingforwardto是修飾主語的定語從句(介詞to的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that,被省略),hascome是句子謂語。請(qǐng)做以下類似試題:(1)Themanyoureferredto_____justnow.A.comes B.comeC.coming D.came答案選D,句子主語為theman,youreferredto為修飾theman的定語從句,空白處填came,為句子謂語。(2)Thetheoryhesticksto______tobeofnouseinourstudies.A.proves B.proveC.proving D.beproved答案選A,hesticksto是修飾主語thetheory的定語從句,句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為Thetheoryprovestobeofnouseinourstudies.(3)Theworkhedevotedhistimeto_____worthpraising.A.was B.beC.being D.been答案選A,hedevotedhistimeto是修飾主語thework的定語從句。句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為Theworkwasworthpraising.(4)Ithinkthisistheveryworkthatwemustfinish____her.A.tohelp B.helpC.helping D.helped答案是A。句中空格處填的動(dòng)詞help并不是finish的賓語,正確的句子分析是:thatImustfinish是修飾名詞theverywork的定語從句,finish的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that,其后的不定式tohelpher是目的狀語。(5)Whichdoyouenjoy____yourweekend,swimming
or
fishing?A.spending B.beingspentC.spend D.tospend答案選D。enjoy的賓語是句首的疑問詞which,不是其后的動(dòng)詞spending。此題中的tospend…用作目的狀語。(5)Whattheboyenjoys_____tohavearoomofhisown.A.being B.tobeC.is D.are答案選C,而不選A。whattheboyenjoys是主語從句,空格處填的is為謂語動(dòng)詞。(6)Nothingthathesuggested_____tobeofanyuse.A.proveB.provedC.provingD.toprove答案選B,而不選C。句子主語是nothing,thathesuggested是修飾主語的定語從句,suggested的賓語是引導(dǎo)該定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that,而不是其后的動(dòng)詞;句子謂語是proved。全句意為“他建議的情況沒有一條是有用的?!?7)Theoldhousewepaidavisit_____atthetopofthehill.A.standing B.tostandC.tostanding D.tostands答案選D。wepaidavisitto是修飾theoldhouse的定語從句,句中的stands為主句謂語。(8)Thelifeheisnowused_____quitedifferentfromours.A.is B.tobeC.tobeing D.tois答案選D。句中heisnowusedto是修飾thelife的定語從句,to后的動(dòng)詞is是句子的謂語,句意為“他現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的這種生活與我們的生活很不相同”。(9)Theworkhepaidspecialattention_____tonothing.A.came B.tocomeC.tocoming D.tocame答案選D。句中的hepaidspecialattentionto是修飾thework的定語從句,to后的動(dòng)詞came是句子的謂語,句意為“他特別關(guān)注的那項(xiàng)工作泡湯了”。(10)Theresultwhathesaidwouldlead_____hisregretinthefuture.A.is B.tobeC.tobeing D.towas答案選D。句中whathesaidwouldleadto是修飾theresult的定語從句,to后的動(dòng)詞was是句子的謂語,句意為“他所說的話將導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是他今后的后悔”。15._______theroadroundtotherightandyou’llfindhishouse.A.Follow B.FollowingC.Tofollow D.Followed【陷阱】容易誤選B或C,誤認(rèn)為這是非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語?!痉治觥空_答案選A。根據(jù)句中的連詞and可推知它是一個(gè)并列句。假若將此題改為下面這樣,則答案為B:_______theroadroundtotheright,you’llfindhishouse.A.Follow B.FollowingC.Tofollow D.Followed但是,若改成下面一題這樣,則答案為C(不定式短語表目的):_______theroadroundtotheright,theblindmanaskedaboytoguidehim.A.Follow B.FollowingC.Tofollow D.Followed請(qǐng)做以下試題,答案均選A,都是因?yàn)榫渲械牟⒘羞B詞and(填空句為祈使句):(1)_______tothetopofthehill,andyoucanseethewholeofthetown.A.Get B.TogetC.Getting D.Havinggot(2)______themilkandsetagoodexampletotheotherchildren.A.Drink B.TodrinkC.Drinking D.Havingdrinking(3)______me,andthentrytocopywhatIdo.A.Watch B.WatchingC.Towatch D.Havewatching(4)_____throughthisbookandtellmewhatyouthinkofit.A.Look B.LookingC.Tolook D.Havinglooked(5)_____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.Leave B.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Whenleft有時(shí)不用連詞連接句子,而用破折號(hào),情況也是一樣(答案均選A)。如:(6)_____downtheradio—thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.Turn B.TurningC.toturn D.Tohaveturned(7)_____someofthisjuice—perhapsyouwilllikeit.A.Try B.TryingC.Totry D.Tohavetried以下各題也應(yīng)選A,是因?yàn)榫渲械膹膶龠B詞when,before,until等(填空句為祈使句):(8)______himenoughtimetogethomebeforeyoutelephone.A.Give B.TogiveC.Giving D.Given(9)______leftwhenyougettotheendofthestreet.A.Keep B.KeepingC.Tokeep D.Kept(10)______yourhandoveryourmouthwhenyoucough.A.Put B.PuttingC.Toput D.Tobeputting(11)______untilthelightshaveturnedtogreen.A.Wait B.TowaitC.Waiting D.Havingwaited(12)______thepiecesofclothwithaloosestitchbeforefinallysewingthemtogether.A.Join B.TojoinC.Joining D.Joined以下各題也應(yīng)選A,因?yàn)樘羁站錇槠硎咕洌?13)Idon’twanttolistenalongstory—just_____metheresult.A.tell B.tellingC.totell D.tobetelling(14)Whystandtherewatching—_____andhelpus!A.come B.comingC.tocome D.tobecoming(15)Don’twasteyourmoneyonsillythings—______it.A.saveB.tosaveC.saving D.havingsaved(16)First______thericebywashingit,then______itinboilingwater.A.prepare,cook B.preparing,cookingC.preparing,cook D.prepare,cooking(17)Totesteggs,_____theminabowlofwater:iftheyfloatthey’rebad,iftheysinkthey’regood.A.put B.puttingC.toput D.tobeputting但是請(qǐng)注意,類似下面這樣的題目情形有所不同,所填部分為目的狀語(用不定式,即答案選B):(18)______Frenchwell,shewenttoFrancetolivewithhiscousins.A.Study B.TostudyC.Studying D.Havingstudied(19)_____lateinthemorning,Mr.Smithturnedoffthealarm.A.Sleep B.TosleepC.Sleeping D.Havingslept(20)______thefliesout,wehadtoshutallthedoorsandwindows.A.Keep B.TokeepC.Keeping D.Havingkept(21)______theirservice,theworkersofthehotelareactiveinlearningEnglish.A.Improving B.ToimproveC.Improve D.Havingimproved【活學(xué)活用】1.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman______hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.put B.tobeputtingC.toput D.putting【答案】選D。catchsbdoingsth意為“碰上某人在做某事”或“逮住某做某事”。2.Whenyou’relearningtodrive,_______agoodteachermakesabigdifference.A.have B.havingC.andhave D.andhaving【答案】選B。這是一個(gè)含when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句,havingagoodteacher在主句中用作主語。3.Ifeltitagreathonour______tospeaktoyou.A.toask B.askingC.tobeasked D.havingasked【答案】選C。句中的it為形式主語,不定式tobeaskedtospeaktoyou為真正主語,因“我”與ask為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用被動(dòng)式。4.Iwouldlove_______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togo B.tohavegoneC.going D.havinggone【答案】選B。like和love后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞均可,但wouldlove/like后只能接不定式,據(jù)此可排除選項(xiàng)C、D。表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,其后要接不定式完成式,即選B。5.Beforeyoudecidetoleaveyourjob,_______theeffectitwillhaveonyourfamily.A.consider B.consideringC.toconsider D.considered【答案】選A,before引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,填空句為主句,而此主句為一祈使句,故動(dòng)詞用原形。其中itwillhave…為修飾名詞theeffect的賓語從句。6.Robertissaid_______abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudied B.tostudyC.tobestudying D.tohavebeenstudying【答案】選A。根據(jù)句中的studied可知,他曾到國外留過學(xué),也就是說“留學(xué)”這個(gè)動(dòng)作已結(jié)束并發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作(issaid)之前,故用完成式,即選A。7.ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows_______.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit【答案】選C。dowith與what連用可以表示“處置”、“放置”、“利用”等。如:WhatshallIdowithit?怎樣處置它好呢?Whathaveyoudonewithmyumbrella?你把我的雨傘放到哪里去了?Idon’tknowwhattodowiththisstrangeobject.我不知道這怪東西有什么用。8.Anyone_______bags,boxes,
or
whatever,wasstoppedbythepolice.A.seencarry B.seencarryingC.sawtocarry D.sawcarrying【答案】選B。anyoneseencarryingbags…為anyonewhowasseencarryingbags之略,其中過去分詞短語seencarryingbags…用作定語修飾代詞anyone。另外,句中的whowasseencarryingbags為seesbdoingsth這一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)式。9.MrReedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto_______someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setup B.settingupC.havesetup D.havingsetup【答案】選B。devote…to…的意思是“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”或“致力于……”,其中to是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),若后動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞。句中的hehad為定語從句,用以修飾all,注意不將hadto視為同一個(gè)語義結(jié)構(gòu)。10.Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledto_______.A.thethiefhavingcaught B.catchthethiefC.thethiefbeingcaught D.thethieftobecaught【答案】選C。leadto意為“導(dǎo)致”,其中的to是介詞,不是不定式符號(hào),若后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞。由于邏輯主語thethief與catch為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故答案選C。11.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto_______theflower-linedgarden.A.visit B.payingavisitC.walkin D.
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