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NuclearPowerCoursewarePowerPointEnglishIntroductionNuclearPhysicsNuclearReactorsSafetyandSecurityofNuclearReactorsFutureofNuclearEnergy01IntroductionNuclearenergyisderivedfromthenuclearreactionsofatomicnucleus,whichconvertsmassintoenergyItisasustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlysourceofenergythatcanprovidealargeamountofpowerNuclearenergyisproducedbysplittinguraniumorplutoniumatomsinanuclearreactor,whichreleasesenergyintheformofheatThisheatisthenusedtogeneratesteam,whichturnsturbinestoproduceelectricityDefinitionofNuclearEnergyAfterWorldWarII,theUnitedStates,SocialUnion,andothercountriesdevelopednuclearreactorsandnuclearweaponsIn1954,theworld'sfirstcommercialnuclearpowerplant,ObninskNuclearPowerPlant,startedoperatinginRussiaThediscoveryofnuclearenergyBeganintheearly20thcenturywiththediscoveryofradioactivitybyAntoineHenriBecquerelin1896In1939,GermanchemistOttoHahnandAustralianphysicianLiseMeitnerdiscoverednuclearfission,theprocessinwhichheavyatomicnucleussplitintolighternucleus,releasingenergyHistoryofNuclearEnergyAdvantagesNuclearenergyisasustainablesourceofenergythatcanprovideastableandrelatedsupplyofelectricityItdoesnotemitgreenhousegasesorairpollutantsduringoperation,makingitenvironmentallyfriendlyNuclearenergycanalsobeusedtoproducemedicalisotopesandforotherindustrialapplicationsDisadvantagesThemaindisadvantageofnuclearenergyisthepotentialforaccidentsandradiationleaksThedisposalofnuclearwasteisalsoamajorconcern,asitcanposealongtermthreattohumanhealthandtheenvironmentInaddition,theproductionofnuclearweaponsispossiblethroughtheseparationofuraniumorplutoniumfromnuclearfuel,posingasecuritythreatAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofNuclearEnergy02NuclearPhysicsAtomicStructureAnatomiscomposedofanucleusandextranuclearelectrons,whilethenucleusiscomposedofprotonsandneutrons.Themassofatomsisalmostentirelyconcentratedonthenucleus,andthemassofelectronscanbenegligiblerelativetothenucleus.Thediameterofatomicnucleiisontheorderof10^-15m,andthediameterofelectronsisontheorderof10^-18m.Nuclearenergyreferstotheenergyreleasedduringthedecayofradioactiveisotopes.Nuclearpowergenerationisawayofgeneratingelectricitybyutilizingthethermalenergyreleasedbynuclearfissioninanuclearreactor.Theadvantagesofnuclearpowergenerationincludeenergydensity,stability,andminimalenvironmentalimpact.NuclearMissionNuclearfusionreferstothereactioninwhichtwoormorelighteratomicnucleiaggregateintooneormoreheavieratomicnucleiinultra-hightemperatureandultra-highpressureenvironments,whilereleasingenormousenergy.Realizingcontrollablenuclearfusionisagoalthatscientistshavebeenpursuingandhasimportantscientificandeconomicsignificance.Atpresent,thewaystoachievecontrollablenuclearfusionincludemagneticconfinementandinertialconfinement,amongwhichmagneticconfinementtechnologyisrelativelymature.010203NuclearFusionRadioactivity010203Radioactivityreferstothephenomenoninwhichcertainelementsorcompoundscanspontaneouslyemitradiationorparticleswithoutexternalinterference.Radioactivesubstanceswillbereleasedduringthedecayprocessα、β、γDifferenttypesofradiationsuchasradiation.Radioactivesubstanceshaveawiderangeofapplicationsinindustries,healthcare,scientificresearch,andotherfields,butatthesametime,theyalsoposecertainhazardsandprotectionissues.03NuclearReactorsTypesofNuclearReactorsPressurizedWaterReactors(PWR)PWRsusepressurizedwatertotransferheatfromthereactorcoretothesteamgenerator,whichproductselectricityBoilingWaterReactors(BWR)InBWRs,waterinthereactorvesselbodiestoproducesteam,whichdrivestheturbinesLightWaterGraphiteReactors(LWR)LWRsuselightwaterasacoolantandgraphicsasamodelertoslowdownneutronsandinitiatethenuclearchainreactionFastBreederReactors(FBR)FBRsusealiquidmetalcoolerandabreedingmaterialtoproducemorefishmaterialthantheirconsumptionStartupThereactorisgraduallybrokentocriticality,achievingaself-sustainingnuclearchainreactionOperationThereactorisoperatedataconstantpowerlevel,maintainingcriticalityandcontrollingneutronfluxandreactortemperatureShuttdownThereactorisgraduallybrokentosubcriticalitybyreducingtheneutronfluxorremovingthecontrolrodsReactorOperationandControlHighlevelwasteThisincludesspendfuelrodsandotherradioactivematerialsthatrequirelongtermstorageandpotentialreprocessingThisincludescontainedmaterialsthatemitrelativelylowlevelsofradiation,suchasprotectiveclothingandtoolsSplitfuelrodsarestoredinpoolsordrycases,pendingfinaldisposalorreprocessingHighlevelwasteistypicallyburntindeepgeologicalrepositories,whilelowlevelwastemaybeincineratedorburntinshallowlandfillsLowlevelwasteSplitfuelstorageDisposalNuclearWasteManagement04SafetyandSecurityofNuclearReactorsContainmentandShieldingDesigningreactorbuildswiththickwallsandfloorstocontainradioactivematerialsandreducethespreadofradiationEmergencyResponsePlansPreparingandtestingemergencyresponseplanstoensurequickandeffectiveresponsestoaccidentsRegularMaintenanceandInspectionsConductingregularmaintenanceandinspectionstodetectanypotentialproblemsandensurethesafeoperationofthereactorSafetyMeasuresAccessControl01RestrictingaccesstothereactorcomplexandensuringthatonlyauthorizedpersonnelcanenterSurveillanceandMonitoring02Installingsecuritycameras,sensors,andothermonitoringdevicestodetectanyunauthorizedactivitiesorpotentialbreachesPhysicalSecurity03Employingsecuritypersonnelanddeployingsecurityequipmentsuchasfences,gates,andalarmstopreventunauthorizedaccessSecurityMeasuresRadiationProtectionUsingdosimerstomeasuretheradiationdosereceivedbyindividualsandtakingnecessarymeasurestoreducetheirexposureifnecessaryRadiationDosimetryEnsuringthatreactorpersonnelwearprotectiveclothing,gloves,boots,andotherequipmenttominimizetheirexposuretoradiationPersonalProtectiveEquipmentRegularlymonitoringtheradiationexposurelevelsofreactorpersonneltoensuretheydonotexceedsafetylimitsMonitoringWorkerExposure05FutureofNuclearEnergyDevelopmentofSmallModularReactors(SMRs):Thesereactorsaredesignedtobesmallandmoreflexiblethantraditionalnuclearreactors,makingthemeasiertoconstructandsavetooperateDevelopmentofHighTemperatureReactors(HTRs):Thesereactorsoperateathighertemperaturesandcanusenuclearwasteasfuel,convertingitintoenergyandreducingtheamountofwastethatneedstobedisposedofDevelopmentofPassiveNuclearReactors:These