《中西文化比較（英文版）（第2版）》unit 8 The Chinese and Western Painting

中西文化比較TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit8TheChineseandWestern

PaintingBackgroundTraditionallyinfluencedbyConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,Chinesepaintingisdominatedbylines,stressingoninnerenergyandetherealeffects.ThesubjectsinChinesepaintingaresimpleincomposition,buttheiressenceisusuallyvividlyconveyedwitharomanticcharm.InWesternpainting,theprincipleofexpressionistocreatetherealisticsceneasmuchaspossible.Sousuallypainterswillobjectivelydepictthecolor,theappearance,andtherelationshipbetweenthelightandtheshadowinordertoletviewerstofeeltheyaresurroundedbytheenvironmentandtheatmosphere.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.pedagogyn.

Pedagogyisthestudyandtheoryofthemethodsandprinciplesofteaching.①Thepedagogyandeconomicshavedifferentideasandvisualangle.教育學與經濟學具有不同的觀點與視角。②Experienceofpedagogyisnotonlyanactivitybutalsotheresultofthisactivity.教育學范疇內的體驗，既是一種活動，也是活動的結果。TextA

Notes2.temperament

n.aperson’sorananimal’snatureasshowninthewaytheybehaveorreacttosituationsorpeople①Myprofessionhadanimportantinfluenceintheformationofmycharacterandtemperament.我的職業(yè)對我的性格和性情的形成有重要的影響。②Shehasaveryeventemperament.她的性情非常平和。TextA

Notes3.utilize

v.toputintoservice,makeworkoremploy(something)foraparticularpurposeorforitsinherentornaturalpurpose①Theagentswereabletoutilizetheirfullpotentialandexperiencetobuildupthecompany.這些代理人能夠充分利用他們的潛力和經驗來促進公司發(fā)展。②Wemustutilizeallavailableresources.我們必須利用可以得到的一切資源。TextA

Notes4.ovaln.

aclosedplanecurveresultingfromtheintersectionofacircularconeandaplanecuttingcompletelythroughit①Itismoreofanoval,itiselliptical.它更像是一個橢圓形的。②Eggshaveanovalshapeappealingtoartists.雞蛋呈橢圓形，這種形狀對藝術家具有吸引力。TextA

Notes5.geometric

adj.ofgeometry;

oforlikethelines,shapes,etc.usedingeometry,

especiallybecauseofhavingregularshapesorlines①Manypictureshavebeenbasedonsimplegeometricdesigns.許多圖畫是以簡單的幾何圖案為基礎的。②Inthiscontextthesimplicityofageometricmotifmaybemoreapparentthanreal.在這種背景下，簡單的幾何圖案可能比真實的更明顯。TextA

Notes6.contemplate

v.tothinkaboutwhetheryoushoulddosth,orhowyoushoulddosth①Thethoughtofwaristooawfultocontemplate.戰(zhàn)爭太可怕了，真不敢去想。

②Theconsequenceswouldbetooghastlytocontemplate.后果不堪設想。TextA

Notes7.

meticulous

adj.

markedbypreciseaccordancewithdetails①Andhewasawonderfullymeticulousmusician.而且他還是一位非常細致的音樂家。②HethankedtheChinesesideforthemeticulousarrangementsandwarmreception.他感謝中方給予的周到安排和熱情款待。TextA

Notes8.

scroll

n.

aroundshapeformedbyaseriesofconcentriccircles(asformedbyleavesorflowerpetals)①ItwasascrollthatMoseshadwritten.這是摩西寫的卷軸。②AncientscrollswerefoundincavesbytheDeadSea.死海旁邊的山洞里發(fā)現(xiàn)了古代的卷軸。TextA

Notes9.perspective

n.

theappearanceofthingsrelativetooneanotherasdeterminedbytheirdistancefromtheviewer①Keepingapositiveperspectivecanhelpherstabilizeheremotions.保持積極態(tài)度能幫助她穩(wěn)定自己的情緒。②Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.從這個角度來看，失業(yè)問題將更加突出。TextA

Notes10.

extant

adj.stillinexistence;notextinctordestroyedorlost①Theoldestextantdocumentisdated1492.現(xiàn)存最古老的文件追溯到1492年。②Twofourteenth-centurymanuscriptsofthistextarestillextant.該文本的兩份十四世紀的抄本仍然存世。TextA

KeySentences1.Chinesepaintersaretrainednotonlytoconveytheobjectsbutalsotoexpressmoodsandspiritsofthesubjects.notonly...butalso...不僅...而且...①

Shewasnotonlyintelligentbutalsoverymusical.②

Infact,everyonehasalampinhimself,lightitactivelynotonlyforothers,but

alsoforyourself!TextA

KeySentences2.

Itisregardedasaformofspiritualandartisticself-discipline.Paintersfrequentlycopytheworksofpreviousmasters.beregardedas...

被當作……

Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.TextA

KeySentences3.TraditionalChinesepaintinghasitsspecialmaterialsandtools,consistingofbrushes,inkandpigments,Xuanpaper,silk,andvariouskindsofinkstones.Culturaltip:自宋朝以來“文房四寶”則特指宣筆（安徽宣城）、徽墨（安徽徽州歙縣)、宣紙（安徽宣城涇縣）、歙硯（安徽徽州歙縣）、洮硯（甘肅卓尼縣）、端硯（廣東肇慶，古稱端州）。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinChinesehistory.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemostessentialphilosophyofChinesepainting.

ThemostessentialphilosophyinChinesepaintingistheunityoftheheaven,theearth,andhumanbeings.WhatChinesepaintersaretryingtoexpressisnotwhatmeettheeye,buttheirattitudestothenature.Thesepaintershavetheirprofoundloveandadmirationforthenature.Itispartoftheirculture,religiouspractices,andneedstodependonthenatureforsurvival.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenpaintingandcalligraphy?

Sincesimilartoolsandlinesareusedfortheearliestpaintingandwriting,paintingissaidtohavethesameoriginascalligraphy.Chinesepaintingworksalsoincludepoetryandcalligraphy.Thusthethreeareintegrated,givingpeoplericheraestheticenjoyment.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Xieyi

“Xie”meanstowriteand“yi”referstothemeaning.Itismarkedbyexaggeratedformsandthefreehandbrushwork.Intheory,itisanartpractisedbygentlemen,adistinctionthatbeginstobemadeinwritingsonartfromtheSongDynasty.TextA2.Gongbi

Gongbiuseshighlydetailedbrushstrokesthatdelimitdetailsveryprecisely.Thisstyleisoftenhighlycoloredandusuallydepictsfiguralornarrativesubjects.Itisoftenpractisedbyartistsworkingfortheroyalcourtorinindependentworkshops.TextA3.figurepainting

Afigurepaintingisaworkoffineartwiththehumanfigureastheprimarysubject,whetherclothedornude.Thehumanfigurehasbeenoneoftheconstantsubjectsofartsincethefirstcavepaintingandhasbeenreinterpretedinvariousstylesthroughouthistory.TextA4.landscapepainting

Landscapepainting,alsoknownaslandscapeart,isthedepictioninartofnaturalscenerysuchasmountains,valleys,trees,rivers,andforests,especiallywherethemainsubjectisawideviewwithitselementsarrangedintoacoherentcomposition.TextA5.flower-and-birdpainting

Flower-and-birdpaintingisakindofChinesepaintingnamedafteritssubjectmatters.Normally,itdealswithawiderangeofnaturaltopics,includingflowers,fish,insects,birds,andpets.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.國畫是漢族的傳統(tǒng)繪畫形式，它的內容和藝術創(chuàng)作體現(xiàn)了畫師對自然、社會及與之相關聯(lián)的政治、哲學、宗教、道德、文藝等方面的認知。1.ChinesepaintingisthetraditionalpaintingformoftheHannationality.Intermsofthecontentandartisticcreation,Chinesepaintingexpressesthepainter’sunderstandingofnatureandsocietyaswellastherelatedpolitics,philosophy,religion,morality,literature,andart.TextA2.1919年的五四運動促使中國人學習西方藝術，并將其引入中國。許多杰出畫家應運而生，他們的畫作吸收了西方古典主義、浪漫主義和印象主義等元素，展示了中西藝術風格的完美融合。2.TheMay4thMovementof1919inspiredChinesetolearnfromWesternartandintroduceittoChina.Manyoutstandingpaintersemerged,andtheirpaintingworkswererecognizedasaperfectmergingofthemeritsofbothChineseandWesternstyles,absorbingWesternClassicism,Romanticism,andImpressionism.TextB

Notes1.civicadj.oforrelatingorbelongingtoacity①Thecivicleadershelpedtoforwardtheproject.市政府領導者協(xié)助促進工程的進展。②Inshortyoumightsayalackofcivicpietyorrespect.簡言之，你會說那是，缺乏公民虔誠或尊重。TextB

Notes2.patronage

n.theactofprovidingapprovalandsupport①Itseemsourlittleestablishmenthasfinallybeendeemedworthyofthebank’spatronage.看來銀行終于認為值得資助我們這種小機構。②Thistypeofdividendissometimesknownasapatronagedividendorpatronagerefund.這種類型的股息有時被稱為贊助股息或贊助退款。TextB

Notes3.evident

adj.clearlyrevealedtothemindorthesensesorjudgment①Itwasevidentthatsomeonehadgonethroughmypossessions.顯然有人翻過我的物品。②Itisself-evidentthatwewillneverhaveenoughresourcestomeetthedemand.不言而喻，我們將永遠不會有足夠的資源來滿足需求。TextB

Notes4.anatomy

n.thebranchofmorphologythatdealswiththestructureofanimals①Aknowledgeofanatomyaddstotheappreciationofworksofart.解剖學知識有助于提高對藝術作品的鑒賞力。②Physiologyandanatomyarebasictomedicalscience.生理學和解剖學是醫(yī)學的基礎。TextB

Notes5.optics

n.

thebranchofphysicsthatstudiesthephysicalpropertiesoflight①Scientistsstudyingopticsandchromaticstodaystillmarvelathisfindings.今天研究光學和色彩學的科學家們仍對他的發(fā)現(xiàn)感到驚奇。②Ifsuchmaterialsbecamegenerallyavailabletotheopticsindustrythepayoffsfromsuchabreakthroughwouldbeenormous.

如果這些材料能夠普遍用于光學產業(yè)，那么這一突破帶來的收益將非常巨大。TextB

Notes6.asymmetric

adj.characterizedbyasymmetryinthespatialarrangementorplacementofpartsorcomponents①Mostpeople’sfacesareasymmetric.大多數(shù)人的臉不對稱。②Asymmetricinformationisnothingnew.信息不對稱并不是什么新鮮話題。TextB

Notes7.contiguous

adj.

verycloseorconnectedinspaceortime①Thecountriesarecontiguous.這些國家互相接壤。②Thebruisingwasnotcontiguoustothewound.這青腫塊不在傷口邊上。TextB

Notes8.pluralism

n.

asocialorganizationinwhichdiversityofracialorreligiousorethnicorculturalgroupsistolerated①Woman’sindividualdifferencesandmoralpluralismareconcretereflections.女性的個體差異、道德多元選擇就是女性多元化的具體體現(xiàn)。②Andthosepositionsliveinthewiderframeofpluralism.這些立場都存在于多元主義更寬泛的框架之內。TextB

Notes9.consensusn.agreementinthejudgmentoropinionreachedbyagroupasawhole①Thereisagrowingconsensusofopiniononthisissue.對這個問題的看法日趨一致。②Theconsensusamongtheworld’sscientistsisthattheworldislikelytowarmupoverthenextfewdecades.全世界科學家的共識是地球可能在未來幾十年中變暖。TextB

Notes10.albeit

conj.aneventthatresultsinatransformation①Hefinallyagreed,albeitreluctantly,tohelpus.盡管勉強，他最后還是同意幫助我們。②Butheisapragmatist,albeitaprincipledone.但他是一個實用主義者，盡管他有自己的原則。TextB

KeySentences1.

Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecolorsusedinpaintingworkslookricheranddeeper.bycoincidence碰巧accidentalcoincidence偶然巧合coincidentadj.一致的，同時發(fā)生的Wearrivedatthesametimebycoincidence.oilpaints

n.油畫TextB

KeySentences2.

AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.brokeawayfrom脫離，放棄，打破Thecompanywantstobreakawayfromitsdownmarketimage.Impressionist印象派畫家TheFrenchimpressionistsoftenpainteddirectlyfromnature.TextB

KeySentences3.

BaroqueartwasmeanttoevoketheemotionandthepassioninsteadofthecalmrationalitythathadbeenprizedduringtheRenaissance.evoke喚起，引起evokeresponse引起共鳴Eachkindofmusiccanstiralistenerandevokearesponseinhim.Culturaltip:宏偉壯觀，充滿動感，精湛的透視變奏（如前縮法），戲劇性的構圖，起伏波動，體現(xiàn)無限的空間，加以理想光的對比，使畫面產生統(tǒng)一協(xié)調如舞臺布景的效果是巴洛克繪畫的特色。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinWesternhistory.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemainfeatureofWesternpainting.Itisingeneraldistinguishedbyitsconcentrationontherepresentationofthehumanfigure,whetherintheheroiccontextofantiquityorthereligiouscontextoftheearlyChristianandMedievalworld.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternpaintinginsubjects?

IntheWest,thehumanformhasbeenthepointofcentralinterestthroughoutmostofitshistory.Landscapeasamajorthemeemergedcomparativelylate.InChinaitwasotherwise.Landscapecametoassumethehighestplace.ArtistsinancientChinafoundtheiraspirationinnature.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Baroque

TheBaroqueisoftenconsideredasaperiodofartisticstylethatusedexaggeratedmotionandclear,easilyinterpreteddetailtoproducedrama,tension,exuberance,andgrandeurinpainting.Thestylebeganaround16thcenturyinRomeandItalyandspreadtomostofEurope.TextB2.Rococo

Rococoisan18thcenturyartisticmovementandstyle,affectingmanyaspectsofpainting.Itdevelopedintheearly18thcenturyinFranceasareactionagainstthegrandeur,symmetry,andstrictregulationsofthepreviousBaroquestyle.TextB3.Impressionism

Impressionismisa19thcenturyartmovementcharacterizedbyrelativelysmall,thin,yetvisiblebrushstrokes,opencomposition,emphasisonaccuratedepictionoflightinitschangingqualities,ordinarysubjectmatter,andunusualvisualangles.TextB4.perspective

Perspectivereferstotheeffecttheatmospherehasontheappearanceofanobjectasitisviewedfromadistance.Inart,especiallypainting,perspectivereferstothetechniqueofcreatinganillusionofdepthbydepictingdistantobjectsaspaler,lessdetailed,andusuallybluerthannearobjects.TextB5.Renaissance

TheRenaissancewasaperiodinEuropeanhistory,fromthe14thtothe17thcentury,regardedastheculturalbridgebetweenthemiddleagesandmodernhistory.ItstartedasaculturalmovementinItalyintheMedievalPeriodandlaterspreadtotherestofEurope,markingthebeginningoftheearlymodernage.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.西方繪畫的歷史發(fā)展與東方繪畫基本平行。非洲藝術、伊斯蘭藝術、印度藝術、中國藝術和日本藝術都對西方藝術產生過巨大的影響。1.DevelopmentsinWesternpaintinghistoricallyparalleledthoseinEasternpainting.Africanart,Islamicart,Indianart,Chineseart,andJapanesearteachhadasignificantinfluenceonWesternart.TextB2.Inthe20thcentury,distinctionsbetweenwhatisgenerallyregardedasthehighartandthelowarthavestartedtofadebecauseofcontemporaryart’scontinualmixingwithpopularculture.2.

在20世紀，因為現(xiàn)代藝術與大眾文化的不斷融合，人們對高雅藝術和低俗藝術的區(qū)分開始消失。AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival

MonaLisaTextCComparison1QiBaishiVincentvanGoghTextCComparison2

MogaoGrottoes

TheSchoolofAthensTextCComparison3

ShanShuiFigurePaintingTextCComparison4InkWashPainting

OilPaintingTextCComparison5Case

Study

透視與寫意

據畫家馮長江介紹，紐約大都會博物館展覽著齊白石、徐悲鴻、張大千、李可染等的繪畫作品，這些畫作與19世紀末20世紀初那些西方現(xiàn)代藝術大家的油畫形成鮮明的對比。中國畫這邊訪客稀少，另一邊卻人頭攢動?！斑@種現(xiàn)象常常令我思考，中國畫該怎樣與世界溝通？”馮長江感嘆道。Case

Study

“張大千也曾經評價過：“中國畫常常被不了解畫的人批評說，沒有透視。其實中國畫何嘗沒有透視？它的透視是從四方上下各方面進行的，現(xiàn)在抽象畫不過得其一斑。如古人所說的下面幾句話，就是十足的透視抽象的原理。他說‘遠山無皴’。遠山為何無皴呢？因為人的目力不能達到，就等于攝影過遠，空氣間有一種霧層，自然看不見山上的脈絡，當然用不著皴了?！h水無波’，江河遠遠望去，哪里還看得見波紋呢？‘遠人無目’也是一樣的，距離遠了，五官當然辨不清楚了，這是自然的道理。所謂透視，就是自然，不是死板的?！盋ase

Study

分析點評

在繪畫藝術中，西方繪畫注重寫實，它通過正確的比例、合理的透視、協(xié)調的色彩、完整的構圖、逼真的形象等營造藝術形象；中國畫更注重通過諸多形式因素，如筆墨、色彩、點線面等，表達作者的情感。中國畫家對空間的透視不同于西方的焦點透視，中國畫家欣賞宇宙空間大化，致力于表現(xiàn)大自然的節(jié)奏和諧。Translation

漢譯英

1.寫意和工筆

國畫是世界上最古老的藝術傳統(tǒng)之一。繪畫時用毛筆蘸黑墨或彩墨在紙張或絲綢上作畫。根據表現(xiàn)手法，國畫可分為寫意派和工筆派兩大類。寫意派以自由表達和形式夸張為特點；工筆派則注重以精細的筆法描繪細節(jié)。山水畫被公認為國畫的最高形式。縱觀歷史，不同時期的國畫都相應地反映出人們的社會意識。Translation

Keys

1.XieyiandGongbi

Chinesepaintingisoneoftheoldestartistictraditionsintheworld.Thepaintingisdoneonpaperorsilkwithabrushdippedinblackorcoloredink.Accordingtothemeansofexpression,Chinesepaintingscanbedividedinto2categorieswhicharetheXieyischoolandtheGongbischool.TheXieyischoolischaracterizedbyfreeexpressionandexaggeratedforms,whiletheGongbischoolattachesimportancetodetailswithfinebrushwork.LandscapepaintingiswidelyregardedasthehighestformofChinesepainting.Throughoutthehistory,Chinesepaintingatdifferenttimesreflectspeople’ssocialconsciousnessaccordingly.Translation

Keys

2.水墨畫

水墨畫(inkwashpainting)是一種毛筆畫?；舅嬛皇褂蒙顪\不一的黑色墨水。唐朝時，水墨畫得到發(fā)展。人們普遍認為是王維將顏色加入當時的水墨畫中。水墨畫的目標不僅僅是復現(xiàn)物體的外觀，還要捕捉它的靈魂。要想畫一匹馬，水墨畫家不必太了解馬的肌肉和骨骼，但必須了解馬的氣質(temperament)。要想畫一朵花，水墨畫家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和顏色，重要的是傳達它的活力和芳香。Translation

Keys

2.InkWashPainting

Inkwashpaintingisatypeofbrushpainting.Onlyblackinkisusedforthepaintingofbasiconesinvariousconcentrations.DuringtheTangDynasty,inkwashpaintinggotdeveloped.WangWeiisgenerallycreditedasthepainterwhoappliedcolortoexistinginkwashpaintings.Thegoalofinkwashpaintingisnotjusttoreproducetheappearanceofasubject,buttocaptureitssoul.Topaintahorse,theinkwashpaintingartistmustunderstanditstemperamentbetterthanitsmusclesandbones.Topaintaflower,thereisnoneedtoperfectlyportrayitspetalsandcolors,butitisessentialtoconveyitslivelinessandfragrance.Translation

英譯漢

1.

PaulCezanne

PaulCezanne,theearliestpost-impressionist,wasborninProvence,neartheMediterraneancoast.Asamanof