油氣輸送管道穿越工程防腐層電導(dǎo)率測試方法、推管機地錨受力表、直鋪管推力計算公式、爆破成溝炸藥量計算方法

附錄A防腐層電導(dǎo)率測試方法A.0.1對防腐層電導(dǎo)率進行測試，應(yīng)采用下列儀器設(shè)備：1萬用表3塊：直流電壓量程為0V～2V，直流電流最小量程為0μA～200μA；2中斷器1臺：中斷頻率為1s斷/3s通或3s斷/12s通；3滑動變阻器：0Ω～99999Ω；4便攜式銅/硫酸銅參比電極2支；5連接導(dǎo)線和鱷魚夾若干；6鋼釬接地電極若干支；7ZC-8土壤電阻率測量儀1套；8恒電位儀或12V鉛酸蓄電池2塊；9對講機2臺。A.0.2對防腐層電導(dǎo)率進行測試，應(yīng)按下列步驟進行測量：1宜采用ZC-8土壤電阻率測量儀四電極法測量穿越段兩端土壤電阻率；2應(yīng)連接臨時陰極保護裝置（圖A.0.1），臨時陽極地床距管道距離不應(yīng)小于100m，應(yīng)使恒電位儀或蓄電池的正極接地床，負極接管道；當采用蓄電池時，應(yīng)將滑動變阻器串聯(lián)接入蓄電池正極與臨時陽極地床電路中；1——恒電位儀；2——電流中斷器；3——直流電壓表；4——直流電流表；5——臨時陽極地床；6——硫酸銅參比電極圖A.0.1防腐層電導(dǎo)率測試接線圖3應(yīng)將電流中斷器和電流表分別串聯(lián)接入恒電位或蓄電池負極與管道連接的電路中；4在穿越段兩端應(yīng)分別連接電壓表正極，并應(yīng)使硫酸銅參比電極連接電壓表負極和接地，同時應(yīng)測量和記錄兩端的管地自然電位；5應(yīng)接通臨時陰極保護電源，并應(yīng)測量和記錄穿越段兩端通路（Uon）和斷路（Uoff）電位，同時應(yīng)調(diào)整電流輸出，兩端斷路電位（Uoff）應(yīng)控制為-850mV～-1050mV，并應(yīng)記錄對應(yīng)的輸出電流；6應(yīng)按本本標準第A.0.2條第5款的方法重復(fù)測量3次。A.0.3防腐層電導(dǎo)率計算應(yīng)按下列步驟進行：1測試點a和b的電位變化應(yīng)按下列公式計算：ΔUΔU式中：——a點電位變化（V）；ΔUb——b點電位變化（V）；——a點通路電位（V）；Ub,on——b點通路電位（V）；——a點斷路電位（V）；Ub,off——b點斷路電位（V）；2電位變化比應(yīng)按下式計算：r＝式中：r——電位變化比。1）當電位變化比在0.625～1.6之間時，宜采用通用法進行計算評價；可將兩端電位變化的算術(shù)平均值認為是管道穿越段的平均電位變化，其平均電位應(yīng)按下式計算：ΔU式中：ΔU（平均）——a、b點電位的平均值（V）。管道穿越段的電導(dǎo)應(yīng)按下式計算：g=ΔI式中：g——電導(dǎo)（s）；ΔI——電流變化（A）。2）當電位變化比不在0.625～1.6之間時，可采用電位或者電流衰減方法評價，電位衰減法和電流衰減法應(yīng)按下列公式計算：電位衰減法：α=㏑[ΔUa/ΔUb]/L(A.0.3-6)電流衰減法：α=㏑[ΔIa/ΔIb]/L(A.0.3-7)式中：L——測點a與b之間的距離（m）；α——所測管段的衰減系數(shù)。3管段電導(dǎo)應(yīng)按下式計算：g=α2/r(A.0.3-8)式中：r——單位長度管段的縱向電阻（）；g——所測管段漏失電導(dǎo)（s）；α——衰減系數(shù)。平均電導(dǎo)應(yīng)按下式計算：G=g式中：G——穿越段管道涂層的平均電導(dǎo)（s）；A——穿越段管道的表面積（m2）。穿越段管底深度的平均土壤電阻率應(yīng)按下式計算：ρ平均式中：——管底深度的平均土壤電阻率（Ω·m）；ρa——管底深度a點的土壤電阻率（Ω·mρb——管底深度b點的土壤電阻率（Ω·m當計算1000Ω?cm特定土壤電阻率中的涂層標稱電導(dǎo)率時，應(yīng)按下式進行：Gn式中：——在電阻率為1000Ω?cm土壤中，標稱電導(dǎo)率；G——穿越段管道涂層的比平均電導(dǎo)（Ω·m）。A.0.4標準管道數(shù)據(jù)表可按表A.0.4的規(guī)定確定。表A.0.4標準管道數(shù)據(jù)表管道外徑管道壁厚重度電阻率電導(dǎo)率單位表面積mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil63.502.5005.2320.2068.6165.790122.28137.2718.17826.8300.1990.65199.53.45673.032.8757.0100.27611.3997.66092.49228.17210.81935.4960.2290.75229.43.97488.903.5005.4860.21611.2807.58093.40428.47010.70635.1250.2790.92279.34.838114.304.5006.0200.23716.05710.79065.61720.00015.24050.0000.3591.18359.16.2208.5600.33722.29314.98047.26314.40621.15869.4167.9380.31333.84122.74031.1359.49032.118105.3758.1790.32242.48728.56024.7997.55940.325132.2989.5250.37519.16933.04021.4296.53146.666153.105168.286.6255.5630.21922.27814.97047.29514.41521.14469.3700.5291.73528.79.1587.1120.28028.23018.97037.33211.37626.79487.9057.9250.31231.35521.07033.60310.24229.76097.6379.5250.37537.24925.03028.2868.62235.353115.98710.9730.43242.53228.58024.7737.55140.367132.437219.088.6256.3500.25033.27522.36031.6649.65131.582103.6140.6882.26688.211.9207.9380.31333.84122.74031.1359.49032.118105.3758.1790.32242.48728.56024.7997.55940.325132.2989.5250.37519.16933.04021.4296.53146.666153.105273.0510.7506.3500.25033.27522.36031.6649.65131.582103.6140.8582.81857.8119209.2710.36560.24140.48017.4905.33157.175187.5819.5250.37561.83341.55017.0405.19458.686192.53911.1250.43871.71448.19014.6924.47868.064223.30912.7000.50081.46254.74012.9343.94277.316253.661323.8512.7506.3500.25049.67533.38021.2106.46547.147154.6801.0173.341017176207.1370.28155.73137.45018.9055.76252.895173.5407.9380.31361.77341.51017.0565.19958.630192.3549.5250.37573.75349.56014.2864.35469.999229.65712.7000.50097.35565.42010.8223.29992.400303.151355.6014.0006.3500.25054.63036.71025.6507.80439.055128.1331.1173.671117193507.9250.31267.97945.68020.5776.27248.598159.4429.5250.37581.20954.57017.2255.25058.056190.471406.4016.0006.3500.25062.57742.05022.3536.81344.736146.7711.2774.191277221207.9250.31277.92052.36017.9525.47255.704182.7579.5250.37593.12962.58015.0204.57866.577218.42916.6620.656159.977107.5008.7442.665114.366375.218457.2018.0006.3500.25070.52447.39019.8356.04650.417165.4101.4364.71143624880表A.0.4標準管道數(shù)據(jù)表（續(xù)）管道外徑管道壁厚重度電阻率電導(dǎo)率單位表面積mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil508.0020.0006.3500.25078.47052.73017.8265.43356.098184.0491.5965.241596276507.1370.28188.14359.23015.8704.83763.013206.7367.9250.31284.39356.71016.5755.05260.332197.9419.5250.375116.96978.60011.9593.64583.621274.346558.8022.0006.3500.25086.41758.07016.1874.93461.779202.6881.7565.76175630410593.7323.3759.5250.375137.19392.19010.1963.10898.079321.7801.8656.1218653231011.9130.469170.751114.7408.1922.497122.069400.489609.6024.0007.1370.281106.03171.25013.1924.02175.801248.6911.9156.281915331807.9250.312117.65479.06011.8893.62484.110275.9518.7380.344129.24686.85010.8233.29992.397303.14110.3120.406152.343102.3709.1822.799108.909357.31211.9130.469175.320117.8107.9792.432125.335411.20412.7000.500186.749125.4907.4902.283133.506438.01015.8750.625232.227156.0506.0231.836166.081544.677660.4026.0007.2390.285116.52378.30012.0053.65983.301273.2982.0756.812075359407.9250.312142.46195.7309.8192.993101.845334.1368.2550.325132.62489.12010.5473.21594.812311.0659.5250.375152.729102.6309.1592.792109.185358.22012.7000.500202.642136.1706.9032.104144.868475.28876230.0007.9250.312147.44799.0809.4782.892105.409345.8292.3947.852394414708.2550.325153.116102.8099.1362.785109.462359.1278.7380.344162.030108.8808.6332.631115.835380.0359.1440.360169.590113.9608.2482.514121.239397.7669.5250.375176.570118.6507.9222.415126.229414.13610.3120.406191.079128.4007.3212.231136.601448.16811.1250.438205.559138.1306.8052.074146.953482.12912.7000.500234.429157.5305.9671.819167.592549.843PAGE120表A.0.4標準管道數(shù)據(jù)表（續(xù)）管道外徑管道壁厚重度電阻率電導(dǎo)率單位表面積mmin.mmin.kg/mlb/ftμ/mμ/ftA/mv/mA/mv/mm2/mft2/ftm2/kmft2/mil914.436.0008.7380.344194.800130.9007.1812.189139.261456.8942.8739.422873497609.5250.375212.330142.6806.5882.008151.794498.01010.3120.406229.816154.4306.0871.855164.294539.02311.9130.469264.713177.8805.2841.611189.242620.87312.7000.500282.110189.5704.9581.511201.679661.67514.2750.562316.814212.8904.4151.346226.488743.07215.8750.625351.398236.1303.9811.213251.213824.18817.4500.687385.849259.2803.6251.105275.841904.9911066.842.0009.5250.375248.120166.7305.6381.718177.380581.9553.35111.003352580609.9060.390257.912173.3105.4241.653184.380604.92111.1250.438289.298194.4004.8351.474206.817678.53412.7000.500329.835221.6404.2411.293235.797773.61314.2750.562370.104248.7003.7791.152264.586868.06315.8750.625411.058276.2203.4031.037293.863964.1191219.248.00012.7000.500377.515253.6803.7051.129269.884885.4453.83012.5738306635015.8750.625470.659316.2702.9720.906336.4721103.90919.0500.750563.297378.5202.4830.757402.6981321.187附錄B推管機地錨受力表B.0.1推管機推進管道施工地錨受力參見圖B.0.1。圖B.0.1推管機推進管道地錨受力圖B.0.2推管機回拔管道施工地錨受力參見圖B.0.2。圖B.0.2推管機回拔管道地錨受力圖B.0.3不同型號推管機推進管道施工地錨受力參見表B.0.1~B.0.4。表B.0.1300T推管機推進管道施工地錨受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)09869863000110209673000210539492998310879302996411209112993511538912989611858722984712178522978812498312971912808112963101311790295411134176929451213727482934131401726292314143070529111514596832898表B.0.2500T推管機推進管道施工地錨受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)01441144150001148814014999215341360499731581131949934162612784988516721236498161716119449737176011514963818041108495191847106549381018901021492411193297849081219739334891132014889487214205484448511520937994830表B.0.3750T推管機推進管道施工地錨受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)0229822987500123662235749922432217074953249821057490425632040748252627197374716269019067459727531839744482815177174279287517027408102935163373861129951563736212305314937336133110142373081431661352727715322212807244表B.0.4800T推管機推進管道施工地錨受力表角度(°)FV1(kN)FV2(kN)FH(kN)0228622868000123612221799922435215679953250820907989425812023798152653195679706272418897956727951820794082864175179229293316827902103000161278791130671542785312313314717825133198139977951432621327776315332512557728附錄C直鋪管推力計算公式1穿越推力可按下列公式估算：F（C-1）F（C-2）FM（C-3）F（C-4）FM2（C-5）F（C-6）式中：F——穿越所需總推力（kN）；FM——掘進機阻力（kN）；FL——管道阻力（kN）； FL1——黏土、完整巖層穿越段管道阻力（kN）； FL2——砂土、卵礫石層穿越段管道阻力（kN）；FM1——掘進機外殼和洞壁之間的摩擦阻力（kN）；FM2——掘進機刀盤受到的水壓（泥漿）阻力(kN)；FM3——切削刀具滾刀（切刀）切入巖層（土層）擠壓阻力（kN）；f1——掘進機外殼與洞壁之間的摩擦系數(shù)，可取0.5；W——掘進機總質(zhì)量（t）；PM——掘進機刀盤前端的水壓（泥漿）壓力（MPa）；DM——掘進機殼體外徑（m）；Pd——對巖層，為單個刀圈刃切入擠壓阻力（kN），可取8～20，宜根據(jù)刀具尺寸和巖石抗壓強度確定；對土層，單個切刀切入擠壓阻力，可取3～6，宜根據(jù)穿越地層堅硬程度或密實程度確定；n——對巖層，應(yīng)為刀盤滾刀配置數(shù)量；對土層，應(yīng)為刀盤切刀配置數(shù)量。管道阻力FL1、FL2的計算應(yīng)符合下列要求：2黏土、完整巖層穿越段管道阻力FL1應(yīng)按下列公式計算：FL1=f2?L1?ge+π?D?f3式中：f2——管道與掘進孔洞洞壁摩擦系數(shù)，可取0.3； L1——黏土、完整巖層穿越段總長度（m）；g——穿越管段單位長度受到的浮力（kN/m）; D——管道外徑（m）； f3——管道與泥漿間粘滯系數(shù)（kN/m2），可取0.18； γm——泥漿重度（kN/m3），可取10.5~11.5； δ——鋼管壁厚（m）； γs——鋼管重度（kN/m3），可取78.5； Wp——供應(yīng)管道及介質(zhì)重量（kN/m）。3砂土、卵礫石層穿越段管道阻力FL2應(yīng)按下式計算：FL2=π?D?f4?L2 式中：f4——管道與砂土、卵礫石地層單位面積平均摩擦力（kN/m2），當觸變潤滑泥漿技術(shù)成熟可靠、管道外壁能形成和保持穩(wěn)定、連續(xù)的泥漿套時，可取2~3.5； L2——砂土、卵礫石層穿越段總長度（m）。

附錄D爆破成溝炸藥量計算方法D.0.1土石爆破炸藥量的計算應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1當最小抵抗線h＜3m時，集團裝藥量應(yīng)按下式計算：Q=Abh3（D.0.1-1）2當最小抵抗線h≥3m時，集團裝藥量應(yīng)按下式計算：Q=Kh3(0.4+0.6n3)（D.0.1-2）式中：Q——集團裝藥量（中級炸藥）（kg）；A——介質(zhì)（土石）抗力系數(shù)，應(yīng)符合表5.4.2-1的規(guī)定；b——爆破作用指數(shù)的系數(shù)，應(yīng)符合表5.4.2-2的規(guī)定；h——最小抵抗線（h等于穿越深度）（m）；K——爆破每m3土石所需藥量，應(yīng)符合表5.4.2-3的規(guī)定；n——爆破作用指數(shù)，宜取1.0～1.5。表D.0.1-1介質(zhì)（土石）抗力系數(shù)土石名稱A有砂和碎石的土壤0.51生長植物的土壤0.57濕砂0.85夾砂地0.66砂質(zhì)黏土及堅硬表黏土0.70多石土壤0.77紅黏土0.98石灰?guī)r1.11花崗巖1.34新積土地帶0.26注：1使用低級炸藥時，系數(shù)A值與中級炸藥相同，爆破堅硬的巖石如用低級炸藥，應(yīng)比公式算出的炸藥量增加0.2～0.5倍；2當土石為凍土?xí)r，系數(shù)應(yīng)增加0.5倍；3當土石為分層土石時，A值取最堅硬一層的數(shù)值；4當堅硬巖石有縫隙時，系數(shù)值應(yīng)縮小1/2；5當有條件時，應(yīng)用標準裝藥實驗驗證系數(shù)A。表D.0