英語通識閱讀教程 文學篇 課件 Unit 1 Introduction to Literature（11.12）

Unit1IntroductiontoLiteratureTextA

WhatIsLiterature?TextB

WheretoBeginBeforeReadingAbouttheAuthorandHisWorksExploretheWriter’sIdeasUnderstandingtheTextReadingBetweentheLinesExploretheWriter’sTechniquesIncreaseYourLanguageProficiencyFurtherExplorationTextA1.Lead-inWarm-upDefinitionofLiteratureSignificanceofLiterature2.AbouttheAuthorandHisWorkBackgroundInformationBeforeReadingWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

Warm-upSummaryWhydidthesituationchangeaftertheladyhelped?1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.1.Lead-inSummary:Onthestreet,ablindoldmanneededhelp,butfewpeopleofferedhelptohim.Later,ayoungladycameandchangedthewordsontheboard.Afterthat,moreandmorepassers-bystoppedtogivetheblindmanmoney.Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.Q:Whydidthesituationchangeaftertheladyhelped?Theoldmanasked,“Whatdidyoudotomysign?”Theladyanswered,“Iwrotethesame,butdifferentwords.”A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwoexpressions?B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactualstatementLiterarytextWarm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwoexpressions?B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactA:anicedayFactB:inabilitytoseeGap(Stateafactandaskdirectlyforhelp.)Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.Thewriterinvitesreaderstoparticipateinthesceneandexperiencethesameemotionoftheoldman.Theywouldbemotivatedtoaskthemselveswhytheoldmancan’tseethebeautifulday.Thisistheprocessofreading.Whilereading,thereaderwouldfillintheblanksandgetnewmeanings.Literatureliesinthenewmeaningsproducedbetweenthelines.ConclusionB:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactAFactBGapWarm-up1.Lead-inLiterature,initsbroadestsense,isanysinglebodyofwrittenworksconsideredanartform,oranysinglepieceofwritingassumedtohaveartisticvalue.Inthissense,literaturereferstoallwrittennarrativestoberead.最廣義的文學是指被視為藝術形式的任何書面作品，或被認為具有藝術價值的任何文章。從這個意義上講，文學是指所有可供閱讀的書面敘述。…literatureisthebodyofworksofartproducedinlinguisticmedia,andthatthisbodyistobedefinedintermsofthepossessionofcertainartisticvalues.(Stecker1996,681-694)文學是以語言為媒介創(chuàng)作的藝術作品的主體，并從是否具有某些藝術價值的角度來界定。Literatureisimitation;literatureisfunction;literatureisanexpressionofemotion;orliteratureisliterature.(LIU2009,1)文學是模仿；文學是功能；文學是情感的表達；或者文學就是文學。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inAccordingtoKirszner&Mandell(1997),inliterarycreation,writersattempttoexpresstheirpersonalideastotheirreaders.Thoughwritersofliteraturemayoftentakeadvantageoffactssuchashistoricaldocuments,newspaperreports,lifeeventsordailyhappenings,theiroverarching[/?o?v?r?ɑ?rt???/首要的]aimistopresentauniqueviewoftheexperience,ofwhathappened,whatishappeningandwhatwillhappen.在文學創(chuàng)作中，作家試圖向讀者表達他們的個人想法。盡管文學作家可能會經(jīng)常利用歷史文獻、報紙報道、生活事件或日常發(fā)生的事情等事實，但他們的總體目標是對經(jīng)歷、發(fā)生的事情、正在發(fā)生的事情和將要發(fā)生的事情提出獨特的看法。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inLiteratureisasetoftexts(ageneraltermforobjectsmadeofwords,nomatterwhattheirformat)whosepurposeincludes,butextendsbeyond,communication,inwhichthelanguageitselfisasmuchapartoftheendproductasisthecontent.Thosetextsmightincludeeverythingfromlyricpoetrytofeaturefilmsandtelevisionseriesthatuselanguagenotonlyinthetypedscreenplaysbutalsointhespokenperformancesofscriptandbodylanguageandintherelationshipbetweenthewordsandscreenimages.(Kusch2016,3-4)文學是一系列文本（由文字構(gòu)成的物品的總稱，無論其形式如何），其目的包括但不限于交流，其中語言本身與內(nèi)容一樣是最終產(chǎn)品的一部分。這些文本可能包括從抒情詩到故事片和電視連續(xù)劇的所有內(nèi)容，它們不僅出現(xiàn)在在打印的劇本中，而且也出現(xiàn)在劇本口頭表演中和肢體語言中，以及在文字與屏幕圖像的關系中。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inJohannWolfgangvonGoethe(1749—1832)Germanpoet,playwright,novelist,scientist,statesman,theatredirector,critic,andamateurartist,consideredthegreatestGermanliteraryfigureofthemodernera.Faust(Europe’sgreatestlongpoemsinceJohnMilton’sParadiseLost)《浮士德》TheSorrowsofYoungWerther(anovel)《少年維特的煩惱》JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,aGermanpoetanddramatist,oncesaidthat“Thedeclineofliteratureindicatesthedeclineofanation.”Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?SignificanceofLiterature1.Lead-inYes,Iagreewithhimbecause:Literatureoftenreflectsanation’sculture.Itsdeclinemightsuggestthatthevitality[/va??t?l?ti/熱情；生機]ofitscultureisbeingpotentiallydamaged.Literatureiswhereimaginationcanshowitscapabilities.Thedeclineofliteraturecouldsuggestthatpeople’spowerofimaginationmighthavebeenlimitedinsomeway.Literatureisthetonic[/?tɑ?n?k/主調(diào)音]ofspirits,anditsdeclinemayleadthenationtofallintovulgar[/?v?lɡ?r/庸俗的]materialism.Possibleanswers:“Thedeclineofliteratureindicatesthedeclineofanation.”Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?SignificanceofLiterature1.Lead-indistinguishedadj.卓越的，杰出的prolificadj.（藝術家，作家，作曲家）作品豐富的，多產(chǎn)的extractedadj.萃取的；引出的BackgroundInformation2.AbouttheAuthorTerryEagleton(1943-)adistinguishedprofessoratLancasterUniversityinEngland,isoneoftheworld'sleadingliterarycriticsandtheorists.Asaprolificcritic,hehaswrittenseveraldozenbooksandhundredsofarticles.ThemostwidelyreadisLiteraryTheory:AnIntroduction(1983),whichisastudyofawiderangeofliteraryapproachessuchasReceptionTheory,Structuralism,andPsychoanalysis.Theessay"WhatIsLiterature?"isextractedfromtheintroductiontothisbook,inwhichEagletondiscussedthedefinitionandfeaturesofliterature.1.UnderstandingtheTextTextOrganization2.ReadingBetweentheLinesTextualAnalysisKey

SentencesWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReadingTextTextOrganizationParaDivisionCriterionforDefinitionTrueorFalsePara1-2Para3Para4-5Para6Para7fact&fictionFalseuselanguageinpeculiarways/（False）non-pragmaticFalsenoessenceTrueliketheword“weed”finewriting/1.UnderstandingtheTextTextOrganization“Novel”:16-17thcentury,bothtrueandfictionaleventsToosubjective:Gibbon;Genesisrhetoricalquestion:Supermancomicrhetoricalquestion:creative&imaginativeTextfact&fiction1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph1-2TextOrganizationTransformandintensifyordinarylanguage:arhetoricalcheerleadingsong?Toosubjective:differentcriteriafortheliterarycharacterofthelanguageTextuselanguageinpeculiarways1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph3TextOrganizationSelf-referential:thewayandthecontentarebothimportant,e.g.GeorgeOrwellHowsb.decidestoread:toosubjective,e.g.Gibbon,RobertBurns,OrwellTextnon-pragmatic1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph4-5TextOrganizationNotparticular,justdoesn’twantanykindthatvalueshighlyFunctionalratherthanontological:socialcontext,relationswithanddifferencesfromitssurroundings,thewayitbehaves,thepurposesText“weed”1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph61.

Whatmightliteraturebedefinedasinthesenseoffiction?Isthisdefinitionproper?“Imaginative”writing.

No.TextualAnalysisShakespeare2.

DoyouknowanyauthororworksmentionedinParagraph1?Comedies：TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之夢》AsYouLikeIt《皆大歡喜》TwelfthNight《第十二夜》Tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奧賽羅》KingLear《李爾王》Macbeth《麥克白》2.ReadingBetweentheLinesReadingactivityPleasereadPara1,andanswerthefollowingquestions:MarxTheCommunistManifesto(ManifestderKommunistischenPartei)《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》Capital(DasKapital)《資本論》OntheOriginofSpecies《物種起源》DarwinReadingactivityPleasereadPara1,andanswerthefollowingquestions:2.

DoyouknowanyauthororworksmentionedinParagraph1?TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines3.

Canliteraturebesimplydefinedas“creative”or“imaginative”writing?Whyorwhynot?No,literaturecannotbesimplydefinedas“creative”or“imaginative”writing,becausethisdefinitionwouldimplythatdisciplineslikehistory,philosophy,andnaturalscienceareuncreativeandunimaginative,whichisincorrect.Forexample,Supermancomicsareusuallyexcludedfromliterature,andsomeliteraryworkscanbe“factual,”forexample,Gibbon’shistoricalworks.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara2,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines4.

Inwhatsenseisthelanguageofliteraturepeculiar?Literaturetransformsandintensifiesordinarylanguage,deviatessystematicallyfromeverydayspeech.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara3,andanswerthefollowingquestion:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines5.

Whataretheapproachestodefiningliterature?As“imaginative”writing;akindofself-referentiallanguage;howsomebodydecidestoread.6.

Howdoyouunderstandthestatement“Breedinginthisrespectmaycountforagooddealmorethanbirth”?Howapieceofwritingbecomesliteratureismoreimportantthanwhetheritisliteraturefromthebeginning.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara4-5,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines7.

Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Thereisno‘essence’ofliteraturewhatsoever”?Theauthorimpliesthatitisdifficulttoidentifythedefiningfeaturesofliterature.8.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheterm“l(fā)iterature”incomparisonwiththeterm“weed”?Ellishasarguedthat“Weedsarenotparticularkindsofplant,butjustanykindofplantwhichforsomereasonoranotheragardenerdoesnotwantaround.”ToEagleton,“l(fā)iterature”meanssomethingliketheopposite:anykindofwritingwhichforsomereasonoranothersomebodyvalueshighly.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara6,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines9.

Whatdoes“finewriting”meanaccordingtothetext?Asortofwritingwhichisgenerallyhighlyregarded,whilenotnecessarilycommittingyoutotheopinionthataparticularspecimenofitis“good”.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara7,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLinesKeySentencesParagraph1Therehavebeenvariousattemptstodefineliterature.Youcandefineit,forexample,as“imaginative”writinginthesenseoffiction–writingwhichisnotliterallytrue.Buteventhebriefestreflectiononwhatpeoplecommonlyincludeundertheheadingofliteraturesuggeststhatthiswillnotdo.

Vocabulary:definev.下定義definitionfictionn.虛構(gòu)，編造non-fiction,fictionalliterallyadv.字面上地briefadj.簡短的/

v.向…介紹情況reflectionn.反射；回聲；影像，倒影；反省；想法2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:有過各式各樣定義文學的嘗試。例如，你可以將其定義為虛構(gòu)意義上的"想象性"寫作——一種并非在字面意義上追求真實在的寫作。但是，只要稍微想一想人們通常用文學這一標題所概括的東西，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個定義是行不通的。Paragraph2Adistinctionbetween“fact”and“fiction”,then,seemsunlikelytogetusveryfar,notleastbecausethedistinctionitselfisoftenaquestionableone…ouroppositionbetween“historical”and“artistic”truthdoesnotapplyatalltotheearlyIcelandicsagas.Moreover,if“l(fā)iterature”includesmuch“factual”writing,italsoexcludesquitealotoffiction.

Vocabulary:distinctionn.差別，區(qū)分，榮譽oppositionn.反對，反抗；對立sagan.傳奇故事legend,

taleexcludev.將…排除在外exclusiveadj.獨有的，排外的vs.include,inclusiveKeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:因此，“事實”（fact）與“虛構(gòu)”（fiction）的區(qū)分對于我們似乎并無多少幫助，而這絕不僅僅是因為這一區(qū)分本身經(jīng)常是值得懷疑的?！ぁぁの覀儼选皻v史”真實和“藝術”真實對立起來的做法根本就不適用于早期冰島傳說?！ぁぁざ遥绻拔膶W”包括很多“事實性”作品的話，它也排斥了相當一批虛構(gòu)作品。Paragraph3Perhapsoneneedsadifferentkindofapproachaltogether.Perhapsliteratureisdefinablenotaccordingtowhetheritisfictionalor“imaginative”,butbecauseituseslanguageinpeculiarways.Literaturetransformsandintensifiesordinarylanguage,deviatessystematicallyfromeverydayspeech.

Vocabulary:approachn.方法，途徑/

v.處理，接近transformv.改變，轉(zhuǎn)化intensifyv.加劇，增強deviatev.偏離(from)KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:也許，我們需要一種完全不同的方法。也許，文學的可以定義并不在于它的虛構(gòu)性或"想象性"，而是因為它以種種特殊方式運用語言。文學改變和強化普通語言，系統(tǒng)地偏離日常言語。Paragraph4-5Literature,then,wemightsay,is“non-pragmatic”discourse:unlikebiologytextbooksandnotestothemilkman,itservesnoimmediatepracticalpurpose,butistobetakenasreferringtoageneralstateofaffairs.…wemeanbyliteratureakindofself-referentiallanguage,alanguagewhichtalksaboutitself.

Vocabulary:pragmaticadj.務實的；實用主義的discoursen.談話，交流；話語，語篇self-referentialadj.有關本身創(chuàng)作的，自我指涉的KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:因而，我們可以說，文學是“非實用”話語：與生物學教科書或?qū)懡o送奶人的便條不同，它并不服務于任何直接的實際目的；相反，文學應該被認為是指涉各種事情的普遍狀態(tài)的?！膶W是一種自我指涉的語言，即一種談論自身的語言。Paragraph6…theterm“l(fā)iterature”operatesratherliketheword“weed”:weedsarenotparticularkindsofplant,butjustanykindofplantwhichforsomereasonoranotheragardenerdoesnotwantaround.Perhaps“l(fā)iterature”meanssomethingliketheopposite:anykindofwritingwhichforsomereasonoranothersomebodyvalueshighly.

Vocabulary:oppositen.正好相反的人或事物/

adj.對面的,截然相反的/

prep.,adv.在對面KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:"文學"一詞起作用的方式頗似"雜草"一詞：雜草并不是一種具體的植物，而只是園了出于某種理由想要除掉的任何一種植物。"文學"也許意味著某種與之相反的東西：它是人們出于某種理由而賦予其高度價值的任何一種作品。Paragraph7Theterm“finewriting”,orbelleslettres,isinthissenseambiguous:itdenotesasortofwritingwhichisgenerallyhighlyregarded,whilenotnecessarilycommittingyoutotheopinionthataparticularspecimenofitis“good”.

Vocabulary:ambiguousadj.模棱兩可的committo迫使、要求某人承諾或致力于某項行動或責任specimenn.樣本KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:在這一意義上，"美文"或belleslettres（純文學）一詞是意義曖昧的：它指一類普遍受到高度尊重的作品，同時它卻不一定要你必須認為這類作品中某一具體作品是"好"的。Writer’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReading1.FigureofSpeechFigureofSpeech（修辭）(theuseof)anexpressioncomparingonethingwithanother,alwaysincludingthewords“as”or“l(fā)ike”.––CambridgeDictionaryExample:“Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight...”––Byron“她在美中徜徉，如同···的夜晚”

Para6:“JohnM.Ellishasarguedthattheterm‘literature’operatesratherliketheword‘weed’…”compareliteraturewithweedSimile明喻1.WordsandExpressions2.VocabularyexercisesWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReadingWordsandExpressionsattempt/??tempt/[CET4]v.努力，嘗試/n.試圖，努力；企圖殺害fiction/?f?k?(?)n/[CET4]n.小說；虛構(gòu)的事，謊言；杜撰，編造literally/?l?t?r?li/[CET4]adv.按照字面意義地，逐字地；真正地，確實地reflection/r??flek?(?)n/[CET4]n.反射；（反射出來的）影像，倒影；

sermon/?s??m?n/n.布道，講道；<非正式>冗長的說教，訓誡autobiography/???t?ba???ɡr?fi/[CET6]n.自傳體（寫作）atapinch必要時encompass/?n?k?mp?s/v.包含，包括；包圍，環(huán)繞rebellion/r??belj?n/[CET4]n.叛亂，反抗；（對權威的）反抗，不服從distinction/d??st??k?n/[CET4]n.差別，區(qū)分；杰出，卓越WordsandExpressionsopposition/??p??z??(?)n/[CET4]n.（強烈的）反對，反抗；對手，競爭者saga/?sɑ?ɡ?/n.長篇小說，傳奇故事；一連串事件（或經(jīng)歷）meditation/?med??te??(?)n/n.冥想，打坐；沉思，深思exclude/?k?sklu?d/[CET4]vt.不包括，把···排除在外；排除···的可能peculiar/p??kju?li?(r)/[CET4]adj.奇怪的，不尋常的；特別的，獨特的commit/k??m?t/[CET4]v.犯（罪、錯）；（使）承諾；忠于deviate/?di?vie?t/[CET6]v.偏離，脫離；違背(from)unravished/??n-?ra-visht/adj．未被破壞的，未被侵犯的resonance/?rez?n?ns/n.引起的聯(lián)想（或共鳴）signifier/?s?ɡn?fa??r/n.能指（語言符號的形式）WordsandExpressionssignified/?s?ɡn?fa?d/[CET6]n.所指（語言符號的意譯）flaunt/fl??nt/v.炫耀；賣弄informative/?n?f??m?t?v/[CET4]adj.提供有用信息的，增長見聞的revelin著迷于；陶醉于horticulturalist/?h??rt??k?lt??r?l?st/n.園藝師cosmic/?k?zm?k/[CET4]adj.宇宙的，外層空間的；巨大的，極重要的archaeological/?ɑ?rki??lɑ?d??k(?)l/adj.考古學的thrustupon把···強加于breed/bri?d/[CET4]v.交配繁殖；飼養(yǎng)，培育；養(yǎng)育，培養(yǎng)；引起isolate/?a?s?le?t/[CET4]v.孤立，分離(from)；隔離；區(qū)別看待

WordsandExpressionsinherent/?n?her?nt/[CET6]adj.內(nèi)在的，固有的；固定屬于（某人）的poreover仔細地閱讀stimulate/?st?mjule?t/[CET4]v.促進，激發(fā)（某事物）；激發(fā)，鼓勵complexity/k?m?pleks?ti/[CET4]n.復雜性，錯綜復雜；復雜之處ontological/?ɑ?nt??lɑ?d??kl/adj.本體論的thistle/?θ?s(?)l/n.薊（野生植物）cluster/?kl?st?(r)/[CET6]n.組，簇；星團；一連串同類事件；一群人ambiguous/?m?b?ɡju?s/[CET6]adj.模棱兩可的，有歧義的；不確定的Listedintheboxbelowaresomeofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththem.Changetheformwherenecessary.deviatedistinctioninformativeencompassattemptrebellionmeditationstimulatecommitliterallyoppositiondiscriminateinherentexcludeambiguousTherehavebeenvarious_________todefineliterature.A__________between“fact”and“fiction”seemsunlikelytogetusveryfar.TheycalledonWesternnationsto__________moremoneytothepoorestnations.Wenever__________fromourprinciples.Everyonehashis__________ability,whichiseasilyconcealedbyhabits.attemptsdistinctioncommitdeviateinherentVocabularyExercisesListedintheboxbelowaresomeofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththem.Changetheformwherenecessary.deviatedistinctioninformativeencompassattemptrebellionmeditationstimulatecommitliterallyoppositiondiscriminateinherentexcludeambiguousWriting,visualizingandprototypingcan__________theflowofnewideas.Thisagreementisvery__________andopentovariousinterpretations.Heisincapableof_____________betweenagoodideaandaterribleone.Thereisbitter__________fromlocalbusinesstotheplan.Thejob____________awiderangeofresponsibilities.VocabularyExercisesstimulateambiguousdiscriminatingoppositionencompasses1.

Howdoyouunderstandliterature?Literatureencompassesawiderangeofwrittenworks,includingnovels,poems,shortstories,essays,andmore.Literaturenotonlyimparts(傳授)knowledge,butalsocultivatescriticalthinkingskills

andexposesustovariousperspectivesandcultures.Simultaneously,itallowsustoexperienceintenseemotionsthroughcharacters,therebyreleasingouremotionaltensionandprovidingasenseofrelief.Evaluate&Connect2.

Whatdoyouthinkarethedifferencesbetweenliteraryworksandnon-literaryworks?Studentsmayexplainthedifferencebetweenliteraryworksandnon-literaryworksfromtheirlanguage,style,theme,etc.Aliterarytextisanartistic,original,andsubjectiveworkthatmakesuseofrhetoricalresources.Whileitsessentialpurposeoftenleanstowardaestheticoremotionalimpactratherthanpragmaticgoals,ittendstobeconnotative,ambiguous,polysemic,andopentowide-ranginginterpretations.Anon-literarytextisatextthathasareferentialfunction,hasaspecificpurpose,isaimedataspecificaudience,andisobjective.Thistypeoftextavoidsambiguityandtheuseofrhetoricalresources.Evaluate&Connect3.

Whatdoyouthinkcanbeclassifiedasfineliterature?Aliteraryworkclassifiedas“fineliterature”maybestronginthefollowingaspects:Universality(普遍性)

andtimelessness(永恒，不朽)ArtisticmeritProfoundcharacterdevelopmentRichconnotation(內(nèi)涵)Well-organizedstructureEvaluate&ConnectTextBBeforeReadingAbouttheAuthorExploretheWriter’sIdeasUnderstandingtheTextIncreaseYourLanguageProficiencyFurtherExplorationBackgroundInformationArnold

Bennett

(1867-1931),a

British

novelist,

playwright,

critic,

and

essayist,

is

best

known

for

his

highly

detailed

novels

of

the"Five

Towns,"

an

imaginary

manufacturing

district

in

northern

England.

His

most

famous

novels

-

Anna

of

the

Five

Towns,

The

Old

Wives’

Tale,

and

Clayhanger

-

are

all

set

there.

He

wrote

30

novels,

many

of

whichfeature

ordinary

people,

and

he

was

full

of

affectionate

sympathy

to

his

characters.

"Where

to

Begin"

is

extracted

from

his

book

Literary

Taste:

How

to

Form

It

(1909).manufacturing[CET4]n.制造，制造業(yè)v.（用機器）大量生產(chǎn)，成批制造；編造，捏造（manufacture的現(xiàn)在分詞）affectionate[CET4]adj.表達愛意的，深情的1.Accordingtotheauthor,canliteraturebesplitup?Whyorwhynot?No.Becausethegreatertruthisthatliteratureisallone–andindivisible.Allliteratureistheexpressionoffeeling,ofpassion,ofemotion,causedbyasensationoftheinterestingnessoflife.2.DoestheauthorbelieveGibbon’sDeclineandFallisliterature?Whyorwhynot?Yes,hedoes.BennettbelievesGibbonexpressedhisemotionsinDeclineandFall.TextualAnalysis3.Whatdowriterstendtochoosefortheexpressionoftheveryhighestemotion?Theytendtochooseverse.TextualAnalysis4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmustreadersbeginwithwhentheyaretoformtheirliterarytaste?Why?Readersmustbeginwithanacknowledgedclassicbecauseclassicsarisethroughtheordealofgenerations.Interpret1:Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Literaturedoesnotbegintillemotionhasbegun”?Theauthorimpliestheimportanceofemotioninliteraturewriting.Allliteratureistheexpressionofemotion.TextualAnalysisInterpret2:Theauthorsays,"Itisnotmerelyuseless,itisharmful,foryoutomapoutliteratureintodivisionsandbranches,withdifferentlaws,rules,orcanons."Whyisitharmful?Becauseifwemapoutliteratureintodivisionsandbranches,wepaytoomuchattentiontotheformaldifferencesandwemayignorewhatunifiesallliteraryworks–theexpressionoffeelings,ofpassion,ofemotion.TextualAnalysisWordsandExpressionspedagogue/?ped?ɡɑ?ɡ/n.教師elegiac/?el??d?a??k/adj.挽歌的；哀傷的profane/pr??fe?n/adj.世俗的adinfinitum/??d?nf??na?t?m/adv.無限地；無止境地hitherto/?h?e?r?tu?/[CET6]adv.迄今malignant/m??l?ɡn?nt/[CET6]adj.惡意的；惡性的protract/pro??tr?kt/v.延長tranquility/tr???kw?l?ti/[CET6]n.平靜；安寧scan/sk?n/[CET4]v.（詩）符合格律denunciation/d??n?nsi?e??n/[CET6]n.公開譴責；斥責WordsandExpressionsticket/?t?k?t/[CET4]v.貼標簽于···eschew/?s?t?u?/v.避開catholic/?k?θl?k/[CET6]adj.廣泛的，包羅萬象的；天主教的（Catholic）deplorable/d??pl??r?bl/adj.糟透的surety/???r?ti/n.保證egregious/??ɡri?d?i?s/adj.極壞的；過分的mediocrity/?mi?di?ɑ?kr?ti/n.平庸之人twaddle/?twɑ?dl/n.蠢話；廢話；拙劣的文字epoch/?ep?k/[CET6]n.時代posterity/pɑ??ster?ti/n.后代；子孫WordsandExpressionsdisparage/d??sp?r?d?/v.貶低；詆毀chaff/t??f/n.糠；谷殼sift/s?ft/v.篩選，區(qū)分frameofmind心態(tài)unassailable/??n??se?l?bl/adj.不容置疑的；無懈可擊的Theauthorsays,"Ifyoudifferwithaclassic,itisyouwhoarewrong,andnotthebook."Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?Thisstatementpointstotheoften-heldviewofclassicsbeingtimeless,universal,andofhighquality.However,it’simportanttorememberthatliterature,includingclassicliterature,isnotimmune[/??mju?n/免疫的]tocriticismandcanalwaysbereinterpretedorreassessedaccordingtodifferentperspectivesandculturalcontexts.Inmyopinion,theauthor’sviewmaybealittlebitarbitrar