考點4 閱讀理解 科學科普類-五年（2020-2024年）高考英語真題專項分類匯編

五年（2020-2024）高考真題專項分類匯編PAGEPAGE13考點4閱讀理解科學科普類—五年（2020—2024年）高考英語真題專項分類匯編一、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地).

In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N."Ding"Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.

About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1.WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A.Lossofwetlands. B.Popularityofwatersports.C.Pollutionofrivers. D.Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"decimate"meaninthefirstparagraph?A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.3.WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A.Thestamppricehasgonedown. B.Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C.Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D.Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheFederalDuckStampStory B.TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC.TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D.TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting二、【2024年新課標Ⅰ卷】IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect."Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,"saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns."Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?"Quitealot,"Daruexplained."Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage."5.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.6.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.7.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.8.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.三、【2021年新高考Ⅰ卷】

Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.

Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.

Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.

Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.9.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson'spositivequalities.10.Whydoestheauthormention"doctor"and"cheater"inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.11.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.12.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.四、【2023新課標Ⅱ卷】Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding(編碼)experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,oneparticipant’sexperienceof"Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile"wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“l(fā)isteningtowaves.”Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak."We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,"saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.13.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.14.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.15.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.16.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.五、【2020年新高考Ⅱ卷】

Rainforestsarehometoarichvarietyofmedicinalplants,food,birdsandanimals.Canyoubelievethatasinglebush(灌木叢)intheAmazonmayhavemorespeciesofantsthanthewholeofBritain!About480varietiesoftreesmaybefoundinjustonehectareofrainforest.

Rainforestsarethelungsoftheplanet-storingvastquantitiesofcarbondioxideandproducingasignificantamountoftheworld'soxygen.Rainforestshavetheirownperfectsystemforensuringtheirownsurvival;thetalltreesmakeacanopy(樹冠層)ofbranchesandleaveswhichprotectthemselves,smallerplants,andtheforestanimalsfromheavyrain,intensedryheatfromthesunandstrongwinds.

Amazingly,thetreesgrowinsuchawaythattheirleavesandbranches,althoughclosetogether,neveractuallytouchthoseofanothertree.Scientiststhinkthisistheplants'waytopreventthespreadofanytreediseasesandmakelifemoredifficultforleaf-eatinginsectslikecaterpillars.Tosurviveintheforest,animalsmustclimb,jumporflyacrossthegaps.Thegroundflooroftheforestisnotalltangledleavesandbushes,likeinfilms,butisactuallyfairlyclear.Itiswheredeadleavesturnintofoodforthetreesandotherforestlife.

Theyarenotcalledrainforestsfornothing!Rainforestscangenerate75%oftheirownrain.Atleast80inchesofrainayearisnormal-andinsomeareastheremaybeasmuchas430inchesofrainannually.Thisisrealrain—yourumbrellamayprotectyouinashower,butitwon'tkeepyoudryifthereisafullrainstorm.Injusttwohours,streamscanrisetentotwentyfeet.Thehumidity(濕氣)oflargerainforestscontributestotheformationofraincloudsthatmaytraveltoothercountriesinneedofrain.17.Whatcanwelearnaboutrainforestsfromthefirstparagraph?A.Theyproduceoxygen. B.Theycoveravastarea.C.Theyarewellmanaged. D.Theyarerichinwildlife.18.Whichofthefollowingcontributesmosttothesurvivalofrainforests?A.Heavyrains B.Bigtrees. C.Smallplants. D.Forestanimals.19.Whydotheleavesandbranchesofdifferenttreesavoidtouchingeachother?A.Formoresunlight. B.Formoregrowingspace.C.Forself-protection. D.Forthedetectionofinsects.20.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Life-GivingRainforests B.TheLawoftheJungleC.AnimalsintheAmazon D.WeatherinRainforests六、【2020新高考Ⅰ卷】

AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.

Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.

Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.

Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.

Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe"I'llhavewhatshe'shaving"effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?21.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.22.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"beanpoles"inParagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.23.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.24.Onwhatbasisdowe"adjusttheinfluence"accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.

答案以及解析一、1.答案：A解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第一段中的"Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)"可知,濕地喪失是水禽數(shù)量減少的原因之一,故A項正確。2.答案：C解析：理解詞匯。畫線詞所在句形成了副詞"Unfortunately"修飾整個句子的情況,因此,該句講到的內(nèi)容應該會偏消極一些。選項中acquire"獲得"、export"出口"、distribute"分配;散布"都是中性詞,只有"destroy"偏消極,代人驗證"不幸的是,探險者及隨之而來的殖民者只用了幾十年,就將這些資源中的大部分破壞",故畫線詞與C項的意義最為接近。3.答案：D解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第三段中的"About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFund...Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFund"可知,《候鳥狩獵印花稅法案》帶來的一個直接結果是政府籌到了錢,故D項正確。4.答案：A解析：理解文章主旨要義。閱讀文章內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講述了《候鳥狩獵印花稅法案》出臺的背景、鴨票的設計和用途以及鴨票的作用和影響,故A項正確。5.答案：B解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords."可知，現(xiàn)在，大多數(shù)生物多樣性的記錄通常以照片、視頻和其他的數(shù)字記錄形式存在。故選B。6.答案：C解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段"andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"和第三段"Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns."可知，Daru的研究集中于觀測數(shù)據(jù)。故選C。7.答案：C解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit"可知，不當?shù)牟蓸臃绞綍е聰?shù)據(jù)偏差。故選C。二、8.答案：D解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage."可知，Daru建議生物多樣性應用程序為公民科學家提供指導。故選D。9.答案：D解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第一段中的"Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirable...'peopleskills'."可知,許多人錯誤地把情商看作一個人身上幾乎所有的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),故D項正確。10.答案：B解析：理解目的。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知,作者在這一段首先陳述了一個觀點,即我們更喜歡將情商描述為一組既可用于好的目的,也可用于壞的目的的特定技能,然后作者通過醫(yī)生和騙子的例子來闡釋這個觀點,故B項正確。11.答案：A解析：理解觀點、態(tài)度。根據(jù)第三段中的"theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful...hashelpedboththepublicandresearchers...ineverydaylife"可知,作者對情商普及化的態(tài)度是支持的,故A項正確。favorable"肯定的,贊同的,支持的"。12.答案：B解析：理解段落主旨要義。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容,尤其是"wehope...studyofemotion.Itisourhopethat...pointusintherightdirection"可知,本段主要講述了作者對未來有關情商的研究的希望和期待,故B項正確。三、13.答案：B解析：理解具體信息。題干問的是在文章開頭作者描述的是什么現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)第一段中的"accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind"(城市居民越來越難以接觸大自然)以及"it’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild"(在一個城市里找到相對天然的地方是罕見的)可知,在城市里很難接觸大自然。故B項正確。A項(袖珍公園現(xiàn)在很普遍)和C項(許多城市都人口過剩)在原文中均未提及。D項(人們喜歡住得靠近自然)有一定的迷惑性,根據(jù)原文,雖然人們愿意接近自然,但居住在城市里,作者并未說他們喜歡居住在哪里,更未將人們愿意靠近自然居住當作一種現(xiàn)象來描述。14.答案：D解析：推斷。題干問的是研究人員將參與者提交的文件分類的原因。根據(jù)第四段第一句話"Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategories...begantoemerge"(在320份提交的材料中,一種被研究人員稱為"自然語言"的類別模式開始出現(xiàn))可知,研究人員這樣做是為了從訪客的總結材料中找出類別規(guī)律。故D項正確。15.答案：C解析：推斷。題干間的是我們從第五段所舉的例子中可以學到什么。根據(jù)第五段所舉的例子"theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfying...afountainontheirlunchbreak"可知,年輕的職業(yè)人士周末可以在公園徒步旅行,周內(nèi)可以沿著噴泉散步,用不同的形式去體驗自然,即同樣的與自然的互動體驗會有不同的表現(xiàn)形式。故C項正確。A項(散步是接近自然的最佳方式)和D項(自然語言會提高工作績效)原文未提及,B項(年輕人太忙無法與自然交流)與原文矛盾。16.答案：B解析：理解具體信息。題干問的是在我們與大自然互動之前,我們應該做些什么。根據(jù)最后一段Kahn的話"Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwith