工程心理學(xué)與人類行為課件

EngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance工程心理學(xué)與人類行為工程心理學(xué)與人類行為FeaturesInteresting趣Significant益Hard難2工程心理學(xué)與人類行為IntroductionofBi-languageCourseEnglishtextbookEnglishPPTChinese&Englishoralpresentation100basicEnglishglossaries3工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Introductionofthetextbook以人的認(rèn)知信息加工心理學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，系統(tǒng)闡述與工程技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的心理學(xué)問(wèn)題，理論性強(qiáng)、與技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)聯(lián)系密切;引用大量的工程心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，立論依據(jù)充足，科學(xué)性強(qiáng);內(nèi)容新穎，引用的文獻(xiàn)大多反映最近10年來(lái)美國(guó)工程心理學(xué)的研究成果。ChristopherD.Wickens，JustinG.Hollands出版社：PrenticeHall4工程心理學(xué)與人類行為ReferencebooksC.D.Wickens，J.G.Hollands著，朱主祥等譯.《工程心理學(xué)與人的作業(yè)》,華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2002[美]唐納德.A.諾曼著，梅瓊譯.《設(shè)計(jì)心理學(xué)》,中信出版社,2003方俐洛，于國(guó)豐，汪慧麗.《工程心理學(xué)》,團(tuán)結(jié)出版社,19895工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Chapter1IntroductiontoEngineeringPsychologyandHumanPerformance工程心理學(xué)與人類行為OverviewWhatispsychology?

Science,study,ofthemindanditsprocesses.HumanpsychologyAnimalpsychologyChildpsychologyEngineeringpsychology…Societypsychology7工程心理學(xué)與人類行為WhatisEngineeringPsychology?Reduceerror(減少錯(cuò)誤)Promoteproductivity(提高生產(chǎn)率)Increasesafetyandcomfort(增加安全性和舒適度)Abranchofpsychology,usingpsychologyinengineering.8工程心理學(xué)與人類行為EngineeringpsychologyWhen？

Where？

Why？

What？

How？20Century50sWorldWarIIUSA9工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Why?——3MotivationsPracticalneeds(實(shí)踐需要)“trainingthehumantofitthemachines”“designingthemachinestofitthehuman”InWorldWarII

AfterWorldWarII

!Aircraftaccidentswithwell-trainedoperators（Table1）Psychologistsanalyzedtheoperator-machineinterface10工程心理學(xué)與人類行為11工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Why?——3MotivationsTechnologyevolutionarytrends(科技進(jìn)步)

Morerapid,morecomplex,moreandmoreinterrelatedelements,forcingthedesignertoconsiderthedistributionoftasksbetweenhumanandmachines.12工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Why?——3MotivationsInformationtheoryandcybernetics(信息論和控制論)InformationtheoryCybernetics(控制論)Stimulus-responselanguageofbehaviorpsychologyTerms:feedback,channelcapacitybandwidth…Sametermsasmechanical,electronic,informationsystem,helpintegratehumansandmachinesinsystemdesignandanalysis.WorldWarⅡ13工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Applicationfield14工程心理學(xué)與人類行為What?——Researchscope

Information-processingcapacitiesofthehumanbrain.(人腦的信息加工過(guò)程)“工程心理學(xué)的目的不是簡(jiǎn)單的比較一件設(shè)備的兩種可能的設(shè)計(jì)（這是人類因素學(xué)的任務(wù)），而是要說(shuō)明人的能力以及限度（產(chǎn)生實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)），并可以根據(jù)這種能力限度直接推斷并選擇出一種較好的設(shè)計(jì)”。

——Poulton，1966！注意與人因工程學(xué)的研究范疇區(qū)分開是否涉及人腦的信息加工過(guò)程。15工程心理學(xué)與人類行為IntroductionoftheteachingcontentChapter1Introduction(工程心理學(xué)介紹)Chapter4SpatialDisplay(空間顯示)Chapter5NavigationandInteractioninRealandVirtualEnvironment(現(xiàn)實(shí)與虛擬環(huán)境中的導(dǎo)航與交互)Chapter6LanguageandCommunication(語(yǔ)言與通訊)Chapter9SelectionofAction(行動(dòng)的選擇)Chapter12StressandHumanerror(應(yīng)激和人為差錯(cuò))Totally40hours16工程心理學(xué)與人類行為17工程心理學(xué)與人類行為18工程心理學(xué)與人類行為19工程心理學(xué)與人類行為20工程心理學(xué)與人類行為How？——ResearchMethodsFieldStudies現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究Accident/IncidentReports事故/事件報(bào)告Surveys調(diào)查TaskSimulation任務(wù)模擬LaboratoryExperiments實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究Literature(researchandhandbooks)文獻(xiàn)Models(humansimulations)模型21工程心理學(xué)與人類行為FieldStudiesFeature:evaluationsofrealusersemployingthesysteminquestion“inthefield”.Forms:videotapes,userreportseg:ATMvideotapes22工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Accident/IncidentReports——focusonthecauseofeventswhenthingswentwrong.limitationsWithoutcontrol:difficulttodeterminethespecificcauseofbehavior

Numberofaccidentissmall:hardtodrawstatisticallyvalidconclusionsfromsmallsampleseg:aviationindustry(blackbox)23工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Surveys——revealuser’sattitudestowardsthestrengthsandweaknessofaparticularsystem.limitationsThesampleofusermaybesmallorbiased.Whatpeoplelikemaynotalwayscorrespondwithwhatsupportsthebestperformance.eg:colordisplay24工程心理學(xué)與人類行為TaskSimulation——capturemuchofthecomplexityinreal-world——offercontrolovertheeventsandcircumstancesinwhichperformanceisobserved.eg:drivingsimulator,virtualenvironment25工程心理學(xué)與人類行為L(zhǎng)aboratoryExperiments——identifyandmanipulatevariablesthatareexpectedtoinfluenceperformancewiththesysteminquestion,whilecontrollingothervariables.Advantages:suchexperimentscangenerateacrossawiderangeofdesignapplications.Limitations:theconditionsinthelabishighlycontrolled,maynotreal.26工程心理學(xué)與人類行為L(zhǎng)iterature(researchandhandbooks)——not“rawdata”,beencollectedbyothersandcompliedinliteratureorindesignprinciplesandstandards.Note:thecontextoftheprincipleorstandardisappropriateforthecontextofthecurrentproduct.27工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Models(humansimulations)——aspecial

caseofdataprovidedbyliteratureandhandbooks.DesignparametersperformanceModelMathematicalequationsComputersimulationsinputoutputQuestion:comparethe7differentresearchmethods—cost,easeofproductchange,easeofcontrol,designrelevanceofconclusions?28工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Comparisonofdifferentresearchmethodologies29工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Howtostudythiscourse?It’snot

yourfault.(不是你的錯(cuò))

當(dāng)你在使用某物品遇到麻煩時(shí)，那不是你的錯(cuò)，而是設(shè)計(jì)出了問(wèn)題。

——摘自《設(shè)計(jì)心理學(xué)》2003

Observecarefully.(仔細(xì)觀察)

改變認(rèn)識(shí)世界的方法，開始敏銳的觀察周圍的人和物，以及這兩者之間的聯(lián)系。30工程心理學(xué)與人類行為PerformanceMeasurement績(jī)效測(cè)量4categoriesofrawdataMeasuresofSpeedortime(emergencyshutdownswitch)Workloadorcapacitydemands(vehicleGPS)Accuracyorerror(diagnosisdevice)Preference(consumerproducts)2sortsofderivedmeasuresEvaluatemeasures,orthefigureofmerit(評(píng)價(jià)測(cè)量或價(jià)值圖)——haveacleardefined“good”or“bad”Strategicmeasures(全局測(cè)量)[accuracy+responsetime][accuracy-responserate]Highvaluesforslowbutaccuracyperformance31工程心理學(xué)與人類行為人類信息處理階段的詞匯定義Attentionresources注意力資源LongtermMemory長(zhǎng)期記憶Workingmemory工作記憶Sensory感覺Perception知覺、感知Cognition認(rèn)知Short-termsensorystore(STSS)短時(shí)感覺貯存ResponseSelection反應(yīng)選擇ResponseExecution反應(yīng)執(zhí)行32工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Fig1.1AmodelofHumaninformationprocessingstages33工程心理學(xué)與人類行為SensoryProcessing感覺加工visualreceptors(eyes)視覺接收器(眼)auditoryreceptors(ears)聽覺接收器(耳)STSS:0.5sSTSS:2-4sShort-termsensorystore(STSS)短時(shí)感覺貯存:

Atemporarymechanismforprolonging(延長(zhǎng))therepresentationoftherawstimulusevidencefordurationsasshortasaround0.5second(visualSTSS),to2-4seconds(auditorySTSS).對(duì)持續(xù)時(shí)間半秒至2-4秒的原始刺激表征的暫時(shí)機(jī)制。Egs:

cartoonsandaninterestingexperimentseehear34工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Perception知覺、感知Decodethemeaningoftherawsensorydatarelayedtothebrain.粗糙的感覺材料傳入腦中(或貯存在感覺中)必須通過(guò)知覺階段加以解釋或賦予意義。Proceeds

automaticallyandrapidly,requiringlittleattention

Bedrivenbothbysensoryinput(bottom-upprocessing)byinputsfromlong-termmemory(experience)(top-downprocessing)2importantfeatures例：原始刺激解碼警鈴(聽覺)存在危險(xiǎn)閃爍的信號(hào)燈(視覺)存在故障35工程心理學(xué)與人類行為Bottom-upProcessingTop-downProcessingSensorydataor“l(fā)ower”channelsofneuralinformation(感覺或較低級(jí)神經(jīng)信息通道)

Long-termmemoryPastexperience(經(jīng)驗(yàn)、長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶)Danger！Danger！PerceptionPerceptionharmoniousHighsensoryqualityUnfamiliarcircumferencePoorsensoryqualityEg:thecabdriver自下而上自上而下36工程心理學(xué)與人類行為CognitionandMemory認(rèn)知和記憶Perception:“存在故障”Cognition:“哪個(gè)部位出了故障”Q:What’sthedistinctionbetweenperceptionandcognition?A:Cognitionrequiremoretime,mentaleffort,orattention.Q:Why?CognitiveOperationsrehearsal(復(fù)述)reasoningImaging…Using

workingmemoryWorkingmemory:avulnerable(易損的，脆弱的),temporary(暫時(shí)的)storeofactivatedinformation.Note:Sometimesrehearsalinworkingmemorymayleadtolong-termmemory,whichislessvulnerable,morepermanent(永久的).37工程心理學(xué)與人類行為ResponseSelectionandExecutionCognitionPerceptionResponseSelectionResponseExecutionResponseSelection

ResponseExecutionRequiringthecoordinationofthemusclesforcontrolledmotion,toassurethechosengoaliscorrectlyobtained為了控制運(yùn)動(dòng)要對(duì)肌肉進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)，以保證正確的獲得選定的目標(biāo).

Justinbrain.

Eg:correctresponseselectionPoorexecutionLosecontrol38工程心理學(xué)與人類行為FeedbackEmphasizethatthe“flow”ofinformationcanbeinitiatedatanypoint.eg:aperceivedenvironmenteventacognitivemotivationEmphasizethatthe“flow”ofinformationiscontinuous,“actioncausesperception”or“perceptioncausesaction”

turnontheradio39工程心理學(xué)與人類行為AttentionAsupplyoflimitedmentalresources.Selectiveattention:manymentaloperationsarenotcarriedautomaticallybutrequiretheselectiveapplicationoftheselimitedresources.Dividingattention:when

therearesomanytaskstoperform,astrategym