土木工程專業(yè)英語 試卷及答案 共3套

土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷一（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應(yīng)譜5.抗火性6.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.有限元分析12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預(yù)制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)15.橋梁工程PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.root-mean-square11.outriggertrusses12.vibrationcontrol13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.nuclearplantPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Loadeffectsonindividualstructuralmembersshallbedeterminedbymethodsofstructuralanalysisthattakeintoaccountequilibrium,generalstability,geometriccompatibility,andbothshort-andlong-termmaterialproperties.Allstructuralmembersandsystems,andallcomponentsinastructure,shallbedesignedtoresistforcesduetoearthquakeandwind,withconsiderationofoverturning,sliding,anduplift,andcontinuousloadpathsshallbeprovidedfortransmittingtheseforcestothefoundation.Constructionjointsshouldbelocatedwheretheywillcausetheleastweaknessinthestructure.Whenshearduetogravityloadisnotsignificant,asisusuallythecaseinthemiddleofthespanofflexuralmembers,asimpleverticaljointmaybeadequate.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Additionalwater,overandabovethatneedforthischemicalreaction,isnecessarytogivethemixturetheworkabilitythatenablesittofilltheformsandsurroundtheembeddedreinforcingsteelpriortohardening.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.通過適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整混凝土組成材料的比例，可以得到各種不同特性的混凝土。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設(shè)計的目標(biāo)是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物?？拐鹪O(shè)計的目的是合理設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)，以使其可以承受由于地面運動引起的位移和力。開展鋼筋混凝土或預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析是為了定量確定該結(jié)構(gòu)在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應(yīng)力。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)通常，高強混凝土通常有更高的彈性模量。這意味著施加預(yù)應(yīng)力下初始彈性應(yīng)變減小，并且徐變應(yīng)變減小，而徐變應(yīng)變是與彈性應(yīng)變近似成比例的。這就使得預(yù)應(yīng)力損失減小。結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部，剛度較大的構(gòu)件往往會承擔(dān)較大部分的荷載。當(dāng)框架與剪力墻結(jié)合時，會對減小結(jié)構(gòu)位移并減少結(jié)構(gòu)和非結(jié)構(gòu)損壞產(chǎn)生積極影響。然而，當(dāng)剛度較大的構(gòu)件，如砌體填充墻，沒有被考慮在設(shè)計中時，常常會出現(xiàn)意料之外的不好的結(jié)果。PrestressconcretestructureDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumFireresistanceEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionFiniteelementanalysisPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureBridgeengineering斜拉橋擋土墻動力非線性時程分析抗震設(shè)計彈性模量少筋梁連續(xù)性倒塌耐候性虛功原理均方根伸臂桁架振動控制各向同性材料結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼核電廠1.分析單個構(gòu)件上的荷載效應(yīng)時，應(yīng)考慮平衡、整體穩(wěn)定、幾何協(xié)調(diào)以及短期和長期材料性能2.所有的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件和體系以及結(jié)構(gòu)的所有組件應(yīng)設(shè)計抵御地震和風(fēng)荷載，并考慮傾覆、滑移和上拔，且應(yīng)用連續(xù)的荷載傳遞路徑實現(xiàn)荷載傳遞至基礎(chǔ)。3.施工縫應(yīng)設(shè)置在對結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生最小弱化影響的位置。當(dāng)自重引起的剪力不顯著時，通常在受彎構(gòu)件的跨中位置，簡單的垂直接縫應(yīng)該是足夠的。4.在頻域方法，假設(shè)荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡諧成分5.額外的水，即超過化學(xué)反應(yīng)所需的水，對于拌合物的和易性是非常必要的，這樣使得拌合物可填滿模板并且在硬化之前圍繞在預(yù)埋的鋼筋周圍。1.Concreteswithawiderangeofpropertiescanbeobtainedbyappropriateadjustmentoftheproportionsoftheconstituentmaterials.2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Thepurposeofseismicdesignistoproportionstructuressothattheycanwithstandthedisplacementsandtheforcesinducedbythegroundmotion.4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.中國上海金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)體系復(fù)雜，依據(jù)抗臺風(fēng)、抗震、適應(yīng)差的地質(zhì)條件來設(shè)計，同時有一個非常細長的塔供辦公和旅館使用。金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)部分在1997年8月完成，預(yù)計1998年8月投入使用。它是中國最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部結(jié)構(gòu)橫向受力體系是由鋼筋混凝土剪力墻核心筒和巨型復(fù)合柱通過三個兩層高的復(fù)合懸臂桁架連接而組成的。豎向荷載由建造于型鋼巨柱、核心筒以及組合巨柱的組合樓板抵抗?；A(chǔ)形式是鋼管樁筏基礎(chǔ)，地下連續(xù)墻作為場地周圍基礎(chǔ)的一部分，有暫時和長久的承載作用。對預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土至少有3種觀點：（a）作為一種控制混凝土應(yīng)力的方法，通過預(yù)壓混凝土來減小或者消除一般外加荷載產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力，（b）作為一種在混凝土構(gòu)件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生等效荷載的方法，從而外加荷載的作用得以控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，以及（c）作為一種鋼筋混凝土的特殊變形體，在其中配合使用預(yù)張拉的高強鋼筋和高強混凝土。每一種觀點都在預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計和分析中有用。近年來，結(jié)構(gòu)控制裝置的研發(fā)引起了大量的重視，其中格外重視減輕房屋和橋梁在風(fēng)荷載和地震荷載下的反應(yīng)。在這兩個領(lǐng)域，人們努力將結(jié)構(gòu)控制概念發(fā)展為一個可施行的技術(shù)，并且今天我們已經(jīng)有這樣的裝置安裝在許多結(jié)構(gòu)上。這篇文獻綜述的關(guān)注點在被動和主動結(jié)構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。主動系統(tǒng)，包括主動，混合和半主動系統(tǒng)，運用可控荷載裝置與傳感器組合在一起，控制器和信息處理系統(tǒng)。這篇文章包括了對于它們發(fā)展的歷史概述，對于這一激動人心又仍在不斷發(fā)展的技術(shù)的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀以及應(yīng)用狀況的評估。同樣也包含了對于它們在土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計和改進方面優(yōu)點和不足的討論。Ordinarily,concreteofsubstantiallyhighercompressivestrengthisusedforprestressedstructuresthanforthoseconstructedofordinaryreinforcedconcrete.High-strengthconcretenormallyhasahighermodulusofelasticity.Thismeansareductionininitialelasticstrainunderapplicationofprestressforceandareductionincreepstrain,whichisapproximatelyproportionaltoelasticstrain.Thisresultsinareductioninlossofprestress.Withinastructure,stiffermemberstendtopickupagreaterportionoftheload.Whenaframeiscombinedwithashearwall,thiscanhavethepositiveeffectofreducingthedisplacementsofthestructureanddecreasingbothstructuralandnon-structuraldamage.However,whentheeffectsofhigherstiffnessmembers,suchasmasonryinfillwalls,arenotconsideredinthedesign,unexpectedandoftenundesirableresultscanoccur.土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷二（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.項目經(jīng)理2.銷栓作用3.均布荷載4.反應(yīng)譜5.箱形基礎(chǔ)6.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力7.和易性8.地震力9.傳感器10.數(shù)據(jù)采集11.立方體抗壓強度12.塑性鉸13.單向板14.預(yù)制混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)15.添加劑PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.cablestayedbridge2.retainingwall3.dynamicnonlineartimehistoryanalysis4.seismicdesign5.modulusofelasticity6.underreinforcedbeam7.progressivecollapse8.weatherresistance9.principleofvirtualwork10.vibrationcontrol11.outriggertrusses12.tsunami13.homogeneousmaterial14.structuraldamping15.slurrywallPart2.SentenceTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Forearthquake-typeexcitations,theresponsereductionislargeforresonantgroundmotionsanddiminishesasthedominantfrequencyofthegroundmotiongetsfurtherawayfromthestructure’snaturalfrequencytowhichtheTMDistuned.Thedevelopmentinperformance-baseddesigninseismicengineeringwillbedirectedtowardsthedefinitionofperformanceobjectives,ageneraldesignmethodology,issuesofgroundmotionmodeling,anddemandandcapacityevaluations.Thetallerastructure,themoresusceptibleitistotheeffectsofhighermodesofvibration,whicharegenerallyadditivetotheeffectsofthelowermodesandtendtohavethegreatestinfluenceontheupperstories.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Therelativelylowdesignforcesarejustifiedbytheobservationsthatbuildingsdesignedforlowforceshavebehavedsatisfactorilyandthosestructuresdissipatesignificantenergyasthematerialsyieldandbehaveinelastically.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力通常比同心預(yù)應(yīng)力更有效。很多年來，北美地區(qū)抗震設(shè)計的目標(biāo)是建造中震下不壞、大震下不倒的建筑物。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。開展鋼筋混凝土或預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析是為了定量確定該結(jié)構(gòu)在生命周期內(nèi)的某一時刻可能經(jīng)受的最大應(yīng)力。作用在一個結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載在設(shè)計時應(yīng)該考慮將其布置在最大效應(yīng)處，必要時應(yīng)考慮包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情況。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedforofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld.ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistlateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columnsthroughcompositeoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.2.Thereareatleastthreewaystolookattheprestressingofconcrete:(a)asamethodofachievingconcretestresscontrol,bywhichtheconcreteisprecompressedsothattensionnormallyresultingfromtheappliedloadsisreducedoreliminated,(b)asameansforintroducingequivalentloadsontheconcretemembersothattheeffectsoftheappliedloadsarecounteractedtothedesireddegree,and(c)asaspecialvariationofreinforcedconcreteinwhichprestrainedhigh-strengthsteelisused,usuallyinconjunctionwithhigh-strengthconcrete.Eachoftheseviewpointsisusefulintheanalysisanddesignofprestressedconcretestructures.3.Inrecentyears,considerableattentionhasbeenpaidtoresearchanddevelopmentofstructuralcontroldevices,withparticularemphasisonalleviationofwindandseismicresponseofbuildingsandbridges.Inbothareas,seriouseffortshavebeenundertakentodevelopthestructuralcontrolconceptintoaworkabletechnology,andtodaywehavemanysuchdevicesinstalledinawidevarietyofstructures.Thefocusofthisstate-of-the-artpaperisonpassiveandactivestructuralcontrolsystems.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength.Activesystems,whichincludeactive,hybridandsemi-activesystems,employcontrollableforcedevicesintegratedwithsensors,controllersandreal-timeinformationprocessing.Thispaperincludesabriefhistoricaloutlineoftheirdevelopmentandanassessmentofthestate-of-the-artandstate-of-the-practiceofthisexciting,andstillevolving,technology.Alsoincludedinthediscussionaretheiradvantagesandlimitationsinthecontextofseismicdesignandretrofitofcivilengineeringstructures.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)大部分組成材料，除了水泥和添加劑，通常都可在當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚓徒氖┕龅匾院艿土膬r格獲得。像天然的石頭一樣，它的抗壓性能很高，所以適合于制造主要承受壓力的構(gòu)件，如柱和拱。另一方面，又因為它像天然的石頭，因此它是相對較脆的材料，其抗拉強度低于抗壓強度。對于結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，地震烈度通常用地面加速度峰值來描述，即部分的重力加速度，如0.lg,0.2g，或0.3g。雖然加速度峰值是一個重要的設(shè)計參數(shù)，但是頻率特性和地震的持續(xù)時間也是很重要的，地震運動的頻率與結(jié)構(gòu)的固有頻率越接近、地震持續(xù)時間越長，則損壞的可能性就越大。ProjectmanagerDowelactionDistributedloadResponsespectrumBoxfoundationEccentricprestressWorkabilitySeismicforceSensorDataacquisitionCubiccompressivestrengthPlastichingeOne-wayslabFabricatedconcretestructureadditive斜拉橋擋土墻動力非線性時程分析抗震設(shè)計彈性模量少筋梁連續(xù)性倒塌耐候性虛功原理振動控制伸臂桁架海嘯各向同性材料結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼地下連續(xù)墻1.對于地震類型的激勵，當(dāng)共振時反應(yīng)的削弱程度是最大的，并且隨著地面運動的控制頻率遠離結(jié)構(gòu)的自振頻率（TMD調(diào)諧的頻率），反應(yīng)的削弱程度降低。2.在地震工程領(lǐng)域基于性能的設(shè)計的進步主要得方向是性能目標(biāo)的定義，普遍設(shè)計的方法，地面運動的模擬，需求和能力估計。3.結(jié)構(gòu)越高，它越容易受高階振動模態(tài)的影響，而高階模態(tài)通常是低階模態(tài)的附加效應(yīng)，并且通常對于上部樓層有著最大的影響。4.在頻域方法，假設(shè)荷載是周期的，并且通過傅里葉變換分解成離散的簡諧成分5.相對較低的設(shè)計荷載是可以接受的，如果觀察到在較低的荷設(shè)計載下結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)比較令人滿意，并且結(jié)構(gòu)可以隨著材料屈服和發(fā)生非線性從而消耗大量的能量1.Eccentricprestressisusuallymuchmoreefficientthanconcentricprestress2.Formanyyears,thegoalofearthquakedesigninNorthAmericahasbeentoconstructbuildingsthatwillwithstandmoderateearthquakeswithoutdamageandsevereearthquakeswithoutcollapse.3.Passivesystemsencompassarangeofmaterialsanddevicesforenhancingstructuraldamping,stiffnessandstrength4.Thestructuralanalysisofareinforcedorprestressedconcretestructureisundertakentoquantifytheorderofthemaximumforcesorstressesthatthestructuremightbeexpectedtoexperienceatsometimeinitslife.5.Liveloadwhenappliedtoastructureshouldbepositionedtogivethemaximumeffect,includingpartialloading,alternatespanloading,orfullspanloadingasmaybenecessary.中國上海金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)體系復(fù)雜，依據(jù)抗臺風(fēng)、抗震、適應(yīng)差的地質(zhì)條件來設(shè)計，同時有一個非常細長的塔供辦公和旅館使用。金茂大廈結(jié)構(gòu)部分在1997年8月完成，預(yù)計1998年8月投入使用。它是中國最高的建筑，世界第三。塔的上部結(jié)構(gòu)橫向受力體系是由鋼筋混凝土剪力墻核心筒和巨型復(fù)合柱通過三個兩層高的復(fù)合懸臂桁架連接而組成的。豎向荷載由建造于型鋼巨柱、核心筒以及組合巨柱的組合樓板抵抗?；A(chǔ)形式是鋼管樁筏基礎(chǔ)，地下連續(xù)墻作為場地周圍基礎(chǔ)的一部分，有暫時和長久的承載作用。對預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土至少有3種觀點：（a）作為一種控制混凝土應(yīng)力的方法，通過預(yù)壓混凝土來減小或者消除一般外加荷載產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力，（b）作為一種在混凝土構(gòu)件內(nèi)產(chǎn)生等效荷載的方法，從而外加荷載的作用得以控制在可以接受的范圍內(nèi)，以及（c）作為一種鋼筋混凝土的特殊變形體，在其中配合使用預(yù)張拉的高強鋼筋和高強混凝土。每一種觀點都在預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計和分析中有用。近年來，結(jié)構(gòu)控制裝置的研發(fā)引起了大量的重視，其中格外重視減輕房屋和橋梁在風(fēng)荷載和地震荷載下的反應(yīng)。在這兩個領(lǐng)域，人們努力將結(jié)構(gòu)控制概念發(fā)展為一個可施行的技術(shù)，并且今天我們已經(jīng)有這樣的裝置安裝在許多結(jié)構(gòu)上。這篇文獻綜述的關(guān)注點在被動和主動結(jié)構(gòu)控制系統(tǒng)。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。主動系統(tǒng)，包括主動，混合和半主動系統(tǒng)，運用可控荷載裝置與傳感器組合在一起，控制器和信息處理系統(tǒng)。這篇文章包括了對于它們發(fā)展的歷史概述，對于這一激動人心又仍在不斷發(fā)展的技術(shù)的國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀以及應(yīng)用狀況的評估。同樣也包含了對于它們在土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計和改進方面優(yōu)點和不足的討論。Mostoftheconstituentmaterials,withtheexceptionofcementandadditives,areusuallyavailableatlowcostlocallyoratsmalldistancesfromtheconstructionsite.Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Ontheotherhand,againasinnaturalstones,itisarelativelybrittlematerialwhosetensilestrengthissmallcomparedwithitscompressivestrengthForstructuraldesign,theintensityofanearthquakeisusuallydescribedintermsofthepeakgroundaccelerationasafractionoftheaccelerationofgravity,i.e.,0.lg,0.2g，or0.3g.Althoughpeakaccelerationisanimportantdesignparameter,thefrequencycharacteristicsanddurationofanearthquakearealsoimportant;thecloserthefrequencyoftheearthquakemotionistothenaturalfrequencyofastructureandthelongerthedurationoftheearthquake,thegreaterthepotentialfordamage.土木工程專業(yè)英語模擬考卷三（考試時間：90分鐘）Part1.VocabularyPleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoEnglish（15X1’）1.預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)2.承載力3.型鋼4.有限元分析5.集中荷載6.傳感器7.剪力墻8.信號處理9.曲率10.隨機變量11.自重12.彎矩圖13.相對位移14.優(yōu)化方法15.簡諧運動PleasetranslatethefollowingtechnicaltermsintoChinese（15X1’）1.vibrationcontrol2.steamcuring3.structuraldamping4.modulusofelasticity5.momentofinertia6.moderateearthquake7.interstorydrift8.constantmoment9.well-designed10.strengthorsafetymargin11.jacks12.unitstrain13.internalforces14.neutralposition15.sustainedloadsPart2.TranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(5X3’)Itscompressivestrength,likethatofnaturalstones,ishigh,whichmakesitsuitableformembersprimarilysubjecttocompression,suchascolumnsandarches.Inthefrequency-domainmethod,itisassumedthattheloadingisperiodicandhasbeenresolvedintoitsdiscreteharmoniccomponentsbyFouriertransformation.Itmaybeevidentthatforanyarrangementofappliedloads,atendonprofilecanbeselectedsothattheequivalentloadsactingonthebeamfromthetendonarejustequalandoppositetotheappliedloads.Thestructuralframeworkdesignistheselectionofarrangementandsizesofstructuralelementssothatserviceloadsmaybesafelycarried,anddisplacementsarewithinacceptablelimits.Thetermimpactasordinarilyusedinstructuraldesignreferstothedynamiceffectofasuddenlyappliedload.PleasetranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(5X3’)1.偏心預(yù)應(yīng)力通常比同心預(yù)應(yīng)力更有效。因為結(jié)構(gòu)生命周期里可能出現(xiàn)的最大荷載不確定，因此它可以被考慮為一個隨機變量。設(shè)計一個給定的橋梁中，要么是將一個卡車的荷載加到整個結(jié)構(gòu)上，要么是將車道荷載施加到結(jié)構(gòu)上。作用在一個結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載在設(shè)計時應(yīng)該考慮將其布置在最大效應(yīng)處，必要時應(yīng)考慮包括部分布置，隔跨布置或者全跨布置的情況。被動系統(tǒng)包括許多可以增強結(jié)構(gòu)阻尼、剛度、強度的材料和裝置。Part3.ParagraphTranslationPleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(3X8’)1.Liveloadsconsistchieflyofoccupancyloadsinbuildingsandtrafficloadsonbridges.Theymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyinplaceornotpresentatall,andmayalsochangeinlocation.Theirmagnitudeanddistributionatanygiventimeareuncertain,andeventheirmaximumintensitiesthroughoutthelifetimeofthestructurearenotknownwithprecision.Theminimumliveloadsforwhichthefloorsandroofofabuildingshouldbedesignedareusuallyspecifiedinthebuildingcodethatgovernsatthesiteofconstruction.2.Structuraldesignmaybedefinedasamixtureofartandscience,combiningtheexperiencedengineer’sintuitivefeelingforthebehaviorofastructurewithasoundknowledgeoftheprinciplesofstatics,dynamics,mechanicsofmaterials,andstructuralanalysis,toproduceasafeeconomicalstructurethatwillserveitsintendedpurpose.3.Deadloadisafixed-positiongravityserviceload,socalledbecauseitactscontinuouslytowardtheearthwhenthestructureisinservice.Theweightofthestructureisconsidereddeadload,aswellasattachmentstothestructuresuchaspipes,electricalconduit,air-conditioningandheatingducts,lightingfixtures,floorcovering,roofcovering,andsuspendedceilings;thatis,allitemsthatremainthroughoutthelifeofthestructure.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish(2X8’)高強度混凝土通常具有較高的彈性模量。這意味著在施加預(yù)應(yīng)力時初始彈性應(yīng)變的減小，以及蠕變應(yīng)變的減小，其大致與彈性應(yīng)變成比例。這導(dǎo)致預(yù)應(yīng)力損失的減少。2.通常，高強混凝土通常有更高的彈性模量。這意味著施加預(yù)應(yīng)力下初始彈性應(yīng)變減小，并且徐變應(yīng)變減小，而徐變應(yīng)變是與彈性應(yīng)變近似成比例的。這就使得預(yù)應(yīng)力損失減小。PrestressedconcretestructureCarrying/BearingcapacityStructu