2024年繪制綠色和數(shù)字能源工作圖-在線招聘的趨勢和見解報告（英文版）-IEA國際能源署

MappingGreenandDigitalEnergyJobs

Trendsandinsightsfromonlinejobposting

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INTERNATIONALENERGY

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MappingGreenandDigitalEnergyJobsAbstract

Trendsandinsightsfromonlinejobpostings

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Abstract

Theglobalenergysectorhasexperiencedsignificantchangesinrecentyears,drivenbythedualforcesoftheclimateemergencyandtheacceleratingenergytransition.Astheworldshiftstowardscleanertechnologiesandrenewablesources,thedemandforspecialisedworkforcesinenergyefficiencyandcleanenergytechnologiessuchassolar,wind,batteriesandelectricvehicles,andheatpumpshassurged.Digitalisation–akeydriveroftheenergytransition–hasalsocreatedademandforaskilleddigitalworkforcecapableofmodernisingexistinginfrastructureanddevelopinginnovativetoolsforacleaner,moreefficientenergyfuture.Thisreportdelvesintotheevolutionofonlinejobpostingsinthesefields,analysingtrendsinthenumberofjobsadvertisedonline,advertisedsalaries,hiringindustriesandrequiredskills,usingdatafromthecomprehensiveLightcastdataset.Byexploringthisdataset,thereportuncovershowworkforcedemandshaveadaptedtotheenergytransition,reflectingbothtechnologicaladvancementsandpolicyshiftsaimedatdecarbonisingtheglobaleconomy.Thisanalysisnotonlyhighlightsthegrowingopportunitiesincleanenergyjobsbutalsodemonstratestherichpotentialforfurtherexplorationofadvertisedvacanciestrendsinthesector.Thisreportultimatelyunderscoresthedataset’sutilityinanalysingevolvingworkforcedynamicsandsupportsbroaderdiscussionsabouttheroleofcleanenergyjobsinthetransitiontoasustainablefuture.

MappingGreenandDigitalEnergyJobsAcknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

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Acknowledgements,contributorsandcredits

ThisreportwaspreparedbytheDataDevelopmentandSupportUnit(DDS)intheEnergyDataCentre(EDC)oftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).AlessiaScozEDC/DDSco-ordinatedthevariousanalysesandproductionofthereport.SheandArthurBiamouretEDC/DDSarethemainauthors.

AloysNghiem,HeadoftheEDC/DDSteam,providedthestrategicdirection,andguidanceonthestructureanddevelopmentofthereport.ValuablecommentswereprovidedbyNickJohnstone,ChiefStatisticianandHeadoftheEDC.

Keycontributorsfromacrosstheagencywerethefourco-leadsofthedigitaljobssection,AloysNghiem,MarcCasanovasSimo,SilviaLaera,SachaLachmann;andthetwoco-leadsofthesubsectionongeographicaldistribution,DarlainEdeme,andEthanBurkley.

ThankstotheTechnologyInnovationUnitintheEnergyTechnologyPolicyDivision,andinparticulartoElizabethConnelly,MathildeHuismansandTeoLombardo,whoprovideddataonbatteryandelectricvehicleproduction,aswellasChiaraDelmastroandRafaelMartínezGordón,whoshareddataonheatpumpsales,AlexandreBizeulfromEDC/DET,whoprovidedthepurchasingpowerparityconversionrates,andLauraMaríMartínezfromtheRenewableEnergyDivision,whoprovidedrenewablecapacitydata.

ThanksalsogoNestorAbrahamandIvoLetrafromtheInformationSystemsUnitforsettingupthedatainfrastructurethatallowedthisanalysis.FabioMancafromtheDirectorateforEmployment,LabourandSocialAffairs,OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),hasbeenthemainpointofcontactwithLightcastandprovidedvaluablesuggestionstohelpaccessandunderstandthisdata.

ThankstoAstridDumondandLivGauntfromtheCommunicationsandDigitalOffice(CDO)fortheeditorialprocess,IsabelleNonain-Semelinfortheproduction,aswellastoErinCrumforeditingthefinaldraftofthereport.

Valuablecomments,feedbackandguidancewereprovidedbyotherseniormanagementandnumerousothercolleagueswithintheIEA,inparticular(inalphabeticalorder)MarcCasanovasSimo,JaneCohen,ElizabethConnelly,ChiaraDelmastro,JulietteDenis-Senez,ZuzanaDobrotkova,Mathilde

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Huismans,NickJohnstone,TeoLombardo,RafaelMartínezGordón,MichaelMcGovern,AloysNghiemandBrendanReidenbach.

ThanksaswelltoMauroPelucchifromLightcast,whoprovidedvaluablecomments.

ThisreportwasproducedwiththefinancialassistanceoftheEuropeanUnionaspartofitsfundingoftheCleanEnergyTransitionsinEmergingEconomiesprogramme(CETEE-2)withintheIEA’sCleanEnergyTransitionsProgramme.ThisreportreflectstheviewsoftheInternationalEnergyAgencySecretariatbutdoesnotnecessarilyreflectthoseofindividualIEAMembercountriesortheEuropeanUnion.TheIEAmakesnorepresentationorwarranty,expressorimplied,inrespecttothereport’scontents(includingitscompletenessoraccuracy)andshallnotberesponsibleforanyuseof,orrelianceon,thereport.

Ifyouhaveanycommentsorquestions,pleasecontact:

Alessia.SCOZ@

MappingGreenandDigitalEnergyJobsTableofcontents

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary 7

Understandingonlinejobpostings 10

Lightcastdataset 10

Advantagesandlimitationsofthedata 11

Filteringprocess 12

Onlinejobpostingsrelatedtotheenergytransition 13

Solaronlinejobpostings 13

Windonlinejobpostings 25

Heatpumponlinejobpostings 33

Batteryandelectricvehicleonlinejobpostings 42

Energyefficiencyonlinejobpostings 53

Onlinejobdemandcomparisonacrosskeyenergysectors 61

Digitaljobsandskillsintheenergysector 73

Digitaljobsinpowerutilities 73

Cybersecurityjobsinpowerutilities 77

Smartgridonlinejobpostings 83

Digitalskillsinonlinejobpostingsrelatedtotheenergytransition 87

Methodologyannex 91

Datacoverage 91

Filteringprocess 92

Industryclassification 98

Occupationclassification 112

Geographicaldistributionofwindandsolarjobs 125

Listofacronymsandabbreviations 128

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Executivesummary

Inthecontextoftheongoingclimatechange,governmentsandprivatecompaniesareimplementingeffortstowardsthenecessaryenergytransition.Thishasresultedinagrowingfocusoncleanenergy,energyefficiencyandothersustainabilityinitiatives.Consequently,cleanenergysectorsareexperiencingasurgeindemandforskilledworkers,asemphasisedinthe

WorldEnergy

Employment2024

report.Thetransitiontoalow-carboneconomyiscreatingnumerousjobopportunities.

Thisreportfocusesononlinejobpostings(OJPs)andprovidesanalysisoftrendsofvacanciespostedonlineinvariouscountries,sectorsoroccupationalcategories.Examiningonlinejobpostingstounderstandlabourmarkettrendshastheadvantageofprovidingvaluablereal-timedataanddetailedinsightsandcanbeusedasaproxyforlabourdemand,thoughitisimportanttoconsidertheirlimitations,suchaspotentialbiasesinrepresentationandcoverage.Theanalysisistwofold:afirstchapterisdedicatedtoinvestigatingjobtrendsonenergyefficiencyandsomekeytechnologiesrelatedtothecleanenergytransition,suchassolar,wind,heatpumps,andbatteriesandelectricvehicles(EVs).Asecondchapterisfocusedondigitaljobsandskillsintheenergysector.

From2021to2023,theshareofonlinejobpostingsinthecleanenergytechnologiesanalysed(solar,wind,heatpumps,energyefficiency,andbatteriesandelectricvehicles)increasedformostcountriesunderstudy.In2023,Spainachievedarecordhigh0.3%ofitstotalOJPsdedicatedtosolarpositions,alevelneverachievedinanypreviousyears,orbyanyothertechnology.Germanystoodoutwithwind-andbattery-andEV-relatedOJPsreachingaround0.08%ofthetotal.HeatpumpOJPsreachedaround0.03%ofthetotalonlinepostingsinAustria,andenergyefficiencyOJPsreachedthesameinFrance.

Acrossallthecleanenergytechnologiesanalysed,theshareofonlinejobpostingsrelatedtocleantechnologiesisonaveragehigherinEuropeancountriesthaninAustralia,Canada,NewZealand,SingaporeandtheUnitedStates.

Thenumberofonlinejobpostingsalsoincreasedinalmosteverycountry,foreverytechnology,between2021and2023.ThenumberofItalianwind-relatedOJPsmultipliedby4.5inonlythreeyears.Overthesameperiod,inIreland,windOJPsmultipliedby4,andSpanishonesbyabout3forheatpumpsandbatteriesandelectricvehicles.However,fourcountriesdecreasedtheirnumberofonlinejobpostingsregardingenergyefficiency-relatedpositions:Australia,Belgium,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedStates.

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UtilitiesandManufacturingsectorsconsistentlyplayacriticalroleinrecruitmentacrosssolar,wind,heatpumps,andbatteriesandEVsectors,accountingfor25%to67%ofthetechnologies’OJPs.Forenergyefficiency,thepercentageislower,rangingfrom8%to48%.

AnalysesoftheoccupationalcategoriesshowthatTechnicians,AssociateProfessionals,andSkilledTradesWorkersareoftenthemostadvertisedpositionsintermsofshareofcleantechnologyOJPs.ThiscategoryiscloselyfollowedbyProfessionals,emphasisingtheongoingdemandfortechnicalskillsinthecleanenergyworkforce.

Intermsofsalaries(PPPadjusted),anglophonecountries,particularlytheUnitedStates,offerhigherwagesacrosscleanenergytechnologies,onaverage.However,itshouldbepointedoutthatanglophonecountriesofferabettercoverageintermsofadvertisedsalaryinformationavailableinthepostingsandthismayinfluencetheresults.

Whenexaminingindividualcountries’dynamics(inAustralia,France,Germany,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates),solarconsistentlyemergesasthemostdominanttechnologyintermsofshareofOJPs.Thishighlights

solar

energy'ssignificantcontribution

tocleantechnologyemploymentacrosstheworld.Thedataalsoallowmoredetailedgeographicalanalysis.IntheUnitedStates,vacanciespostedonlineforsolarpositionsareheavilyconcentratedinCalifornia(25%ofsolarOJPs),withadditionalconcentrationsinTexas,Florida,Arizona,NevadaandtheEastCoast.Ontheotherhand,windjobsarepredominantlybasedinTexas(20%)andtheMidwest's“windcorridor”.IntheUnitedKingdom,LondonisthemajorpublisherofOJPsforbothsolar(16%)andwind(24%),withBristol,Manchester,SheffieldandGlasgowalsoemergingaskeyhubsforbothtechnologies.WhiletheUnitedKingdomhassimilarhubsforbothsectors,theUnitedStatesshowsdistinctgeographicaldifferencesbetweensolarandwindjoblocationsduetothewaythatbothresourcesandstateincentivesarespread.

Focusingondigitaljobs,theshareofdigitalOJPsinpowerutilitiesisgenerallylowerthaninothersectorsandhasnotshownsignificantgrowth,evenasthesectorundergoesdigitaltransformationthroughtechnologiessuchassmartgrids,underscoringalagindigitalhiringpracticeswithinpowerutilities.

IntheUnitedStates,cybersecurity-relatedOJPsinthepowerutilitysectorhavenotbeenrisingsince2018despiteanincreasingnumberofcyberattacks.Thedataindicatethatwhilejobpostingssurgeimmediatelyfollowingmajorcyberincidents,thereisnosustainedhiringtrend,suggestingareactiveratherthanproactiverecruitmentapproach.Recruitmentchallengesarecompoundedbycomparativelylowsalariesandthehighlyspecialisedskillsetsneededwithinpowerutilities.

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Finally,smartgrid-relatedjobsintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStateshavealsobeenminimallyadvertisedsince2018.Inthesemarkets,Professional,ScientificandTechnicalActivities,alongwithUtilities,remaintheprimaryindustriesdrivingrecruitmentinthisarea.Professionalsaccountforapproximatelytwo-fifthsofOJPs,highlightingademandforadvancedexpertise,whileTechnicians,AssociateProfessionalsandSkilledTradesWorkersmakeupabout30%ofpostings.Thesefindingsdemonstratetheongoingneedsforbothspecialisedandtechnicalrolesinthisevolvingenergylandscape.

Analysingdigitalskillsinmoredetailshowsthatsmartgrids,andbatteryandEVOJPsexhibitthehighestsharesofrolesthatrequireatleastonespecialiseddigitalskillinboththeUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,indicatingtheirstrongrelianceonadvanceddigitalexpertise.Incontrast,alowershareofsolarOJPsrequiresdigitalskills,highlightingadisparityindigitalskillsdemandacrosscleanenergysectors.IntheUnitedKingdom,energyefficiencyOJPsrequiremostdigitalskillsamongAutomation,BigData,ScriptingLanguages,InternetofThings,AIandMachineLearning,CloudComputing,StorageandSolutions,Telecommunications,SQL,DataScienceandAnalysis,andCybersecurity,whileintheUnitedStatessmartgridOJPsarestilltheoneswiththehighestshare.Whenanalysingalltechnologiescollectively,DataAnalysisemergesasthemostsought-afterdigitalskillinbothcountries,underscoringthecriticalroleofdataproficiencyinthecleanenergytransition.

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Understandingonlinejobpostings

Lightcastdataset

Lightcast

collectsinformationonvacanciesusingawebcrawlingalgorithmandthenperforms

pre-processingonthedata

toinferjobtitle,dateoftheposting,industry,occupation,salaryandjobrequirements.Dataareobtainedfrommanydifferentwebsitestomakesurethatasmanypostingsaspossiblearecollected.Checksareinplacetoremoveeventualduplicatesofthesamejobpostedondifferentplatforms.

Theindustryclassificationisextractedeitherfromthecompanynameorfromthejobposting’stext(fornon-anglophonecountries)andfollowstheofficialclassificationusedinacountry(AustralianandNewZealandStandardIndustrialClassification,NomenclatureofEconomicActivities[Europe],NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem,SingaporeStandardIndustrialClassification,UKStandardIndustrialClassification–moredetailsinthemethodologyannex).Ifthecompanypostingthejobisnotdisclosedorisarecruitmentagency,noinformationontheindustryclassificationisavailable.

Theoccupationalclassificationisextractedfromthejobtitleandfollowsthenationaloccupationalcodes(AustralianandNewZealandStandardClassificationofOccupations;EuropeanSkills,Competences,QualificationsandOccupations;InternationalStandardClassificationofOccupations;StandardOccupationalClassification[UnitedStates];SingaporeStandardOccupationalClassification–moredetailsinthemethodologyannex).Ifthequalityofthejobtitleislow,thismayresultinnoavailabilityoftheoccupationalclassification.

Inthereport,bothindustryandoccupationalclassificationsusedarecustom-made,createdtoenablethecomparisonofsectorandoccupationacrosscountries.Thedetailedmappingbetweentheavailabletaxonomiesandthecustomclassificationsusedisavailableinthemethodologyannex.

Theadvertisedminimumannualsalaryoftheposition,ifavailable,isdisplayedinthelocalcurrency.Toensurecomparabilityacrossregion,thevalueshavebeenadjustedusingpurchasingpowerparity(PPP)conversionratesfortherespectiveyearandcountry.

Jobrequirementsincludetheyearsofeducationandskills.Theyearsofeducation,ifavailable,arealsoinferredfromthetextofthepostingandstartfromprimaryschool,sothat5yearsmeansprimaryeducationonlyand12-13yearscorrespondstohighschool.SkillsarebroadlydefinedinLightcastandcanalso

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includecompetenciesandabilitiesmentionedinthead,suchas“PublicSpeaking”,“Teamwork”or“ProblemSolving”.Informationtechnology(IT)skillsarealsomarkedasspecialisedornot,wherebaselineskillsincludeeverydayabilitiessuchasMicrosoftWordorMicrosoftWindows.

Thejobpostingsalsocontainlocationvariables,suchasregion,cityandgeographicalco-ordinates,whenavailable,thatarebasedonthefinestlocationdetailsspecifiedinthejobadvertisement.

Advantagesandlimitationsofthedata

Onlinejobpostings(OJPs)

aredifferentfromjobopenings,

andcannotbedirectlycomparedtoemploymentdata.However,theyremainvaluableforgaininginsightintotrendsinlabourdemandandrequestedskills.Itisimportant,though,thattheuserismindfuloftheirlimitationswheninterpretingthereport’sfindings.

First,thedatasetcontainsonlyvacanciesthatarepostedonline,soallthosethatarefilledthroughothermeans(suchasinternalrecruitment,employeereferralsorwordofmouth)arenotcontainedinthedataset.Inaddition,jobsadvertisedthroughnewspapersorphysicalofficeswillnotbecapturedbythisdataset.EventhoughthepropensitytousethewebasthemainmeanforjobadvertisementincreasedduringandaftertheCovid-19pandemic,itstillvariesgreatlybysectorandoccupation,sothatcertaincategoriesmaybeunder-oroverrepresented.

Second,eveniftheonlinepostingscouldbegoodrepresentativesoftheavailablevacancies,therearemanydifferentwebsitescollectingjobadvertisements,andLightcast’scapacitytoreflecttherealitydiffersbylocation,industryandoccupation.MoreconsolidatedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesarelikelytobettercapturethetotalityofonlinepostingscomparedwithcountriesthatwereaddedmorerecently,suchasMexico.

Inaddition,jobpostingscannotbedirectlycomparedtovacancies,sinceajobmaybeadvertisedonlinebutneverfilled,orasingleadvertisementcouldbeusedto

hiremultiplepeople.

Anotherconsiderationconcernsthetenureandturnoverrates,whichareveryheterogeneousbyoccupations,sectorsandevenbycompanieswithinthesamesectorandmayresultindisparitiesamongoccupationrepresentation.Asanexample,Davis,FabermanandHaltiwanger(2013)foundthat

growingfirmstend

tobeoverrepresented

comparedwiththeaveragefirm.

Thecoverageofthevariousjobinformationisalsoanon-negligibletopic,whichentailssomelimitationswhenusingthedata.Industryandoccupationalclassificationhaveaheterogeneouscoverage,andtheiravailabilitymaynotoverlap,sinceoccupationisinferredfromthejobtitlewhileindustryismostly

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extractedfromtheemployer.Advertisedsalaries,ontheotherhand,areretrievedfromthetextsothatwhencomparingsalaries,afewjobsarefirstdiscardedbecausenosalaryinformationisavailable;then–whenanalysingsalariesbyoccupationand/orindustry–additionalpostingsareremovedbecausenooccupationaland/orindustryinformationisavailable.Inbigcountries,withoverallgoodjobcoverage,thismaynotposeaproblem.However,insmallercountriesorwhenanalysingnichejobs,suchasthoseinsmartgrids,theselimitationsmaysignificantlyreducethesamplesize,renderinganyattemptatanalysisfutile.

Filteringprocess

ThereportprovidesanoverviewoftheevolutionofOJPsbetween2018and2023.

Thefirstchapter,Onlinejobpostingsrelatedtotheenergytransition,offersadescriptiveanalysisofonlinejobpostingsonenergyefficiencyandsomekeytechnologiesrelatedtothecleanenergytransition,suchassolar,wind,heatpumps,andbatteriesandelectricvehicles.Thesejobshavebeenidentifiedusing1)acombinedsearchofkeywordsinthejobtitlesandoccupationalcodesforwindandsolarjobs;and2)onlykeywordsforheatpumps,batteryandelectricvehicle,andenergyefficiencyjobs.

Thesecondchapter,Digitaljobsandskillsintheenergysector,delvesintodigitalonlinejobpostingsandskillsintheenergysector.Somejobshavebeenextractedusingamixofoccupationalandindustrycodes,andsmartgridjobswereidentifiedusingkeywords.

Allthedetailsareoutlinedinthemethodologyannex.

Throughoutthereport,toensuretherobustnessoftheresults,aminimumthresholdof50observationswasrequiredbeforeperformingdataaggregation.Thiscriterionwasimplementedtomitigatetherisksofrandomvariabilityinfluencingtheresultsandtoensurethattheaggregateddatareflectmeaningfultrends.Observationsbelowthisthresholdwereexcludedtomaintainthereliabilityandvalidityofthefindings.

Throughoutthereport,thenotionof“shareofOJPsinagivencountryX,forthetechnologyY”referstonumberofY-relatedOJPsinXoverthetotalnumberofonlinejobpostingsinX(notlimitedtotheselectedtechnologiesfromthisreport).Forexample,theshareofsolarjobsinAustraliain2020iscomputedasthetotalnumberofsolarOJPsinAustraliain2020overthetotalnumberofonlinejobpostingscollectedbyLightcastinAustraliaduring2020.

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Onlinejobpostingsrelatedtotheenergytransition

Thischapterprovidesinsightsintotrendsanddistributionsofonlinejobpostingsrelatedtotheenergytransition.Fordetailsaboutwhatjobsarecoveredineachsection,pleaserefertothemethodologyannex.

Solaronlinejobpostings

Thesolarenergyindustryhasexperiencedremarkablegrowthoverthepast

decade,

drivenbytechnologicaladvancements,decreasingcostsandaglobalpushtowardscleanenergy.Thissurgehasnotonlytransformedtheenergylandscapebutalsocreatedasubstantialdemandforprofessionals–as

solar

createsmorejobspermegawatt

thananyotherrenewabletechnology–acrossvariousindustrieswhocontributetotheresearchanddevelopment,manufacturing,installation,andoperationofsolarpanels.ThischapterexploresthedynamicsofonlinejobdemandinAustralia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,NewZealand,Singapore,Spain,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Solarpostingsusedfortheanalysisinthischapterhavebeenidentifiedusingacombinationoffilteringusingkeywordsinthejobtitleandoccupationalcategories.Moredetailsareavailableinthemethodologyannex.

Totalonlinejobpostings

Thejobdemandinthesolarsectorexperiencedanincreaseacrossmostoftheanalysedcountries.

AmongthecountriesinEurope(Austria,Belgium,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Spain,Switzerland,theUnitedKingdom),SpainholdstherecordforthehighestshareofsolarOJPs,reaching0.3%in2021and2023,followedbyAustria(0.21%in2023)andItaly(0.18%in2023).Intermsofabsolutenumbers,thelargestrelativeincreaseinOJPsbetween2021and2023happenedinItaly,IrelandandAustria,wherethenumberofadsrosebyaoverfactorofthree(inAustria)andover4.5timesthevaluesof2021inItaly.

Accordingtothe

EUMarketOutlookforSolarPower2023-2027,

thesolarsector,includingbothdirectandindirectjobs,shouldreach1millionemployeesby2025and1.2millionby2027toachievetheEuropeanUnion’s2030solardeploymenttargets.In2023,directemploymentopportunitiesinEurope

accountedforaround

380000people.

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Relativecountofsolaronlinejobposting