2024年國家自主貢獻（NDCs）綜合報告 Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement

UnitedNations

FCCC/PA/CMA/2024/10

Distr.:General

28October2024

Englishonly

ConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreement

Sixthsession

Baku,11-22November2024

NationallydeterminedcontributionsundertheParisAgreement

Synthesisreportbythesecretariat

Summary

Thisreportsynthesizesinformationfromthe168latestavailablenationallydeterminedcontributionscommunicatedby195PartiestotheParisAgreementandrecordedintheregistryofnationallydeterminedcontributionsasat9September2024.

GE.24-19689(E)

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Contents

Page

Abbreviationsandacronyms 3

I.Executivesummary 4

II.Mandate 10

III.Introduction 11

A.Backgroundandscope 11

B.Approach 12

IV.Synthesisofinformationcontainedinnationallydeterminedcontributions 12

A.Overview 12

B.Scopeandcoverage 13

C.Timeframesand/orperiodsofimplementation 16

D.Quantifiableinformationonthereferencepoint(including,asappropriate,abaseyear) 17

E.Assumptionsandmethodologicalapproaches,includingforestimatingandaccountingfor

anthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsand,asappropriate,removals 17

F.Planningandimplementationprocesses 20

G.Mitigationco-benefitsresultingfromadaptationactionand/oreconomicdiversification

plans 24

H.Fairnessandambitioninthelightofnationalcircumstances 25

I.ContributiontowardsachievingtheobjectiveoftheConventionassetoutinitsArticle2,

andtowardsArticle2,paragraph1(a),andArticle4,paragraph1,oftheParisAgreement 26

J.Adaptation 32

K.Domesticmitigationmeasures 36

L.Meansofimplementation 42

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Abbreviationsandacronyms

2006IPCCGuidelines

2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories

ACE

ActionforClimateEmpowerment

AFOLU

agriculture,forestryandotherlanduse

AR

AssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

CCS

carbondioxidecaptureandstorage

CCUS

carbondioxidecapture,useandstorage

CH4

methane

CMA

ConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreement

CO2

carbondioxide

CO2eq

carbondioxideequivalent

COP

ConferenceoftheParties

GDP

grossdomesticproduct

GHG

greenhousegas

GWP

globalwarmingpotential

GWP-100*

globalwarmingpotentialvalueswitha100-yeartime-horizon

HFC

hydrofluorocarbon

IEA

InternationalEnergyAgency

INDC

intendednationallydeterminedcontribution

IPCC

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

IPPU

industrialprocessesandproductuse

IRENA

InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency

LT-LEDS

long-termlow-emissiondevelopmentstrategy(ies)

LULUCF

landuse,land-usechangeandforestry

N2O

nitrousoxide

NAP

nationaladaptationplan

NDC

nationallydeterminedcontribution

NF3

nitrogentrifluoride

PFC

perfluorocarbon

SDG

SustainableDevelopmentGoal

SF6

sulfurhexafluoride

SLCP*

short-livedclimatepollutant

SR1.5

IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeSpecialReportonGlobalWarmingof1.5°C

SSP

SharedSocioeconomicPathway

UNEP

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

*Usedexclusivelyinfigures.

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I.Executivesummary

1.ThisreporthasbeenpreparedinresponsetotherequestfromCMA31forthesecretariattoannuallyupdatetheNDCsynthesisreport.2Thisversionofthereportsynthesizesinformationfromthe168latestavailableNDCs,representing195PartiestotheParisAgreement,3includingthe153neworupdatedNDCscommunicatedby180Parties,recordedintheNDCregistry4asat9September2024,covering95percentofthetotalglobalemissionsin2019,whichareestimatedat52.9GtCO2eqwithoutLULUCF.5Atotalof34PartieshavecommunicatedneworupdatedNDCssince25September2023(thecut-offdateforsubmissionscoveredinthepreviousversionofthisreport).

2.TheCOPandCMAguidance6ontheinformationnecessaryforclarity,transparencyandunderstandingofNDCswasusedasaframeworkforsynthesizingtherelevantinformationcontainedinthecommunicatedNDCs,whichwassupplementedbythesynthesisofotherinformationincludedintheNDCsbutnotcoveredbytheguidance.ThesynthesizedinformationispresentedforalltherepresentedPartiestakentogether.

3.Atotalof95percentofPartiesprovidedtheinformationnecessarytofacilitateclarity,transparencyandunderstandingoftheirNDCsinaccordancewiththeCOPguidance,with

94percentofPartiesthatsubmittedneworupdatedNDCsalreadyapplyingtherelevantfurtherCMAguidance.

4.Partiesprovidedinformationonmitigationtargetsaswellasmitigationco-benefitsresultingfromadaptationactionsand/oreconomicdiversificationplans.Themitigationtargetsrangefromeconomy-wideabsoluteemissionreductiontargetstostrategies,policies,plansandactionsforlow-emissiondevelopment.IntheirNDCs:

(a)94percentofPartiesprovidedquantifiedmitigationtargets,expressedasclearnumericaltargets,while6percentincludedstrategies,policies,plansandactionsforwhichthereisnoquantifiableinformationascomponentsoftheirNDCs;

(b)81percentofPartiescommunicatedeconomy-widetargets,coveringalloralmostallsectorsdefinedinthe2006IPCCGuidelines,withanincreasingnumberofPartiesmovingtoabsoluteemissionreductiontargetsintheirneworupdatedNDCs;

(c)100percentofPartiescoveredCO2emissions,91percentcoveredCH4,89percentcoveredN2O,54percentcoveredHFCs,35percentcoveredPFCsandSF6and26percentcoveredNF3;

(d)46percentofPartiesprovidedinformationonmitigationco-benefitsresultingfromtheiradaptationactionsand/oreconomicdiversificationplans,mostlyincombinationwithothertargets.

5.Atotalof93percentofPartiescommunicatedanNDCimplementationperiodofuntil2030,while7percentspecifiedanimplementationperiodofuntil2025,2035,2040or

2050.While54percentofPartiesidentified1January2021astheirstartingdateforNDCimplementation,29percentindicatedthattheystartedimplementingtheirNDCinorbefore

2020and6percentmentionedstartingimplementationin2022.

6.Inaddition,96percentofPartiesprovidedquantifiedinformationontheirmitigationtargetsandreferencepoints.OfthePartiesthatsubmittedneworupdatedNDCs,84percentupdatedthebasisfordefiningtheirtargets,includingreferencepointsand/or‘businessas

1Decision

1/CMA.3,

para.30.

2Seedocument

FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/12

forthe2023report.

3TheEuropeanUnionandits27memberStatescommunicatedonejointNDCinaccordancewith

Article4,paras.16–18,oftheParisAgreement,whichforthisreporthasbeencountedasoneNDCrepresenting28Partiesandreflectingtheinclusionofparticularinformationbyallofthem.

4Availableat

/NDCREG.

5Unlessotherwisenoted,inthisreportglobalGHGemissiontotalsexcludeemissionsfromforestryandotherlanduseorLULUCFbutincludeemissionsfrominternationalmaritimetransportand

internationalaviation.

6Decisions

1/CP.21,

para.27;and

4/CMA.1

andannexI.

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usual’scenarios.Suchupdatesleadtohigher-qualityNDCsand,forsomeParties,tosignificantchangesintheestimatedemissionlevelsfor2025and2030.

7.Furthermore,PartiesareincreasinglyindicatingtheiruseofvoluntarycooperationunderArticle6oftheParisAgreement,with78percentstatingthattheyplantoorwillpossiblyuseatleastonetype.UseofcooperativeapproachesreferredtoinArticle6,paragraph2,wasmostfrequentlycommunicated(by52percentofParties),followedbyuseofthemechanismestablishedbyArticle6,paragraph4,(34percent)andgeneraluseofvoluntarycooperation(25percent).Partiesmentionedgeneraluseofvoluntarycooperation,ratherthanreportingplannedorpossibleuseofspecificscopesofvoluntarycooperation,morefrequentlythanindicatedinpreviousversionsofthisreport.

8.TotalglobalGHGemissions(withoutLULUCF)takingintoaccountimplementationofthelatestNDCs7areestimatedtobearound53.0(51.4–54.5)GtCO2eqin20258and51.5(48.3–54.7)GtCO2eqin2030,9whichare:10

(a)In2025,54.0percenthigherthanin1990(34.4GtCO2eq),11.3percent

higherthanin2010(47.6GtCO2eq)andapproximatelythesameasin2019(52.9GtCO2eq);11

(b)In2030,49.8percenthigherthanin1990,8.3percenthigherthanin2010and2.6percentlowerthanin2019,aswellas2.8percentlowerthantheestimatedlevelfor2025,indicatingthepossibilityofglobalemissionspeakingbefore2030.

9.Incomparison,thetotalGHGemissionlevelsresultingfromimplementationofNDCs(thosesubmittedby25September2023)presentedinthepreviousversionofthisreportwereestimatedtobearound53.2(51.6–54.8)GtCO2eqin2025and51.6(48.3–54.8)GtCO2eqin2030.Thoselevelsareverysimilar(at0.2GtCO2eqhigherfor2025and0.1GtCO2eqhigherfor2030)tothelevelspresentedinthisreport,theestimatesofwhichreflectaslightincreaseinaggregateNDCambitionlevelandupdatedemissiondata.

10.TheprojectedtotalglobalGHGemissionleveltakingintoaccountfullimplementationofalllatestNDCscontinuestoimplyapossibilityofglobalemissionspeakingbefore2030,withthelowerboundofthe2030emissionlevel(48.3GtCO2eq)estimatedtobeupto8.6percentbelowthe2019emissionlevel(52.9GtCO2eq)and6.0percentbelowthelowerboundoftheestimated2025emissionlevel(51.4GtCO2eq).However,inordertoachievethatpeaking,theconditionalelementsoftheNDCsneedtobeimplemented,whichdependsmostlyonaccesstoenhancedfinancialresources,technologytransferandtechnicalcooperation,andcapacity-buildingsupport;availabilityofmarket-basedmechanisms;andabsorptivecapacityofforestsandotherecosystems.

11.FullimplementationofalllatestNDCsisestimatedtoleadtoa5.9(3.2–8.6)percentemissionreductionby2030relativetothe2019level;whileimplementationofalllatestNDCsexcludinganyconditionalelementsisestimatedtoresultin0.8percenthigheremissionsin2030thanin2019(rangingfrom1.8percentlowerto3.4percenthigher).

7Unlessotherwisenoted,“implementationofNDCs”comprisescasesoffullimplementationofall(conditionalandunconditional)NDCelementsandcasesofimplementationofunconditional

elementsonly.Forthequantitativeresultsofthatimplementation,anaverageandarangeoftheprojectedoutcomesarepresented.“Fullimplementation”ofNDCsreferstoimplementingall

conditionalelementsaswellasanyunconditionalelements.

8Unlessotherwisenoted,forthisreportGWPvalueswitha100-yeartime-horizonfromtheAR6havebeenused.ForNDCsthatincludeestimatesofGHGemissionscalculatedusingotherGWPvalues

(e.g.frompreviousARs),aconversionhasbeenapplied.Forfurtherinformation,includingonestimationmethodsandapproaches,seedocument

FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/8/Add.3.

9Unlessotherwisenoted,inthisreporttheaverageofthequantificationisfollowedbyarangethat

representstheminimumandmaximumvaluesafteraggregation,sinceseveralPartiespresented

conditionalandunconditionalelementsoftheirNDCsand,insomecases,rangesofvaluesforboth.

10Percentagesaretheaverageofthechangesinthelower-andhigher-endemissionquantifications.

11Changesinquantitativeresultssincethepreviousversionofthisreport,suchasthestatedpercentagechangesinprojected2025or2030emissionlevelsrelativeto1990,reflectanyincreasesinaggregateNDCambitionleveland/oranyupdatestoemissionprojectionsandhistoricalemissionestimates.

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12.ThecontributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheAR612concludesthat,inscenariosoflimitingwarmingto1.5°C(withover50percentlikelihoodby2100)withnoorlimitedovershootoverthecourseofthecentury,13GHGemissionsarereducedby43(34–60)percentby2030relativetothe2019level.Inscenariosofkeepingwarminglikelybelow2°C(withover67percentlikelihood)withmitigationactionstartingin2020,emissionsin2030are27(13–45)percentbelowthe2019level.14

13.TheSynthesisReportoftheAR615indicatesthat,tobeinlinewithglobalmodelledpathwaystolimitingwarmingto1.5°C(withover50percentlikelihood)withnoorlimitedovershootandthosetolimitingwarmingto2°C(withover67percentlikelihood),GHGemissionshavetobereducedby60(49–77)percentby2035relativetothe2019levelandby35(22–55)percentby2035relativetothe2019levelrespectively.

14.Theabsolutedifferenceinthelevelofemissionsby2030accordingtothelatestNDCsandtheseIPCCscenarios16issizeable,despiteprogresscomparedwiththelevelaccordingtotheINDCsasat4April2016.ThedifferencebetweentheprojectedemissionlevelsthatdonottakeintoaccountimplementationofanyconditionalelementsofNDCsandtheemissionlevelsinthescenariosofkeepingwarminglikelybelow2°C(withover67percentlikelihood)by2030isestimatedtobe14.9(10.9–18.3)GtCO2eq.Inrelationtothescenariosoflimitingwarmingto1.5°C(withover50percentlikelihood)andachievingnetzeroemissionsthiscentury,thegapisevenwider,atanestimated22.7(21.2–27.7)GtCO2eq.However,assumingfullimplementationofalllatestNDCs,includingallconditionalelements,thegapisslightlynarrowed,towards11.3(7.3–14.7)GtCO2eqinrelationtotheaforementioned2°Cscenariosandtowards19.2(17.6–24.1)GtCO2eqinrelationtotheaforementioned1.5°Cscenarios.

15.TakingintoaccounttheimplementationofNDCsupuntil2030,projectedglobalmeantemperaturesaresubjecttosignificantuncertaintyowingtotherangeofemissionlevelsestimatedfor2030resultingfromimplementationofNDCs(includingwhetherconditionalelementsareimplementedornot),therangeofillustrativeemissionextensionsbeyond2030andinherentclimatesystemuncertainties.Thebestestimateofpeaktemperatureinthetwenty-firstcentury(projectedmostlyfor2100whentemperaturecontinuestorise)isintherangeof2.1–2.8°Cdependingontheunderlyingassumptions.

16.Inthecontextofthecarbonbudgetconsistentwith50percentlikelihoodoflimitingwarmingto1.5°C(500GtCO2),cumulativeCO2emissionsin2020–2030basedonthelatestNDCswouldlikelyuseup86percentoftheremainingcarbonbudget,leavingapost-2030carbonbudgetofaround70GtCO2,whichisequivalenttoapproximatelytwoyearsofprojectedtotalglobalCO2emissionsby2030.Similarly,inthecontextofthecarbonbudgetconsistentwithalikelychanceofkeepingwarmingbelow2°C(estimatedbytheIPCCtobe1,150GtCO2from2020onward),cumulativeCO2emissionsin2020–2030basedonthelatestNDCswouldlikelyuseuparound37percentoftheremainingcarbonbudget.For

12IPCC.2022.SummaryforPolicymakers.In:PRShukla,JSkea,RSlade,etal.(eds.).Climate

Change2022:MitigationofClimateChange.ContributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheSixth

AssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.CambridgeandNewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.Availableat

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/.

13The1.5and2°Cwarminglevelsinscenariosareusuallyconsideredtobe20-yearaveragesof

warming,withwarminginindividualyears–owingtonaturalvariability–beingpotentiallyhigherthanthoselevels.AccordingtotheSynthesisReportoftheAR6(seefootnote15below),the

occurrenceofindividualyearswithglobalsurfacetemperaturechangeaboveacertainleveldoesnotimplythatthisglobalwarminglevelhasbeenreached.

14Thecategoriesofscenariosreferredtointhisparagraphare“C1”and“C3a”respectivelyintableSPM.2ofthecontributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheAR6.

15IPCC.2023.ClimateChange2023:SynthesisReport.ContributionofWorkingGroupsI,IIandIIItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.CoreWritingTeam,HLee,andJRomero(eds.).Geneva:IPCC.Availableat

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/.

16ThedifferencesarecalculatedbetweenemissionlevelsaccordingtotheNDCsandunderIPCCscenariocategories“C1a”and“C3a”respectively.

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comparison,totalglobalCO2emissionsbetween1850and2020areestimatedbytheIPCC17tohaveamountedto2,390(2,150–2,630)GtCO2.

17.Atotalof50percentofPartiesprovidedinformationonlong-termmitigationvisions,strategiesandtargetsforupuntilandbeyond2050.TheirtotalGHGemissionlevelisestimatedtobe39.2(37.2–41.1)GtCO2eqin2030,whichis4percenthigherthanin2010(witharangefrom1percentlowerto9percenthigher)and6(1–10)percentlowerthanin2019.18

18.Mindfuloftheinherentuncertaintyofsuchlong-termestimates,andtheneedforfullimplementationofNDCsandLT-LEDS,theinformationindicatesthattheseParties’totalGHGemissionlevelcouldbe63(59–67)percentlowerin2050thanin2019andtheirannualpercapitaemissionswouldbe2.4(2.1–2.6)tCO2eqby2050.Underscenariosoflimitingwarmingtolikelybelow2°C(withover67percentlikelihood),annualpercapitaemissionsare2.4(1.6–3.1)tCO2eq;hencetheestimatedlong-termpercapitaemissionsofthesePartiesareatalevelconsistentwith2°Cscenarios.However,forscenariosoflimitingwarmingto1.5°C(with50percentlikelihoodby2100)andachievingnetzeroCO2emissionsaround

2050andnetzeroGHGemissionsthiscentury,annualpercapitaemissionsby2050arerequiredtobetwotothreetimeslower,at1.3(0.6–2.1)tCO2eq.19

19.Atotalof97percentofPartiesexplainedtheirapproachtoNDCpreparationandimplementation,and59percentofPartieslinkedtheirNDCstotheircommitmenttotransitioningtoasustainableand/orlow-carbonandresilienteconomy,takingintoaccountsocial,environmentalandeconomicfactorsaswellastheSDGs.Inaddition,48percentofPartiesindicatedthattheyhaveintegratedtheirNDCtargets,goalsandpoliciesintonationallegislative,regulatoryandplanningprocessesasameansofensuringimplementation.

20.Furthermore,66percentofPartieshighlightedpolicycoherenceandsynergiesbetweentheirdomesticmitigationmeasures20anddevelopmentpriorities,whichincludetheSDGsand,forsomethatsubmittedneworupdatedNDCs,LT-LEDSandgreenrecoveryfromthecoronavirusdisease2019pandemic.

21.Ofthe79percentofPartiesthatreferredtoformalarrangementsinplacefordomesticstakeholderconsultation,93percentindicatedthattheyconductedconsultationsandengagementinaninclusiveandparticipatorymannerand81percentofthosespecificallyreferencedgender-sensitiveconsultations.

22.Partiesareincreasingly21recognizinggenderintegrationasameanstoenhancetheambitionandeffectivenessoftheirclimateaction:82percentofPartiesprovidedinformationrelatedtogenderintheirNDCsand48percentaffirmedthattheywilltakegenderintoaccountinimplementingthem.22OfthePartiesthatreferencedgender,32percenthadnotincludedreferencetogenderintheirpreviousNDCsand28percentconsideredgendertoasimilarextenttopreviously.OfthePartiesthatreferencedgenderintheirpreviousNDCs,28percentelaboratedmoreonthetopicintheirupdatedNDCs.

23.In60percentofthelatestavailableNDCs,PartiesrecognizedtherightsandimportantroleofIndigenousPeoples,aswellastheroleoflocalcommunities,inrelationtoclimate

17IPCC.2021.SummaryforPolicymakers.In:VMasson-Delmotte,PZhai,APirani,etal.(eds.).ClimateChange2021:ThePhysicalScienceBasis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Availableat

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.

18FormoredetailsonprojectedcollectiveGHGemissionlevelsbasedonlong-termmitigationvisions,strategiesandtargetsinNDCsandLT-LEDS,seedocument

FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/10.

19PercapitaemissionlevelswerecalculatedonthebasisoftheAR6WorkingGroupIIIscenariodatabase(availableat

https://data.ece.iiasa.ac.at/ar6/)

forthecategories“C3a”and“C1a”

respectively.

20Inthisreport,(domestic)mitigationmeasuresrefertospecificdomesticpoliciesandactionsthatcontributetoachievingmitigationobjectivesidentifiedinNDCs,includingadaptationactionsandeconomicdiversificationplanswithmitigationco-benefits.

21TheshareofPartiesthatrefertogenderandconsideritacross-cuttingissueintheneworupdatedNDCsissignificantlyincreasedsincetheirpreviousNDCs.

22FormoreinformationongenderundertheUNFCCC,see

/topics/gender/workstreams/chronology-of-gender-in-the-intergovernmental-process.

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adaptationefforts.TheyacknowledgedthevulnerabilitiesfacedbyIndigenousPeoplesandlocalcommunities,emphasizedtheimportanceofstrengtheningclimateeffortsthroughincorporationoftraditionalknowledge,Indigenousknowledgeandlocalknowledgesystems,andhighlightedtheneedtoenhancethesegroups’participationinandcontributionstoclimateaction.

24.Inaddition,98percentofPartiesprovidedinformationonusingoneormoreACEelements23topromoteimplementationofmitigationandadaptationactivities,andintheirneworupdatedNDCsPartiesgenerallycommunicatedmoreclearlyandinmoredetailongeneralprinciples,pastachievements,futurecommitments,andneedsandgapsinrelationtoACE.

25.Furthermore,81percentofPartiesincludedanadaptationcomponentintheirNDCsand13percentoftheadaptationcomponentsweredesignatedasadaptationcommunications.Partiesprovidedinformationinparticularonadaptation-relatedresearch;risksandvulnerabilities;adaptationstrategies,policiesandplans;sectoraladaptationmeasures;contingencymeasures;synergieswithmitigationandotherglobalframeworks;andmonitoringandevaluationofadaptation.

26.IncomparisonwithParties’previousNDCs,moreoftheNDCscontainadaptationinformation.TheadaptationcomponentsoftheNDCs,whereincluded,indicateanincreasedfocusonnationaladaptationplanning,inparticularontheprocesstoformulateandimplementNAPs.TheneworupdatedNDCsinclude,incomparisonwiththesameParties’previousNDCs,moreinformationontime-boundquantitativeadaptationtargetsandtheassociatedindicatorframeworks,morespecificinformationonthecontributionofadaptationeffortstowardsachievingtheSDGs,andmorespecificinformationonsynergiesandco-benefitsbetweenadaptationandmitigation.

27.Intermsofadaptationpriorities,theNDCsillustratethatPartiescontinuetofocusonfoodproductionandnutritionsecurity,waterresources,terrestrialandwetlandecosystems,keyeconomicsectorsandservices,andhumanhealth;followedbydisasterriskmanagement,coastalandlow-lyingareas,urbanareasandhumanhabitats,livelihoodsandpoverty,andoceanecosystems(seefigure10).

28.Atotalof99percentofPartiesoutlineddomesticmitigationmeasuresaskeyinstrumentsforachievingmitigationtargetsfortheirNDCsand/orforpriorityareas,suchasenergysupply,transport,buildings,industry,AFOLUandwaste.Partiescommunicatedmitigationmeasuresmostfrequentlyinthepriorityareaofenergysupply(95percentofParties),followedbyAFOLU(89percent)andtransport(87percent).

29.PartiesidentifiedmitigationoptionscostinglessthanUSD20/tCO2eq,whichareprojectedinthecontributionofWorkingGroupIIItotheAR6toaccountformorethanhalfofthetotalemissionreductionpotentialthatisrequiredforbeingon1.5°Cpathwayswithnoorlimitedovershootby2030.Suchmitigationoptionswiththehighestestimatednetemissionreductionpotential(inparentheses)include:

(a)Solarenergy(3.3GtCO2eq/year),with51percentofPartiescommunicatingcorrespondingmeasures;

(b)Windenergy(3.08GtCO2eq/year),with36percentofPartiesindicating

correspondingmeasures;

(c)Reducingconversionofforestsandotherecosystems(2.28GtCO2eq/year),with47percentofPartiesreportingcorrespondingmeasures;

(d)Improvingenergyefficiencyinindustry(1.14GtCO2eq/year),with30percentofPartiesidentifyingcorrespondingmeasures;

23ACEdenotesworkunderArticle12oftheParisAgreement;itsobjectiveistoempowerallmembersofsocietytoengageinclimateactionthrougheducation,training,publicawareness,public

participation,publicaccesstoinformation,andinternationalcooperationontheseissues(thesixACEelements).

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(e)Reducingfluorinatedgasemissions(0.94GtCO2eq/year),with26percentofPartiesincludingcorrespondingmeasures.

30.Forthesefeasible,effectiveandlow-costmitigationoptions,24PartiescommunicatedmeasuresforachievingconditionalmitigationtargetsintheirNDCsmostfrequentlyinrelationtosolarenergy(42percentofParties),followedbythoserelatingtoreducingconversionofforestsandotherecosystems(31percent),windenergy(30percent)andimprovingenergyefficiencyinindustry(22percent).Thelargestconditionalitygap25intermsofthedifferencebetweenthesharesofPartiesreferringtomitigationoptionsforachievingconditionalandunconditionalmitigationtargetswasfoundinrelationtosolarenergy(at17percentagepoints),followedbywindenergy(13percentagepoints)