為國民可信的人工智能時代提出AI隱私風(fēng)險管理模式（韓）

???????(AI)·????????

AI????????????

2024.12.

【????】

◆????

-????AI?????????????????????????????,AI??·???????????????????????????.

-????????????????·????「AI??????·??????」?????????????,???·??·??????????????·????????.

◆????

-AI?????,?????????????????????,??,?????????·????????????????????.

-????AI???????????,AI?????????AI??????????????????????,???????,?????????????

???????????????????.

◆???

-??????:??????????(?02-2100-3073,3078)

-??????????:?????(?02-2100-3045/onestoppipc@korea.kr)

※?????「??????????」??

??????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????

???????????5?(?????)??????????,??????*???????????????1?????????????

*△??????,△????????,△????????,△???????

??

Ⅰ.?? 1

口???? 1

②???? 3

③????????????????? 5

Ⅱ.AI????????????? 6

口AI???·???? 7

②????????????? 8

③?????? 8

囚????????????? 9

[??1]AI???????????? 10

[??2]?????????????? 12

[??3]AI????????? 13

Ⅲ.?????? 14

口??·???? 14

[??4]AI???????·????????? 17

②??????? 20

Ⅳ.?????? 26

口????? 26

②????? 31

Ⅴ.AI???????????? 36

[??1]AI????????????? 39

[??2]????(LLM)???????????????????? 46

[??3]AI?????????????????? 59

-1-

Ⅰ.??

1

????

1.????????????????

□????(AI)???????????????????????????AI?????????????????

○AI??????????????????????????·?????????????????????,???????????????????????????????

○AI???????????????????????????????·????????AI???????

【AI????????????】

??AI?????????????????1)

.????????????????????????·??

、AI???????????????????????????????????·?????·???????

、AI????????????????????????

.AI????????????????????

、????????????????????????→??????????????·????(?:????????)

、??????????(?:????)?????????,????、AI???????????????????(?:??,????)、???????????????·???????

1)HaopingLeeetal.,Deepfakes,Phrenology,Surveillance,andMore!ATaxonomyofAIPrivacyRisks,CHI‘24,1-9(2024).

-2-

2.???????????

□AI?????????????????AI????????,????????????????????AI?????????????????????

????????AI????‘???????’???AI?????????·?????AI????????????

3.?????

□????????????????AI??????????????????AI????????????????,????????????????????????,

○???????·???????????AI???????,?????,??????????????????

○??????????????,AI???????????????AI???????????????????

□??????AI??·????????????????????,???????????????????????,

○??·???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

□??,AI??????????????????????????????????,??,??????????·??????

【?????????】?AI??·?????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????,

-????????????????????????

????????????

-??,PbD(PrivacybyDesign)????AI????????????????

???·??????AI????????????????????????????????????????????

-3-

2

????

□(????)AI??·???????????

○(??·???2))AI????AI????????????·??·??·????????????????????????

-AI??????(feature)???????????????(parameter)??????,???????????????????????????????,

-???????????????????????????,AI??????????????AI???????????????AI?????·????????????????

??

AI???????3)

■AI????①??????????????????,②???????????????????(AI???),③??????????????(actuator)??????????

※OECD“Howartificialintelligenceworks"???

2)??AI???AI???????????????????????????????????????,????????????????.

??

LLM???????·?????

??

??????

??

CCPA,????

※(??????????????(HmbBfDI)???(’24.7.15.))LLM????????????????LLM??????????GDPR????????????????.?,LLM??????AI???????????????????????,????GDPR???????????

※(??????????????(CCPA)???(AB-1008)(‘25.1.1.??))AI????????????·???????,???????????‘????????’?‘???????????AI???’???

※(????)???????(LLM)???????????·?????????????(losslesscompressor)????????????(GrégoireDelétang,AnianRuoss,Paul-AmbroiseDuquenne,ElliotCatt,TimGenewein,ChristopherMattern,JordiGrau-Moya,LiKevinWenliang,MatthewAitchison,LaurentOrseau,etal.Languagemodelingiscompression.arXivpreprintarXiv:2309.10668v2,2024.)

3)OECD,"Howartificialintelligenceworks",

https://oecd.ai/en/inside-artificial-intelligence

-4-

○(???4))AI??·?????????????????????AI?????*???,??,???????????????,

-?????????(downstream)?????????????????????·???????????????????????

*AI???????(pretrain)???????????????????,(1)AI??????,????????(DAL)?????,(2)??????????(in-contextlearning),

(3)????(alignment),(4)??????(RAG)????????????????

○(???)AI??·????????????AI???(query)?????????????????,

-???????·???????????,?????????????????·???????????????????????

□(??????)AI??·?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

○????,????????????AI????????,???????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????

※(?)▲??AI??????→????????????????????

▲AI??????,?????????????→????,?????????

▲AI?????????????→??????????·???????

○??,??????????????????AI??????????????????????????????????

4)?????‘???’?AI??????????,??,??????,????????????????,‘???’?AI????AI???????????????????????????.

??,AI?????????????,??????????????????,??????????AI????????????????????????????????

※(?????????????????????)????????????????(‘???????’)??????????,????????????

※(EUAIACT)???(provider),???(deployer)?????

※(NISTAIRMF)AI??(design)???,??(development)???,??(deployment)????????※(ISO/IEC42001)AI???(provider),AI???(producer)?????

-5-

?‘???’???:??(harm)?????(probabilityofoccurring)???(magnitude)?????????(uncertainty)

※(NISTRMF1.0)????“????????????????????????????(compositemeasureofanevent’sprobabilityofoccurringandthemagnitudeordegreeoftheconsequencesofthecorrespondingevent)”???

※(EUAIACT)????“?????????????(combinationoftheprobabilityofanoccurrenceofharmandtheseverityofthatharm)”????

3

「???????」??????????

□??????????(法?29?)

○?????????????????????????AI??·????????????????,??????·???????AI?????????????·??????????

※(?)?????4?(??????)???????????29???????????????????????????

□????????????(法?33?)

○?????AI?????·??????????????????*,??????????????Γ?????????????」外???????????????

*???????????35???????????????·????????????????????????

○?????????????AI??·??????????????????????????????????

※???????????????????????33??????????????????????????????1????????30%?????????????????·???

(????????????????????10??2?,2023.9.15.??)

□????????

○??????????????(?????,?????)???????????????????????????

○??????????‘????(AI)???????????(’21.5.31.)’???※?????????(’23.2?)?????

-6-

?

Ⅱ.AI?????????????

□???AI???·??????????????,??????????????,????????????(??,??,???),????(???????)???

○???AI????????????????????????????,??????????????????

○???????????????·??????????????????????????????????????

□????????????????????AI??·??????·??????????????????,

○????AI???????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????·???????????

□?????????????????????AI???·????,??????(mapping),??????(measuring),????????·??(mitigation)??????4????????

○????????????????5)??????????(risk-basedapproach)?????????,

○???????AI??????????·??*????????

*NISTAIRiskManagementFramework(AIRMF1.0),ISO/IEC42001:2023?????

AI?

??·????

AI???????

??,???

????????

????????

?

?????????????

???AI???

??????·???

????????

??????

?

??????

????????,???,?????,????????

??????????·??

????????

???,???

?????????

5)[????????????(法?3?)]①?????,②????,③???,???,???,④???,⑤????,⑥????????,⑦????????

-7-

1

AI???·????

○?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

○??,AI??????????AI??·??????,??????????????????????

-???,??????????下???????????????????·???????AI???·??????????

○AI???????????AI????(life-cycle)????????????????

-????????·??????·????,??????AI?????????????????????????AI??????????????????

-????????????????????AI???,????????????AI????AI??????,?????????????

【AI??·??????】

??

??

??·??

■(??????)??·??????????AI????????,???????????????????

■(?????·???)AI??????????????????,????,????,????????????

■(????)??????????,??,??????????

※???????????????,?????????????,?????????????????,????,??????(RAG)???

?????

■(??AI)???????????????????,???,???,????????????

■(??AI)?????????????????????????????????

?????????????????

※??AI,????AI,??,???????(FDS),????AI?

??????

※AI?????????/???

??????????????

※????AI,???????,????????AI?

-8-

2

?????????????(mapping)

○???AI?????????????????????

○????????AI????????????????AI????????????????????????????????????????????????

【?????????】

??

?????

????????

??·??

■????

(???,????,DB?)

■?????????????·??

■AI????????????·??

■AI?????????????????????????????

?????

??AI

■AI???????

■????

■??,????

■?????????????·??※??AI????????

■???AI????????????????(?????????????????)

??AI

?????/??

■??,??,????

■????

■??????????????????

?????

■?????,??????

■?????????????

?????

■??,????

3

??????(measuring)

○??·????????????????6)??△????????,△????????????·??·?????????????????·?????????,△??????????,

△????????

6)??AI???????·?????????????????,????????????????????????.??,?????AI???????????????AI???????,??????????

?“Dioptra”(

/dioptra/

)-??NIST?AI????(E.O.14110)???AI????????????·??

?“CatalogueofTools&MetricsforTrustworthyAI”(

https://oecd.ai/en/catalogue/overview

)

-OECD?AI????,???,????????,???????/?????????

?“Anopen-sourceframeworkforlargelanguagemodelevaluations”(

.uk

)

-??AI?????(UKAISafetyInstitute)?????????????AI????????.????,???????????????????????????????

?“GuidetoRedTeamingMethodologyonAISafety”(

https://aisi.go.jp/assets/pdf/ai_safety_RT_v1.00_en.pdf

)

-??AI?????(JapanAISafetyInstitute)?AI???????????????????AI??????????????????

-9-

-?????????,???????????????????????????,???????????,?????·??·???????,?????????????????

4

?????????????(mitigation)

○??????·????????????????????,????????????

-?????????????????????????,??????,?????????????·??,???·???????·??????????

-????????????????????(PET)??????????????????

??

?????????

??

????

??[??]

????????????????(LLM)???????????????????????????????????????????

※(???)’???AI??????????????????‘,(????)’24.5.~‘24.10.(????)(?)??????,?????

.(????)???LLM??4????????(de-duplication),??????,??(perturbation),????(pruning)?????????????????·???????

.(????)????????????????,??·?????,??,?????????????????????

-??,???????????????????????????????????????????????,???????AI????????????????(trade-off)???????

.(?????)???????????LLM??????????????????????????????AI????????????·??????

-??,????????(GPU)·??·????????????????????→?????????????????,???????????

-10-

??1

AI????????????

??????????????AI????????????AI?????????????????????????

-????????????????,?????,????????????????(systemicrisk)????????????

□AI???????(1?‘23.11.????,2?‘24.5.??)

○??????AI??????????AI?????,???AI??????AI????????????

※(??????)????,??,??,???,???,???28??,EU,UN,??????,??,??AI??????

-????AI??·??,?????AI?????(1???),AI??·??·????(2???)???????

-??,‘??AI??????????????*’????????????????????AI?????????

*InternationalScientificReportontheSafetyofAdvancedAI(‘24.5.interimreport)

【??AI????】

?????

????????

?????????

??????

??????

????

■????????????*,?????????,?????,????????

*????,??????????????·???????

■???????????,???(????????????),?????

■???????,???AI??,?????????????,???????,???????????*,?????

*?????????,????????????????????????

-???????(??,???)?????????,???????????

-??????????·????????????????,??????

■????????????,????????????*

*????????????????????

-11-

□G7????????

○G7????(’23.5.)??AI????????????????????????‘????AI????’?????

※(???)??,??,??,??,???,????,???,EU

-???(??)?G7?????????????????(‘23.9.)G7????????????????AI?????????

【????????】

???????AI?????

???AI???

???,??????

??????

????

①???????,②???????,③???????,

④?????????,⑤?????,⑥???????

①????????,②????????,③????,

④?????,⑤???????

※(?????)?????????????,???????

-AI???????????????????*??(’23.10.)

*AI????????,???.?????,????????????????????,?????????????11?????

□ML???(MLCommons)AI??????

○???????ML???*????????(LLM)???????????????‘AILuminate’**???

*(ML???)AI??????,???,????????????????,????,??????????????(‘23?~),??,??,NVIDIA,????,???,????AI????????

**(AILuminate)12?????????24,000??????????????LLM????????????????????(’24.12?V.1.0??)

-AI???????????AI?????(hazardcategories)?12???????,?????????????

①?????

②?????(CBRNE)

③?????

④?????

⑤????

⑥????

⑦??

⑧?????

⑨?????

⑩?????

??????

?????

-12-

??2

??????????????

?????????????????????????????·?????????????????

□???????(context-specificapproach)

○??AI????????????????????????·???????????·????????

※??AI??????????????????????

□???(coherent)

○??,???????????????AI??????????????????????????

□???(proportional),???(granular)

○??????????????????????????????????????

□??????(principle-basedapproach)

○???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

□?????(measurable),?????(commensurable)

○???????????AI??·?????????????????????????????????

□????????(stakeholderparticipation)

○??AI?????????????????,???????????????????????????

□?????(interoperability)

○??????????,???,????????????????????????????

-13-

??3

AI?????????

□?????????(NIST),AIRMF1.0(2023)

○4??(????,??,??,??)?????AI?????????

??

I.

????(Govern)

II.??(Map)

III.

??

(Measure)

IV.

??

(Manage)

????

①???AI??????·??·????·??·?????,?????,?????

②?????·?????AI??????·??·?????·?????????????????????

③???????AI??????·??·??????????·??·??·??????????

④?????AI????????????????????????

⑤??AI?????????????????

⑥?3??????,???,?????????????AI???/?????????·????

①??(context)???·??

②AI?????????

③AI???,??????,??,????·??????????(benchmark)???????

④?3??????,?????????AI???????????·?????

⑤??·??·????·??·????????????

①?????????????·??

②AI??????????

③???AI?????????????????????

④??????????????·??

①??·???????????????????AI??????????????·??

②??AI????????????AI?????????????????????????·??·??·???

③?3????????AI?????????

④??·???AI????????·??·?????????????????,??????

□ISO/IEC42001:2023-????-AI-?????

○AI?????????????????

?????

????????

??????

??????

????

■?????????,??????????????,AI???????????,AI?????

■??????,AI??,??·??·??

■???????????????(AI?????,AI?????,AI???????),AI????????????????,?????

■???,??,??,??,??????

■???????,AI?????,AI?????,AI???????

■????/??/??/??,????,????

■?????,?????????

-14-

Ⅲ.??????

1

??·????

口??

□AI?????·?????AI????????????,?????????????????,???AI????????????,???????????????,

○PbD(PrivacybyDesign)*???????AI????????????????????????????

*PrivacybyDesign:??·???????????????????????????????????????????·????????????

【??·??????????????】

??

????

?????

(??)??????(?:????,?????)(???)??????

(??????)????,?????(RNN),??????(????????)????????????????

?????

(??)??????????????(?:?????,????,??????)(???)?????????(?:??????,???????)

(??????)??????,??????,???????

(????????)?????????????·??????????·??

?????

(??)?????????????(?:??,??,?????)(???)?????????,??????????

(??????)????????,?????????????(????????)?????????????????????

??????

(??)???????????(?:???,???,?????)(???)??????(?:????,????,??????)(??????)????????BERT,GPT???

(????????)???????,???????????????

????????

(??)???????????????(?:????,?????)(???)???,?????,??????

(??????)CNN,R-CNN,??????????(????????)????????,????

□AI???AI????????????,???????????????????,??,???????????????AI?????????7)

-15-

○??????AI??·???????????????????,??????,?3??????,???????????????????????????

□?????????????????,??????·????????????(aggregation)????????????????????

○??,AI???????AI??????????????????????,??·???????,????(??????*?)????????????·???

*RAG(Retrieval-AugmentedGeneration):?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

○???AI?????????????·????????????AI???????????????????????

○??,????????????????????????????????????????AI??·???????????????????????

□??,AI??????????????????????????AI????????,API8)?????AI??????

○?????????????,??外??,???????????????????????????????????????????

7)??AI???????????(self-supervisedlearning)?????????????????????, ????(fine-tuning),???????(domainadaptivelearning;DAL)?????????????? ????????.???????AI??????????????,?????,???????????.?????(supervisedlearning):AI???????????????????,AI???????????????????(unsupervisedlearning):AI?????????????????????,??????????

???????·??????????

???????(self-supervisedlearning):AI?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????

?????(reinforcementlearning):AI????????????????????‘??’??‘??’????????AI??????????????

8)OpenSource:????????(AI?????????)???????????????????,??,??????????????(??,?????????????????????).????,???,??????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????,???????????????????.

API(ApplicationProgrammingInterface):???????????????????????????.????????????,API??????????????????????.???????,API??????????????????,???????(?????),?????????????.

-16-

@?????

a?????????????·??

○???????????????????????????AI?????·????????????·????????

-????????·????????(法?15?,?17?,?18??)???????????????,?????,??????,????????,??????????????????

○AI??????▲????????????,▲既???????AI?????????????,▲??·???????????????????????,▲?????3??????????????????·??????

-??,AI????????,??,????????AI???????,?????????

※(?)▲??????(LLM)????????????→??????????????????????????,▲LLM?????→?????????????????????????????????

○AI??·????????????????????????·?????????????????,????????????????????????

※(1)AI??????,????????(DAL)?????,(2)?????????????????(in-contextlearning),(3)????(alignment),(4)??????(RAG)??????????????AI????????????????????????

-??,??????????????????????,??????,??????,????·??????,?14???????????????????????(法?22??2,?23?,?24?,?24??2,?34??2?)

※?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????

(△????????,△?????????·???????????????‘????????????????(URL)’??????????)

-17-

??4

AI???????·?????????

??????AI??????????????,???????AI??????·??????????????????

□????????????????

○???????????????????????????,??AI????????????????????????????????????????????????????

-???????????????????????,???????·???????,???,????????????????

○(????)AI??????????????????????(法?15??1??6?)??????????????

※??????「AI??·??????????????????」(’24.7.)??

-‘?????’?????????△??????,△??????,△??????????????????

(?6?)???????????????????????????????????????????????.??????????????????????????????????????????????.

??

????

??????

??????

???????

.????????????????

-?????????????????AI???·?????????????????

※(?)??????,????,?????·??·????????LLM?

.?????????·??????????·????????

※(?)??????AI????????·??????????????

.??????????????????????????

-‘???’???????(i)?????????????????????(ii)????????????·??????????????????????

-18-

□???????

○????????????????????(ID,????),??????(?????????????),???????????????????????????????????????

-??AI???????AI??????,??AI?????????????????????????

○(????)?????????????????????????????????????????????????

-??????????????????????????????AI??·????·????????????

??

????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????AI???????????????(FDS)?????????

-?????????????*?????????????,?????(?§15③)????????????

*?:??AI????????,??????????????????????

??

???????????????????????????AS

??????????????????????AI??????????????????????????????

-????????????????????AI??????????????(?§28?2)??????(?§15①(1))???

??

???????????????AI?????????????

MRI,CT,X-Ray??,????????????????????

◆??????????????AI?????????????????????????????????,??????

-19-

@????????????·??

○??????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????*????·?????????

*(??)??????????????????????????????,?????????·????????????????????

(??)?????????????????????????????

○??????????????????????????????????????????????·??????

圓AI?????????????

○AI??????·??????????????????????AI???API??????????,??????????????????????????????,

-???,???????????(法?26?)??????????(法?28??8)???????????????????

??AI?????????????????????????????

?SKT???????????????????????????MS??????????(AzureOpenAI???*??)??,??????????Googlecloudplatform??????????????????????

*MS?Azure????????????????????????API???OpenAI?AI????????????????

※(??)?3???????????(???2017.7.4.??2016?13263??中)

?(?3???)?????????·?????????????????????????????????????????(法?17???)

?(????)?????????·????????????????????????????????????(法?26???)

-????????????????????????????????????????????????????,????????·?????????????????????

-20-

田AI?????????????????

○AI??????*???????AI??????????(?????)???????????????????????

*▲AI???????????????????,▲???????????(?:MS?AzureOpenAIservice)▲????,API???????????????AI??????·?????????

-AI?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

○??????????AI????·????,?????????????,?????????????????????????????????

2

???????

Φ??

□???????????AI????????????????????????(context)?????

○AI??????????????????,AI?????????????????????9)????????????

□AI????AI????,???????????????????????????,??·?????AI????????????,??????????????????????

○AI?????????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????·?????????????????

9)AI???????????????????????????????????·??????????????????????

※(?)??????????????,?????????????AI????(AIAgent)????

-21-

□??,??AI????????????????????????AI???????????????????????

○???·???·????????????????AI????????????????????????·?????,?????????????????????????

○????????·??·???????????AI????????????????????????·??,AI???????*??????????????????

*????????????????AI????????·????????????????????

□??,AI??????????????,?????????????????·???????,

○???,???????·?????????AI?????·????????????????????????

??

AI???????????10)

10)OECD,"WhatisAI?Canyou