初中英語詞匯用法和語法總結(jié)

初中英語詞匯和語法總結(jié)詞性1.名詞2.形容詞形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。1)敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid害怕的。（錯(cuò)）Heisanillman.（對）Themanisill.（錯(cuò)）Sheisanafraidgirl.（對）Thegirlisafraid.這類詞還有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。2）形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，例如：somethingnice3.副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾。HespeaksEnglishwell.注意：副詞very可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。改錯(cuò)：(錯(cuò))IverylikeEnglish.(對)IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。Idon'tknowhimwellenough.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.4.介詞（prep）后面跟名詞、動(dòng)名詞、代詞5、代詞6、連詞7、動(dòng)詞賓語從句：1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon.Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool.Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning.2.主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句要用過去的時(shí)態(tài)。HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell.ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong.3.無論主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4賓語從句無論有何引導(dǎo)詞，都要用陳述句語序。CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou）Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)二.狀語從句：1主句若是一般將來時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等，則if(如果),unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候),assoonas(一…就…)，before,after,until,till,as(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork.IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek.Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用過去時(shí)，如：IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars.Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.三.定語從句：關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，不可省略，作賓語時(shí)可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時(shí)”。Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautifulandkind-hearted.Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell.Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所屬)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物）Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在這兒）Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.四.wish和hope:1．wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that從句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.五.thanksfor和thanksto:thanksto是“多虧了，由于”的意思Thankstotheteacher,orwecan'tfinishthework.多虧了我們的老師，否則我們不能完成作業(yè)thanksfor是“因。。。而感謝某人的意思，這里的thanks可以說成thankyou,但是上個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中不能Thanksforyourletter謝謝你的來信Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes.六.感官動(dòng)詞用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等詞，后接賓語，再接動(dòng)詞原形/動(dòng)詞ing,分別表示全過程和正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí)，以上的詞也常跟動(dòng)詞原形。IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正進(jìn)行)Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(聽的是全過程)Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(頻率詞)若以上詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，后面原有動(dòng)詞原形改為帶to不定式：Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.七.感官動(dòng)詞用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可當(dāng)系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞。Helookshappy.Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautiful.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired.這些動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。注意：如果加介詞like,則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞：Helookslikehismother.Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Itsmellslikeaflower.Ittasteslikesalt.八.find和think部分用法:find和think+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語。(代替賓從)賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：1.名詞短語，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy.2.形容詞短語，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.九.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want類似：

都可接名詞短語：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks.

都可接帶to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk.

都可接sb,然后再跟帶to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike:

后也可接名詞短語：Doyoufeellikesometea?

后若接動(dòng)詞，須用動(dòng)詞ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk?Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑問句或否定句中?！渴?詞序易錯(cuò)的短語：1形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge?Nothingserious.Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer.Iwanttogosomewherewarm.2else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoelseisintheroom?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?3enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough放在后面。Thissweaterischeapenough.Nemoisoldenoughtowork.Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.十一.對“評價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：1Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoulike…?“你對…怎么看？”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是動(dòng)詞。)2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天氣什么樣?”(What…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是介詞“像”。)十二.take,cost,pay,spend區(qū)別：1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.2物+cost+sb+錢:Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)若cost后無sb,則譯作“價(jià)錢是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.3人+pay+sb+錢+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。)4人+spend+時(shí)間/錢+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有時(shí)可指“度過”：spendholiday/weekends/winter十三.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ask/tell/build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb+sth.其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb.buy,build等可接sth+forsb.若sth是代詞時(shí)，不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Pleasepassittome.十四.部分詞作連詞與介詞：（連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞）Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（連詞）Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介詞）類似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（連詞）I’llwaituntilnextFriday.（介詞）十五.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之一:動(dòng)詞ed作形容詞：表示被動(dòng)或已發(fā)生,常作定語。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend.He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸雞。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago.2.動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞：表示正進(jìn)行或功能，常作定語。arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad(正進(jìn)行)asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit(功能)16.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二：和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（謂語用單數(shù)）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(謂語用單數(shù))Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(謂語用復(fù)數(shù))18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+later常用于一般過去時(shí)。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later單獨(dú)在句尾，常用于將來時(shí)：I’llseeyoulater.)after“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：after+時(shí)間段，常用于一般過去時(shí)，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.(after也可加句子：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)3ago“…時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+ago,用于一般過去時(shí)。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.(since+時(shí)間段+ago，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))4before單獨(dú)放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是時(shí)間段+before,則常用過去完成時(shí)，譯為“…時(shí)間前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五；Saturday,星期六。Sunday為第一天，Saturday為最后一天。22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動(dòng)詞，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗號。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：都不用于否定句。23.帶to不定式用法之一：Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach.Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“幾乎沒有；少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),little加不可數(shù)名詞。2afew“一些”，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);alittle“一些；一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外，在too,very,so等詞后用few,little;在only,just,still等詞后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle譯為“很多”25.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：puton/off/;turnon/off/up/down;useup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;handin;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);takeoff;eatup;賓語是名詞時(shí)，可放在中間或后邊，是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。26.as……as用法：1和…一樣…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.2as…aspossible/sbcan“盡可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短語有幾個(gè)意思：assoonas和…一樣快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一樣多；多達(dá)；aslongas和…一樣長；長達(dá)；只要；aswellas和…一樣好；和…一樣；asfaras遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就…來說；27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜歡…prefertodosthratherthandosth寧愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜歡做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑問句中表示期待對方肯定的回答或表示請求或建議.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑問句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每～”，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式：八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般將來時(shí)(will/shall/begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were+v.ing)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has+v.過去分詞)、過去完成時(shí)(had+v.過去分詞)、過去將來時(shí)(would+v.原形)30.if/whether區(qū)別：if如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)whether無論(引導(dǎo)讓步狀從)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)都譯為“是否”時(shí)，whether可接ornot,也可接帶to不定式。if則不可。1）在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，一般用whether，而不用if。WhethertheGermanenginewasthefirsttoflyisnotclear.2）在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)，一般情況下whether和if可以通用。Thepolicemanaskedif/whetherIhadseentheaccident.3）只用whether的情況HeaskedwhetherIwantedtogobyairorbysea.（從句中含有or，強(qiáng)調(diào)選擇，這里只宜用whether）4）whether可用在介詞之后，引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而If則不能。如：Successdependsonwhetherwemakeevougheffort31.因?yàn)椋篵ecause,常是對why的回答，語氣最強(qiáng)。since,位置：Since…，….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：…，for….語氣最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)椤?，用法基本無限制。32.表推測：must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也許”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.33.so與such區(qū)別：so是副詞，后跟形容詞/副詞，sotall/slowly…such是形容詞，后跟名詞短語。suchbadweather/goodnews…;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople;若名詞前形容詞是many,much,few,little時(shí)，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型，譯為“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另兩個(gè)用法：1so+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語，“…也”上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主語+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞，“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或?qū)υ捫问剑篈:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法：1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“讓…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth“堅(jiān)持做某事”2make+sb/sthdosth讓…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.讓…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形/ing/過去分詞Havehimdoit,please.讓他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我們讓那臺機(jī)器一直工作著。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機(jī)器（讓那臺機(jī)器被修理了）。5也都可接形容詞：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.37.used短語：usedto+動(dòng)原，“過去常?！盚eusedtosmoke.beusedto譯為“被用來…”，后接動(dòng)原。Itisusedtocutthings.beusedto譯為“習(xí)慣于…”，后接動(dòng)詞ing或名詞/代詞.如：He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名詞或動(dòng)詞ing）如：Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across/over:都可作介詞。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywordsandclimbedoverthewall.Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,空間;past,旁邊;across,表面;over上方?！课灰苿?dòng)詞+past相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞pass;位移動(dòng)詞+across相當(dāng)于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的數(shù)量”；后者“許多的”都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語，謂語用單數(shù)；后者作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用單數(shù)is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用復(fù)數(shù)have.40.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：Howlong，since，for，(以上見84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句謂語要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暫性動(dòng)詞：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名詞單數(shù)或接of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)，后謂語都用單數(shù)。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定詞+復(fù)數(shù),謂語用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見885Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.謂語用單數(shù)。6Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.謂語用單數(shù)。all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一個(gè)”/“沒有一個(gè)”。both/either/neither兩者中“都”/“任何一個(gè)”/“沒有一個(gè)”42.計(jì)量表達(dá)法：數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若計(jì)量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞，則要用連字符，單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.(此處計(jì)量中的形容詞long可省略。)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法：1MustI…?我必須…嗎？A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.2MayI…?我可以…嗎？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.3NeedI…?我有必要…嗎？A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具體數(shù)字，不加s及of.模糊兩有，有s必有of。如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds45.反意疑問句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主語，QT主語用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型，QT主語用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行為，是短暫動(dòng)詞。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿，穿著”后接物，表狀態(tài)，是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearingbeautifulclothes.3dress,“給…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表顏色的詞。4in,“穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物，表狀態(tài)，是介詞，不可作謂語，可作狀語。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I’veseentheboyinyellow.47.虛擬語氣部分用法：在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語氣，即if從句中用一般過去時(shí)，而主句動(dòng)詞用would/should+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想，也可以表示在說話人看來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。（注意：虛擬語氣中的be動(dòng)詞都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:other形容詞others名詞another另一個(gè)（點(diǎn)菜、買衣服等）one…theothersome…othersIfyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Haveyouanyotherquestions?Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.other的另一用法：用比較級的形式，體現(xiàn)最高級的含義。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(boy用單數(shù))=Heistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(boy用復(fù)數(shù))他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是對長度或時(shí)間段提問。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.2howoften是對頻率提問，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.【若只有次數(shù)，則用howmanytimes提問：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】3howsoon是對“in+時(shí)間段”提問：將來時(shí)HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.4howfar是對時(shí)間段’s+walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問。-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?-Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.或者說：It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.（問和回答不同。）50.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)：二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如：halfanhour=ahalfhour半小時(shí)It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠詞)以下情況中，分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過一，分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s：三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它類推。若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語作主語，謂語依of后的名詞而定：Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂用復(fù))Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.（指不可數(shù)時(shí)，謂用單）51.到達(dá)：1getto+地點(diǎn)gettoShanghai/London/China接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，不帶to.getthere/home/here.2arrivein+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物動(dòng)詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.3reach只作及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加地點(diǎn)：reachBeijing/England但常不說reachhome/there/here.52.感嘆句：What+名詞短語+主語+謂語！Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語！Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等與加of的區(qū)別：1because后接句子，becauseof接名詞或代詞。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副詞，單獨(dú)在句尾。insteadof還要接名詞或代詞。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.3out副詞，可單獨(dú)用，但若接地點(diǎn)，先加of.（也可作介詞，“向…外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:去掉前面的詞muchtoo“過于”，加形容詞或副詞原級。muchtoobig/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可數(shù)名詞。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。toomanybooks/people等。55.alone/lonely:1alone,“獨(dú)自一人；單獨(dú)”不含感情色彩?？僧?dāng)形容詞，但只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語：Jackisalone.杰克是單身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。可當(dāng)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞：Shelivesalone.她獨(dú)居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎？Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。（注意：不可說veryalone.但可說verymuchalone.是特例）2lonely,“孤獨(dú)的；寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞?？稍谙祫?dòng)詞后作表語：Theoldmanislonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。Hehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多親戚，但感到孤獨(dú)。（lonely和心理感受有關(guān)，而alone和心理感受無關(guān)。）也可在名詞前作定語：alonelyperson一位孤獨(dú)的人alonelyvillage一個(gè)偏僻的村莊（alone不可作定語）56.belongto與be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.（某物是某人的）57.by常見用法：1“通過”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.4“經(jīng)過”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.5“在……旁邊”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.58.部分用in的短語：inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,inpen/ink(見105),intheday(見92),indifferentsizes,indifferentshapes,inadifficultsituation，ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(見46),instyle,intheopenair(露天場所)59.比較級與最高級部分要點(diǎn)：1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式：much/many→more→mostbad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestlittle→less→leastfew→fewer→fewestold→older/elder→oldest/eldest以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞常把-ly換成-lier/-liest.2常見比較級/最高級句型：Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(參照48)Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某個(gè)范圍內(nèi))Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(兩者，此句型中加the)Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(兩者選擇)Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者選擇)It’sthesecondlongestriverinChina.（序數(shù)詞后用最高級。）3“越來越…”比較級+and+比較級Hecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.類似：biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…另一種情況：moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…4“越…,越…”“the+比較級”分別置于兩句的開頭，倒裝。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.5“越來越多的…”moreandmore+名詞Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water….6“…得多”much+形容詞/副詞比較級Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.類似：muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…以及：muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious…7“另外的…(個(gè))…”結(jié)構(gòu)：數(shù)量+more+名詞onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another+數(shù)字+名詞替代：fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(記住詞的位置)60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物動(dòng)詞。(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)Don’ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?2tell只作及物動(dòng)詞,“告訴；講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Tellsb（not）todosthMr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?3say必須接有內(nèi)容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.“Idisagreewithyou.”Tomsaid.Whatwillyousay?say若接sb,則需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.“Ioversleptthismorning.”Hesaidtome.4speak“說話”不及物動(dòng)詞。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.接人時(shí)先加介詞to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?可表說話的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’tspeak.“演講，發(fā)言”Whowillspeakinthemeeting?61。sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:time可數(shù)是次數(shù)不可數(shù)是時(shí)間sometimes:“有時(shí)”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.sometimes:“幾次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一時(shí)刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.sometime:“一段時(shí)間”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法：1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞【當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，need無時(shí)態(tài)變化?！浚ê蚦an等用法類似，但need只用于疑問句或否定句中）：NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑問句的開頭)Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)MustIstudynow?No,Youneedn’t.2need可當(dāng)行為動(dòng)詞（和want等用法類似）：Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名詞)Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接帶to不定式)Doyouneedtohavearest?（一般疑問句中do,does,did在句首）Wedon’tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)【注：need后接表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，可表達(dá)為：TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.】63.dowith與dealwith:都譯為“處理，對付，安排，應(yīng)付”Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提問。Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提問。下面兩句由此而來：Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?64.就近原則：常見的有：EitheryouorLucyiswrong.Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型)Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.65.主謂一致：One/Neitherofyouisright.（單數(shù)謂語）Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主語是Tom,單數(shù)謂語)Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.（主語是pair,單數(shù)謂語）Theshoeslookbeautiful.（主語無pair,復(fù)數(shù)謂語）Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（單數(shù)謂語）Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.(the加形容詞表一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫婦(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教師兼作家,一個(gè)人，單數(shù)謂語。BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（復(fù)數(shù)謂語）thenumberof與anumberof參見39.（分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見50）66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另見33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提問的句型：Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?What’sthepopulationofChina?Whatdayisittoday?What’sthedatetoday?What’sthepriceofthisone?68.therebe部分用法：1Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.Thereisnoneedtoopenthebox.Thereare20treestobeplanted.2常有以下結(jié)構(gòu):theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…3therebe中不可再出現(xiàn)have/has/had(有)的詞。另一用法見45。4就近原則69.常見表否定的詞或短語:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere等.有些有時(shí)在某些句型中也相當(dāng)于否定，如without,too…to…withoutanything,tootiredtogoanyfurther但前綴如dis--,un--,in--或后綴如--less,并不表否定。70.常見后接動(dòng)詞原形的詞或短語:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，等等?！咀⒁夥穸ㄐ问剑篽adbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+動(dòng)原；而please加don’t+動(dòng)原】71.常見后接動(dòng)詞ing的詞或短語：finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp/bebusy/beworth/taketurns/miss(錯(cuò)過)/spend/havefun/介詞等。72.常見后接帶to不定式的詞或短語：want/hope/wish/allow/encourage/ask/tell/pretend/decide/plan/invite/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(為了)/疑問詞，等等。另外，it作形式主語，后也常有帶to不定式?！痉穸ǎ阂陨洗蠖嘣~+not+todosth】73.被動(dòng)語態(tài)(be+v.過去分詞)用法：Ididit.→Itwasdone.雙賓:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.→Astorywastoldtous.Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.→Apenwaspassedtome.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplancanbemade.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.完成時(shí)態(tài)：Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.74.名詞或所屬格作定語：1強(qiáng)調(diào)性別時(shí)amandoctor/twomendoctors；awomanteacher/sixwomenteachers被修飾詞是單數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用單數(shù)；被修飾詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用復(fù)數(shù)。2agirlactor/fourgirlactorsaboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations復(fù)數(shù)只變被修飾的詞。3aboys’team/agentlemen’sholiday/theTeachers’Day/theChildren’sDay“復(fù)數(shù)+‘s”作定語，譯為“…的…”4Father’sDay/Mother’sDay此處“單數(shù)+‘s”作定語。（附：and連接的名詞所屬格：Lucy’sandAnn’sfathersareworkers.分別是兩個(gè)人的爸爸，所以應(yīng)分別加“‘s”LucyandAnn’sfatherisveryinteresting.兩個(gè)人共有的爸爸，所以在兩人后只加一個(gè)“‘s”。）75.win與beat區(qū)別：win后加物：I’msureJimwillwinthematch.Wewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.而beat后加的是人：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.Ihopewecanbeattheboys’team.(男子隊(duì)，相當(dāng)于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it指上文的某個(gè)事物，和上文是同一個(gè)。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit.it也可指上文所說的事：Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworrie