《中國文化概況》第二章-中國的對外交流

第二章

中國的對外交流ExternalCommunicationofChina01.絲綢之路

SilkRoad02.目錄CONTENTS海上絲綢之路TheMaritimeSilkRoad03.一帶一路與外交政策OneBeltandOneRoad

“絲綢之路”一詞的首創(chuàng)者是德國旅行家和地理學(xué)家費迪南·馮·李?；舴夷芯?。實際上，馮·李?；舴以?877年的一次講座上，以及他的多卷本歷史地理學(xué)著作《中國》（1877）中，同時使用了這個詞的單數(shù)（Seidenstrasse）和復(fù)數(shù)（Seidenstrassen）形式。他用這個詞指代中國的絲綢離開漢朝（公元前206—公元220年）抵達中亞的多條路線。

ItwasaGermantravelerandgeographer,FerdinandvonRichthofen,whocoinedtheterm“theSilkRoad”.Actually,vonRichthofenusedtheterminbothsingular(Seidenstrasse)andplural(Seidenstrassen)inalecturein1877andinhismultivolumehistoricalgeographyworkChina(1877).ForhimthetermreferredtotheroutesalongwhichChinesesilkmovedfromtheHanEmpire(206B.C.-220B.C.)toCentralAsia.（一）絲綢之路名稱的由來TheTermoftheSilkRoad自從張騫通西域以來，中國和中亞及歐洲的商業(yè)往來迅速增加。通過這條貫穿亞歐的大道——絲綢之路，中國的絲、綢、綾、緞、絹等絲織品源源不斷地輸向中亞和歐洲。SinceZhangQiantraveledtotheWesternRegions,thebusinesscommunicationbetweenChina,CentralAsiaandEuropehasincreasedrapidly.ThroughtheSilkRoadwhichisthemainroadthroughoutAsiaandEurope,China'ssilk,silkfabric,thinsilk,satin,toughsilkandothersilkproductsareexportedtoCentralAsiaandEurope.（二）絲綢之路簡介AbouttheSilkRoad

絲綢之路，概括的講，是自古以來，從東亞開始，經(jīng)中亞、西亞進而聯(lián)結(jié)歐洲及北非的這條東西方交通路線的總稱。絲綢之路在世界史上有重大的意義。它是歐亞大陸的交通動脈，是中國、印度、希臘三種主要文化交匯橋梁。Generallyspeaking,theSilkRoadisthegeneralnameoftheEast-WesttransportationroutethatstartsfromEastAsiaandconnectsEuropeandNorthAfricathroughCentralAsiaandWestAsiasinceancienttimes.TheSilkRoadisofgreatsignificanceinworldhistory.ItisthetransportarteryofEurasiaandtheintersectionbridgeofChina,IndiaandGreece.張騫ZhangQian

張騫（公元前164年―公元前114年），中國漢代杰出的外交家、旅行家、探險家，絲綢之路的開拓者。西漢建元二年（公元前139年），奉漢武帝之命，張騫率領(lǐng)一百多人出使西域，打通了漢朝通往西域的南北道路，即赫赫有名的絲綢之路。ZhangQian(164-114BC),anoutstandingdiplomat,travelerandexplorerintheHanDynasty,wasapioneeroftheSilkRoad.InthesecondyearofJianyuan(139BC)intheWesternHanDynasty,undertheorderofEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,ZhangQianledmorethan100peopletothewesternregionsandopenedtheSouth-NorthroadleadingtothewesternregionsintheHanDynasty,thefamousSilkRoad.

張騫被譽為“第一個睜開眼睛看世界的中國人”、“東方的哥倫布”。他將中原文明傳播至西域，又從西域諸國引進了汗血馬、葡萄、苜蓿、石榴、胡麻等物種到中原，促進了東西方文明的交流。ZhangQianisknownas“thefirstChinesetoopenhiseyestotheworld”and“ColumbusoftheEast”.HespreadthecivilizationoftheCentralPlainstothewesternregions,andintroducedsuchspeciesasFerghanahorse,grape,alfalfa,pomegranateandflaxfromthewesternregionstotheCentralPlains,whichpromotedtheexchangeofeasternandwesterncivilizations.

我國海上絲綢之路的形成及發(fā)展至今已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史了，從先秦時代的少數(shù)海上活動，到秦漢以后的規(guī)?；Ｉ腺Q(mào)易，從生存化的海上遷徙，到經(jīng)濟化的貿(mào)易往來，我國的海上絲綢之路經(jīng)歷了一段不尋常的歷程。

TheformationanddevelopmentofChina'smaritimesilkroadhasahistoryofseveralthousandyears.FromafewmaritimeactivitiesinthePre-qinPeriodtolarge-scalemaritimetradeafterQinandHanDynasties,frommaritimemigrationforsurvivaltoeconomictrade,China'smaritimesilkroadhasexperiencedanunusualcourse.（一）海上絲綢之路的形成TheFormationoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在秦漢時期，對于剛剛統(tǒng)一成為中央集權(quán)的封建國家來說，社會安定與發(fā)展成為當(dāng)時統(tǒng)治者最重視的問題。在此時期，社會生產(chǎn)力有了很大的進步，其中造船技術(shù)和航海技術(shù)相對于之前而言得到了飛躍式的發(fā)展。在此基礎(chǔ)上形成了從中國南海到印度洋的中國史上也是世界上第一條遠洋航線，被稱為海上絲綢之路。DuringtheQinandHanDynasties,socialstabilityanddevelopmentbecamethemostimportantissuesforthefeudalstatewhichhadjustbeenunifiedintoacentralizedstate.Duringthisperiod,socialproductiveforcesmadegreatprogress,amongwhichshipbuildingtechnologyandnavigationtechnologyweredevelopedbyleapsandboundscomparedwithbefore.ItwasduringthisperiodthatallthenavigationroutesalongtheChinesecoastwereunimpeded.Onthisbasis,Chinaformedthefirstoceanrouteintheworld,whichwasfromthesouthChinaseatotheIndianOceaninthehistoryandknownastheMaritimeSilkRoad.（二）海上絲綢之路的繁榮

TheProsperityoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

公元6世紀，隋朝統(tǒng)一了全國，隋煬帝繼位之后，發(fā)展了海外貿(mào)易，并與通經(jīng)國家和地區(qū)友好往來。Inthe6thCenturyAD,theSuiDynastyunifiedthewholecountry.AfterEmperorSuiYanginheritedthethrone,hedevelopedoverseastradeandmadefriendlyexchangeswithcountriesandregionswhichhadeconomicrelationswitheachother.（二）海上絲綢之路的繁榮

TheProsperityoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

唐朝延續(xù)了南北朝前期發(fā)展的興旺之勢，生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、海外貿(mào)易空前發(fā)達。在政府的保護之下，商船在南海和印度洋來往，絡(luò)繹不絕。廣州、泉州、寧波、揚州更是成為當(dāng)時的國際四大貿(mào)易港。相比之前中原王朝海上絲綢之路航線的規(guī)模，唐代的海上絲綢之路航線更加繁盛興旺。

TheTangDynasty,withgreatdevelopmentofproductionandoverseatrade,continuedtheprosperityoftheearlydevelopmentoftheSouthandNorthDynasties.Underthegovernmentprotectioninthisdynasty,merchantshipscameandwentinanendlessstreamintheSouthChinaSeaandtheIndianOcean.Guangzhou,Quanzhou,NingboandYangzhoubecamethefourinternationalmajortradeportsinthattime.ComparedwiththescaleoftheMaritimeSilkRoadofCentralPlainDynastiesbefore,theMaritimeSilkRoadintheTangDynastywasmoreprosperous.（三）海上絲綢之路的繁盛TheFlourishingoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在公元10世紀中葉，宋朝結(jié)束了五代十國的分裂格局。宋朝占據(jù)了江南地區(qū)，并借助地理位置的優(yōu)勢，繼續(xù)發(fā)展海外貿(mào)易。陶瓷和香藥貿(mào)易量的加大,海上絲綢之路又有“陶瓷之路”、“香藥之路”之稱。

Inthemiddleofthe10thcentury,theSongDynastyendedthedivisionoftheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsandcompletedtheunificationofthelongperiodofchaos.TheSongDynastyoccupiedthesouthpartofChinaandcontinuedtodevelopoverseastradewiththeadvantageofitsgeographicalposition.Thetradevolumeofceramicsandperfumeryincreaseduntilitbecamedominantstatus.theMaritimeSilkRoadisalsoknownasthe“CeramicRoad”and“IncenseRoad”.（三）海上絲綢之路的繁盛TheFlourishingoftheMaritimeSilkRoad

元朝政府對于海外貿(mào)易依舊十分開放，并且有很多的鼓勵政策。除了商貿(mào)往來，西方基督教士也紛紛在這一時期從海上絲綢之路來到中國。

ThegovernmentofYuanDynastywasstillopentoforeigntradeandhadmanyincentives,andsetupthespecializeddivisionnamedShibosiinGuangzhouinordertopromotethedevelopmentofnationalmarine.Inadditiontobusinessandtrade,thewesternChristiansalsocametoChinafromtheMaritimeSilkRoadinthisperiod.（四）海上絲綢之路的頂峰TheSummitoftheMaritimeSilkRoad在中國歷史上明朝曾多次由政府組織的龐大船隊往返于海上絲綢之路，對海上絲綢之路帶上的國家進行友好訪問與通商貿(mào)易活動。明朝的造船業(yè)與前代相比發(fā)達很多，在各地出現(xiàn)了很多著名的造船廠當(dāng)時鄭和船隊以海上為貿(mào)易基地，派出船隊分赴各地進行貿(mào)易。InthehistoryofChina,thereweremanylargefleets,whichwereorganizedbythegovernmentoftheMingDynasty,traveledtoandfromtheMaritimeSilkRoad,andhadfriendlyvisitsandtradeactivitiestocountriesalongtheMaritimeSilkRoad.TheshipbuildingindustryintheMingDynastywasmuchmoredevelopedthanthatofthepreviousgeneration.Manyfamousshipyardsappearedinvariousplaces.Atthattime,Zhenghe'sfleettooktheseaasitstradingbaseandsentthefleetstovariousplacesfortrade.（五）海上絲綢之路的衰落TheDeclineoftheMaritimeSilkRoad到了明宣德年間，由于倭寇侵擾，明朝曾中斷海外貿(mào)易，重申海禁。嘉靖年間，倭寇對中國沿海的侵擾加劇，海禁更嚴。嘉慶之后，隨著國力日衰，海上絲綢之路昔日盛況不再，在清朝后期快速走向衰落。DuringthereignofEmperorXuandeoftheMingDynasty(1426—1435),theoverseastradewasinterruptedduetoinvasionbyJapanesepirates.Andthemaritimebanwasreaffirmed.AfterthereignofJiaqing,withthedeclineofnationalpower,theMaritimeSilkRoadwasnotasprosperousasbeforeanditdeclinedrapidlyinthelateQingDynasty.

首先，海上絲綢之路對東西文化交流起到了重要的促進作用。（六）海上絲綢之路的意義TheSignificanceofMaritimeSilkRoad

Firstofall,theMaritimeSilkRoadhasgreatlyincreasedtheculturalcommunicationbetweenwesternandeasternworld.

其次，海上絲綢之路為東西方貿(mào)易往來帶來了深遠影響。Secondly,MaritimeSilkRoadexertsafar-reachinginfluenceinEast-Westtradehistory.最后，海上絲綢之路為構(gòu)建東西方友好往來提供了便利條件。

Atlast,theMaritimeSilkRoadmakesthefriendlypoliticalcommunicationsbetweenwesternandeasternworldbecomepossible.“一帶一路”倡議是通過陸上絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶和海上絲綢之路兩個部分來推動跨國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。TheBeltandRoadInitiativeisintendedforpromotingmultinationaleconomicdevelopmentthroughtwocomponentplans,theland-basedSilkRoadEconomicBeltandMaritimeSilkRoad.2013年9月和10月，中國國家主席習(xí)近平在出訪中亞和東南亞國家期間，先后提出共建“絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶”和“21世紀海上絲綢之路”（以下簡稱“一帶一路”）的重大倡議，得到國際社會高度關(guān)注。WhenChinesePresidentXiJinpingvisitedCentralAsiaandSoutheastAsiainSeptemberandOctoberof2013,heraisedtheinitiativeofjointlybuildingtheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21st-CenturyMaritimeSilkRoad(hereinafterreferredtoastheBeltandRoad),whichhaveattractedcloseattentionfromallovertheworld.恪守聯(lián)合國憲章的宗旨和原則。遵守和平共處五項原則，即尊重各國主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、和平共處、平等互利。

TheBeltandRoadInitiativeisinlinewiththepurposesandprinciplesoftheUNCharter.Ituph