新編英語教程7Unit-3

Unit3

TheSubwayTomWolfeUnit3

TheSubwaysubway:AmericanEnglishtube:BritishEnglishmetro:EuropeanBigCitiesNavigationGuideI.AbouttheAuthorII.Pre-readingquestionsIII.LexicalworkIV.LibraryworkV.OrganizationoftheTextVI.KeypointsoftheTextVII.ExercisesI.AbouttheAuthorI.AbouttheAuthorTomWolfe(ThomasK.Wolfe,Jr.,1931-),U.S.author,isoneofthenewjournalists,whowrite,likejournalists,aboutthepeople,theplaces,andtheeventsofthecontemporaryworld,butwhowritewiththeimagination,thepersonalvision,andtherhetoricalflairwhichisusuallyassociatedwiththecreativewriter.Wolfe’swritingsappearinmagazinessuchasConfidentialandHarper’sBazaar.I.AbouttheAuthorWolfe,likeanygoodreporter,observescloselyfromaparticularangleofvision---oftensatiric---andheprojectswhathefeelsandthinksintohisdescriptionbythedetailsheselectstoshowusandthewordshechoosestodescribethem.Hisworksinclude:TheKandy-KoloredTangerine-FlakeStreamlineBaby(1965),NewJournalism(1973),andInOurTime(1980).II.Pre-readingQuestions1.HaveyouevertakentheundergroundrailwayinBeijingorShanghai?Ifso,whatkindofexperiencedidyouhave?Pleasant?Unpleasant?Neutral?Canyoulistsomeofbehaviorspeopledisgustmostwhentakingsubway?1Startingtogetonthetubewhilepassengersarestillgettingoff2Notmovingdowntheaisle3Pole-hogging霸占扶桿4Usingleakyheadphones5Notbeingpreparedattheticketbarrier6Manspreading大爺式占座7Notofferingyourseattoapregnantwoman9.Obstinatelykeepingyourrucksackon10.Eating11.Readingnewspapersoverafellowpassenger'sshoulder12.Readingtextsoremailsoverafellowpassenger'sshoulder13.Ignoringasoloparentstrugglingwithabuggy14.Makingeyecontactwithfellowpassengers15.IhateitwhenpeopleholdclosingdoorsopenfortheirslowfriendswhotakeforevertoswipeaMetroCard,damagingthecaranddelayingeveryoneelse.II.Pre-readingQuestions2.YoumayhavereadabouttheTubeinLondonorthesubwayinNewYork.ThepresenttextisadescriptionofthesubwayinNewYork.DoyouthinkyouwouldhavethesameexperiencetakingthesubwayinNewYorkasyoudidwhentakingtheundergroundrailwayinBeijingorShanghai?1.英國倫敦地鐵英國倫敦地鐵倫敦地鐵是歐洲最大的地鐵系統(tǒng)，同時也是世界上最古老的地鐵系統(tǒng)，始建于1863年。倫敦地鐵軌道總長253英里，每年運送9.76億人次。倫敦地鐵還和很多的地鐵系統(tǒng)相連，能夠方便的換乘以抵達倫敦周邊地區(qū)。另外還有一條無人駕駛的輕軌（DLR）線路，在途中可以領(lǐng)略泰晤士河的優(yōu)美風(fēng)光。亮點：帶襯墊的座位。吊在天花板上的LED顯示屏能提示大家，距離下一趟列車還有多長時間。2.法國巴黎地鐵始建于1900年的巴黎地鐵是世界上第二古老的地鐵系統(tǒng)，每年能夠運送13.65億人次。巴黎地鐵軌道總里程超過133.7英里，設(shè)有380個站點，覆蓋了城市的大部分地區(qū)。亮點：非常出色的覆蓋面積，每個大約500米就有一個地鐵站，而且很多車站的設(shè)計都具有獨特的藝術(shù)氣息。3.俄羅斯莫斯科地鐵俄羅斯地鐵是世界上乘客最多的地鐵系統(tǒng)，每年在其12條線路172個站點上，大約有32億的旅客匆匆往來。莫斯科地鐵的總里程大約為178英里，在平日里，莫斯科地鐵運送多大820萬的乘客。雖然大部分的莫斯科地鐵都是在地下運行的，不過還是有一些駛出地面，讓乘客觀賞莫斯科河和尤薩河的風(fēng)光。亮點：華麗的建筑風(fēng)格（至少44座車站非常華麗）；列車停車非常頻繁（高峰時期每90秒停一站）；最快的地鐵系統(tǒng)（120km/h）。4.西班牙馬德里地鐵馬德里地鐵是歐洲第二大，世界第六大的地鐵系統(tǒng)。線路總里程141.7英里，另外還有27.5英里將于近期完工。馬德里地鐵是世界上最密集的地鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)。亮點：非常干凈，并且裝備了電子清潔系統(tǒng)；車票便宜；車站很現(xiàn)代。5.日本東京地鐵每年在東京地鐵282個站點之間上下的旅客有28億人次，另外東京地鐵還有都電荒川線和上野動物園線兩條輕軌組成。

亮點：極為干凈；列車從不誤點；座位能加熱。每一站都用日文和英文雙語報站。6.韓國漢城地鐵漢城（首爾）地鐵世界上最繁忙的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一，每天運送超過800萬的乘客。而且有世界上最大的地鐵站，其整個運行里程大約179.4英里。漢城地鐵大部分在地下運行，但是有30%的線路是在地上行駛的。

亮點：漂亮的建筑外形；在過去的幾年里發(fā)展迅速；使用T-money卡搭乘地鐵。7.美國紐約地鐵紐約地鐵是世界上最龐大的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一。目前，已經(jīng)從1904年10月啟用時的28個站點，發(fā)展為462個站點的龐大網(wǎng)絡(luò)。紐約地鐵每日運送的乘客大約有490萬人。

亮點：紐約地鐵24小時運行，整個地鐵系統(tǒng)中有很多獨特的藝術(shù)作品，另外顯示列車到站時間的LED屏幕也已經(jīng)投入試用。8.巴西圣保羅地鐵

圣保羅地鐵是巴西第一條地鐵系統(tǒng)，由CPTM公司共同運作，其行駛里程大約有187英里，每天運送370萬人次的乘客。亮點：是世界上最清潔最安全的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一。9.中國香港地鐵

香港地鐵的歷史得從1979年開始算起，盡管相對而言香港地鐵56英里的長度比較短，但是每天仍然要運送246萬人次。香港地鐵延續(xù)的是英國風(fēng)格。亮點：高效的系統(tǒng)；票價也非常便宜；大容量的空調(diào)車廂。10.中國北京地鐵北京地鐵是一個相對比較新的地鐵系統(tǒng)，于1969年開放，服務(wù)于北京和周邊郊區(qū)。前一段時間，已經(jīng)新投入638億人民幣，用于擴建地鐵，以應(yīng)對2008年的奧運會。新的建設(shè)將使北京地鐵從目前的71英里里程，拓展到將近300英里。亮點：非常便捷的導(dǎo)航；票價便宜；雄心勃勃的擴建計劃。2013III.LexicalWorkIV.LibraryWorkLookupinanencyclopediasomeinformationaboutthesubwayinNewYorkCity.1958年，在洛克威專列的旅途中，皮箱被當(dāng)作了牌桌，PatMaloney、RosalieGargiulo與5歲的JackieMaloney、12歲的TommieMaloney一同在玩牌。1970年，在皇后區(qū)福里斯特高地擁擠的第七十一大道車站，當(dāng)一名警官試圖維持秩序時，一名年輕婦女從旋轉(zhuǎn)柵門下鉆過。1980年，惡劣天氣來襲之后，一位修女在從時代廣場穿梭列車轉(zhuǎn)乘萊克星頓大道線時，與其他地鐵乘客一樣面臨著積水道路。1979年，偶爾，涂鴉有將地鐵覆蓋之勢。1992年，CharlesGayle在地鐵站演奏弱音小號。2010年，音樂組合theZylopholks，包括身著小雞外套的貝斯手AriFolman-Cohen和身著黃鼠狼套裝的JonSinger，在時代廣場站演奏雷格泰姆樂曲。2010年，在第三十四街-先驅(qū)廣場站，警察戒備森嚴。2010年，在布魯克林區(qū)貝德福大道站的L線上，人潮洶涌。IV.LibraryWorkTheNewYorkCitySubwayisarapidtransitsystemownedbytheCityofNewYorkandleasedtotheNewYorkCityTransitAuthority,

asubsidiaryagencyoftheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority紐約大都會運輸署（MTA）andalsoknownasMTANewYorkCityTransit.Itisoneofthemostextensivepublictransportationsystemsintheworld,with468reportedpassengerstations,andatotalof842miles(1355km)includingnon-revenuetrackage.IV.LibraryWorkThesubwayisalsonotableforbeingamongthefewrapidtransitsystemsintheworldtorun24hoursaday,365daysayear.Itistheonlysystemtoholdthatdistinctionamongthetenbusiestsystemsintheworldintermsofannualpassengertraffic.ThesystemitselfhasmoreannualboardingsthanthoseincitiessuchasLondon,Paris,andMexicoCity.IthasnearlytwiceasmanydailyridersaseveryotherrapidtransitsystemintheUnitedStatescombined.IV.LibraryWorkThoughitisknownas“thesubway”,implyingundergroundoperations,about40%ofthesystemrunsonabove-groundright-of-way.Alloftheseconstructionmethodsarecompletelygrade-separatedfromroadandpedestriancrossings,andmostcrossingsoftwosubwaytracksaregrade-separatedwithflyingjunctions立體交匯.V.Organization&DevelopmentSectionI(P1)---introductionofthetheme:thesubwayisthelivingsymbolofallthataddsuptolackofstatusinNewYork;topic:thereisasenseofmadnessanddisorientationatalmosteveryexpressstop.SectionII(P2-3)---topic:theundergroundspacesseemtoattracteveryeccentric(古怪的；偏執(zhí)的)passionandalsobeggars;SectionIII(P4-5)---topic:however,somemendofalltothestateofbeingabum(游蕩者,游民).Forexample,ontheEastsideIRTsubwayline…VI.KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph1ll.1--2Inaway,ofcourse,thesubwayistheliving（鮮活的，活生生的）symbolofallthat(定從=what)addsupto（thosewhoare）lackofstatus

(tobeinlowsocialposition)inNewYork(theveryindication

thatthosewhotakethesubwayhavealowsocialposition).在某種程度上，地鐵無疑是紐約所有缺乏身分的因素的生動象征。VI.Paragraph1ll.2--3 Thereisasenseofmadnessanddisorientation（confusion）atalmosteveryexpressstop

(快車車站

amajorrapidtransit運輸；運輸線stopwhere“expresstrains”stop,ascontrasted

to

a

“l(fā)ocalstop”大站wherealltrainsstop).幾乎每一站都有瘋狂和令人迷失方向的氣息。VI.Paragraph1IntheNewYorksubwaysystem,weoftenfindmanyexamplesoflow‐classbehavior(beggars,winos,etc.).Thesubwayispoorlyorganizedandpassengersmoveaboutwildlyateachexpressstop.VI.Paragraph1ll.3-5Theceilingsarelow,thevistasarelong,therearenolandmarks,thelightingisaneerie

(frightening,deathlike)blend

(mixture/combination)offluorescenttubing(熒光燈),electriclightbulbsandneonadvertising.Thewholeplaceisagross

(heavy/terrible)assault

(suddenattack)onthesenses

(5ofoursenses:hearing,smell,touch,sightandtaste).地鐵站的天花板很低，通道很長，沒有什么標志性建筑，熒光燈管、電燈泡和霓虹廣告的光線融合成光怪陸離的混合體。VI.Paragraph1ll.5--9Thenoiseofthetrainsstoppingorroundingcurveshasahigh-pitchedharshness（聲調(diào)高的/尖聲的,刺耳的聲音）thatisdifficulttodescribe.Peoplefeelnoqualms(=uneasiness.Theyfeelease.)aboutpushingwheneveritbecomescrowded.Yourtactilesense（thesenseoftouch）takesacrucifying(torture/torment)youneverdreamedpossible.Theodors

(smell)becomeunbearablewhentheweatheriswarm.整個站臺對人的感觀是極大的傷害。列車停止和轉(zhuǎn)彎時發(fā)出的噪音之尖銳刺耳實在讓人無法描述。人們在感到擁擠時毫無顧忌地亂推亂搡。你的觸覺會感受到前所未有的煎熬。當(dāng)天氣暖和時，氣味會讓人無法忍受。

VI.Paragraph1Howdoesaterribleplaceattackour5senses?5senses

5organs

ImplicationabouttheN.Y.subwayhearing ear noisysmell nose disgustingtouch Body(hands,legs,feet?)Thereisnoenoughroom forourbodies.Crowded.sight eyes 1)it·sallinamess, confusion,poorlyorganized2)verydarktaste tongue Terriblesmell,Dirty,disgustingTheN.Y.subwayisnotasfragrantasagarden,orasdeliciousasakitchen.Thewholeplacesickensusonallsenses.VI.Paragraph1Youarebumpedandpushedinthecrowd.Maybeyouhaveneverexpectedsuchaterriblesituation.在擁擠不堪的人群中，你被推來搡去，

也許連做夢你都沒想到自己會受這份洋罪。VI.Paragraph1ll.9--12Betweenplatforms,record（唱片）shopsbroadcast45r.p.m.recordswithmetallictones

(harshsoundsproducedbymetals)andlunchcountersservethekindofhotdogsinwhichyoubitethroughatensile(有彈性的),rubber(soft)surfaceandthenhitasoft,oleaginous(oily/fatty)

centerlikecottonseedmeal(棉籽粉),在站臺之間，唱片行會播放45轉(zhuǎn)/分的重金屬唱片，供應(yīng)午餐的柜臺會提供熱狗，如果你咬下去一口，你會先感受到有如橡皮般有彈性的外殼，然后會吃到柔軟多油的棉籽飯般的中心部分。VI.Paragraph145r.p.m.records:

（唱片的轉(zhuǎn)速為

45

圈/分鐘r.p.m.=revolutions旋轉(zhuǎn)；轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)perminute.

Itisameasure

ofthespeed

ofarecord.A45r.p.m.record

goesroundinacircle45times

inaminute.）VI.Paragraph1ll12-13andthecustomerssittherewithpastry(cakes)andbreadflakes(thinpieces面包渣)caked（coatthickly粘在嘴上）aroundtheirmouths,belching(打嗝)tothemselvessothattheircheekspopout（突出）flatulently(腸胃氣脹的withgasesfromthestomach)nowandthen.顧客們坐在那里，嘴邊糊滿了熱狗皮和面包屑之類的東西，他們會不時打個飽嗝，而他們的腮幫子也會隨之不時鼓起。VI.Paragraph2ll.14-16Theundergroundspacesseemtoattracteveryeccentric

(unusual)

passion

(=everypersonwitheccentricpassion).Asmallandancientman

(veryoldman.Ancientisusedhumorously

here.)withaBible,anAmericanflagandamegaphonehaunts

(go/visitfrequently)thesubwaysofManhattan.地下的空間似乎能夠吸引每一種具有怪異激情的人。一個身材矮小、穿著古舊的人總會拿本圣經(jīng)、帶著一面美國國旗和一個擴音器出入于曼哈頓的地鐵。VI.Paragraph2ll.16-18HeopenstheBibleandquotes(repeat/read)fromitinastrongbutoldandmonotonousvoice.Heusesthemegaphoneatexpressstops,wherethenoiseistoogreatforhisvoicetobeheardordinarily,andcallsforredemption

(forgiveness;

areligiousterm

贖罪，懺悔).他會翻開圣經(jīng)，用滄桑而又單調(diào)的聲音引述上面的經(jīng)文。因為周圍的噪音太大以至于他的正常嗓音不能被人很好的聽見，他在每一站都使用擴音器，并且總是號召人們進行救贖。與數(shù)字有關(guān)的拉丁字根mono;one,single;monologue,monotonous

uni;one;unicycle,uniform,universe,unique

bi;two;biannual,biweekly,bicycle

di;two;dioxide,dialogue,divide,disyllable

tri;three;tricycle,tripod,triple,triangle

quadr;four;quadrilateral,quadrillion,tetra;four;tetrapod,tetragon

penta;five;pentagon,pentacle,pentagram,pentameter

hex;six;hexagon,hexapod,hexameter

hepta;seven;heptagon,heptagram,heptathlon

oct;eight;octagon,octopus,October

deca,deci;ten,tenth;decade,decimalcent;100,100th;century,centimeter,cents,hect;hundred;hectogram,hectometer,

kilo;one-thousand;kilometer,kilowatt,kiloton

milli;1/1000,1000;millimeter,million,multi;many,much;multiphy,multinational,multitude

poly;many;polygon,polytheistic,polynomialVI.Paragraph3ll.19-20.

Alsobeggars.(incomplete/ellipticalsentence.Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars.)AndamongthebeggarsNewYork’sstatuscompetition

(struggling

toachieveamoredesirable

socialposition)isrenewed

(becomesevere,begins

again),thereinthemuch-despised

(much-hated)subway.還有乞丐。在這令人無比厭惡的地鐵上，在乞丐之間，紐約的身份競爭得到了光大和發(fā)揚。這種競爭在第七大道的城際快車上達到了癲狂的程度。VI.Paragraph3ll.20-23.OntheSeventhAvenueIRTline(theInter-boroughRapidTransitline區(qū)間（行政區(qū)之間的）高速直達線)thecompetitionismaniacal[m?'na??k?l]（crazy）.Someeveningsthebeggarsricochetoff[,r?k?'?et](jumpup,bounce

off)oneanotherbetweenstops,callingoneanother‐‐‐‐‐sand‐‐‐‐sandtellingeachothertogofindtheirown‐‐‐‐car(Theblanksstandforobscenecursewordsorswearwordsthatare

unfitforprintingout.).在第七大街的區(qū)間（行政區(qū)之間的）高速直達線上，乞丐們瘋狂爭斗。晚上，乞丐們有時互爭地盤，警告對方不許越雷池一步，一邊爭斗，一邊辱罵，污言穢語，不堪入耳。VI.Paragraph3Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars.InNewYork‘smuch-hatedsubway,beggarsfight/competeagainstoneanother.Onthe7thavenueIRTline,thebeggarscompetecrazily.Someeveningsthebeggarsspoteachotherbetweenstops.Whilespotting,theycurseeachother,calleachothernamesandwarneachothertostayawayfromtheirspots.VI.Paragraph3ll.23-23.Amere（單單的,只，不過）blindmanwithacane（walkingstick）andacupisamediocre

[,mi?d?'??k?]business

(common/ordinaryimage).Whatisdemandedisentertainment.Ablindmanwithacaneandacupisthetypicalimageofabeggar.Thesightistoocommontoattractanyattention.Or:atypicalbeggaralwaysbringsacaneandacup.It’stoocommon.Nobodypaysanyattentiontoit.一個拿著拐杖和杯子的普通盲人只能算是平庸的乞討者。VI.Paragraph3ll.23-26.Twoboys,oneofthemwithabongodrum

(Bongo

drum-eitherofapairofsmall

drumsplayedwiththehands),geton

(thesubway/train)andthebigboy,withthedrum,startsbeatingonitassoonasthetrainstartsup,andthelittleboygoesinto

(beginsto

dance)whatpassesfor(whatisconsidered

to

be)anativedance.有兩個男孩，其中一個拿著一只小手鼓，上了車。大點的男孩在列車起步時開始擊打手鼓，小點的男孩就開始跳通常認為是土著舞的舞蹈。VI.Paragraph3ll.26-33.Then,ifthereisroom,hegoesintoatumblingact

(翻筋斗,打滾，翻滾).Herunsfromoneendofthecar,firstinthedirectionthetrainisgoing,anddoesacompletesomersault

(=makeatumblingact.cut/make/throw/turnsomersaults)intheair(360度空翻),landingonhisfeet（雙腳落地）.Thenherunsbacktheotherwayanddoesasomersaultintheair,onlythistimeagainstthemotionofthetrain.Hedoesthisseveraltimesbothways,doingsomenativedancinginbetween.然后，如果車廂內(nèi)有空間的話，他會開始進行空翻表演。他從車廂的一頭跑到另一頭，先順著車行駛的方向在空中來一個完整的空翻，雙腳著地。然后他會逆著車行駛的方向奔跑，再來一個空翻。他會來回做上好幾次這樣的空翻，其間穿插一些土著舞表演。VI.Paragraph3ll.26-33.Thisact（theperformance=thetumblingact/thesomersault+dance）takessolongthatitcanbedoneproperlyonlyoveralongstretch（=onalongride長途）,suchastherunbetween42ndStreetand72ndStreet.Aftertheactisover,theboyspassalongthecarwithDixiecups(papercupusedforbeverages,icecream,etc.),askingforcontributions.這樣的表演一般需要較長的時間才能很好的完成，例如列車從第42街行駛到第72街期間。表演完畢后，兩個男孩會拿著裝飲料用的紙杯沿著車廂索要小費。VI.Paragraph4ll.34-39.TheDixiecupistheconventionalcontainer.ThereisoneyoungNegroontheSeventhAvenuelinewhousedtogetonat42ndStreetandstartsingingasong,IWishThatIWereMarried.Hewasyoungandlooksperfectlyhealthy.Buthewouldgetonandsingthissong,IWishThatIWereMarried,atthetopofhislungs(sing/cryasloudlyashecould)andthenpullaDixiecupoutfromunderthewindbreakerhealwaysworeandwalkupanddownthecarwaitingforcontributions.Ineversawhimgetacent.VI.Paragraph4裝飲料用的紙杯是傳統(tǒng)的容器。在第七大道的線路上有一個年輕的黑人，他通常在第42街上車，然后開始唱“我希望我已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了”這首歌。他很年輕，看起來身體非常健康。但他會上來唱這首“我希望我已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了”，并且在唱到最高音的時候從他經(jīng)久不變的防風(fēng)外衣里掏出一個裝飲料用的紙杯，然后沿著車廂來回走動，希望能得到一些小費.我從未見到他得到一分錢。VI.Paragraph4ll.39-44.Lately,however,lifehasimprovedforhimbecausehehasbeguntounderstandstatuscompetition(fightingtoachieveahighersocialposition).Nowhe(=ayoungnegrobeggarinthesubway)getsonandsingsIWishThatIWereMarried,onlywhenheopensuphiswindbreaker,henotonlytakesoutaDixiecupbutrevealsacardboardsign,onwhichiswritten:MYMOTHERHASMULTIPLESCHLERROSSISANDIAMBLINDINONEEYE.(Multiplesschlerrossis(=sclerosis)

)VI.Paragraph4然而最近由于他開始了解身份競爭，他的生活開始有了改觀?，F(xiàn)在他上車后只會在他解開防風(fēng)大衣時唱“我希望我已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了”這首歌，他不但會拿出他的紙杯，還會露出一塊紙板，上面寫著“我母親患了硬化癥，我的一只眼是瞎的”。VI.Paragraph4ll.39-45.Hisbesttouchissclerosis,whichhehasaddedeveryconceivable

(imaginable/possible/thinkable)consonantto,creatingagood(=effective),intimidating

(terrible /frightening)Germanphysiology-textbooksolidity（reliability）（averyeffectivesolidityintroduce/describedinGermanphysiology-textbook）(=intheGermanphysiology-textbook,theauthordescribeshowterriblethedisease(=sclerosis)is.)Literateilliterate literacyLiteralliteralmeaningLiteraryliteratureletterVI.Paragraph4很可怕的德文生理學(xué)教科書上所表述的那種信任感。也許德文生理學(xué)教科書介紹了這種硬化癥有多么可怕.他的這成功的/絕妙的一筆就創(chuàng)造出了一種信任感。德文生理學(xué)教科書上也許在描述硬化癥有多么可怕，人們一看到“硬化癥這個詞，可能會談/見虎色變，就會相信這小伙子真的有這么可憐；加之其中的單詞拼寫錯誤，說明他文化水平不高；我一只眼失明?？吹竭@種可憐相，人們當(dāng)然會慷慨解囊，給他施舍一些。VI.Paragraph4ll.45-47.Sotodayhedoesmuchbetter.Heseemstomakealiving.Heisnoidler

(懶人；游手好閑者),lollygagger

(lollygag〔美口〕浪費時間；閑游浪蕩;lollygagger=onewhofoolsround愚弄者/蒙蔽玩弄別人者)orbum（=idler）.Hecanlookwithcondescension

(高高在上的態(tài)度anattitudewithsuperiority)uponthestates（ofbeingbums）towhichmenfall.他似乎可以以此謀生。他不再是懶惰者、消磨時間者或者是游蕩者。他可以帶著超然的態(tài)度看待他人的沒落。ParaphrasingSincehehasimprovedhisbeggingskill,thesituationoftheyoungblackmanhasbeenchanged.Peopletendtogivehimmoney.Heisnolongeralollygaggerorabum,i.e.hehasajob.Nowhelooksdownuponthosewhohaveunfortunatelybecomebums,i.e.nowheisself-satisfied.VI.Paragraph4VI.Paragraph4Questionsaboutpar.4(theauthortellsthestoryofyoungblackbeggar):1)2partsinpar.4.Whereisthedividingpoint?ll.34‐39&ll.40‐47;l.40′however2)Whyhastheyoungblackman’ssituationbeenchanged?Becausehehaschanged/improvedhisbeggingstrategy/method.Hemakesagooduseofpeople’ssympathy.Onhiscardboard,whathewritesmeans′Mymotherisseriouslyill,andI’mblindinoneeye.μHiswordsappealsto(呼吁，感染)people’ssympathy.Ordinarypeoplearedeeplymovedbythesympatheticsituationandcontributehim.VI.Paragraph5ll.47-51.OntheEastSideIRTsubwayline(theInter-boroughRapidTransitline區(qū)間（行政區(qū)之間的）高速直達線),forexample,at86thStreet,thetrainstopsandeveryonecomessqueezingoutofthecarsinclots（extremelycrowdedgroups）andthereonabenchinthegray-greengloom,underthegirders(【建筑】縱梁，大梁，撐柱，大型工字梁)and1905tiles(【建筑】瓷磚，花磚；瓦1905titles—tileswhichwereputinasearlyas1905.HowoldistheNewYorksubway?),isanoldmanslouched

(vi.sit/standinatiredway沒精打采地走[坐，站)backfastasleep,wearingacottonwindbreakerwiththesleevespulledoff.VI.Paragraph5在東部的城際快車線路上，比如說第86街，列車停下后人們互相擁擠，成群地擠出車廂，而在灰綠色陰影中的一條長凳上，在那些大梁和1905年鋪設(shè)的瓷磚下面，有一位懶散地斜靠著椅背的老人似乎在酣睡，他穿著一件棉風(fēng)衣，衣服的袖子已經(jīng)被扯掉了。VI.Paragraph5ll.51-52.Thatisallheiswearing.Hisskinisthecolorofcongealed(stiffened/hardened)Wheatena

(冷卻凝固的麥片粥的顏色，邊上還毛茸茸的)lacedwithpocketlint（口袋中的茸毛/絨毛）(灰白色，灰底白點的顏色。ashengreyspeckledwithpalewhite.Wheatenaisthebrandnameofacereal(〔美國〕(加過工的)谷類食物〔麥片粥等〕).CongealedWheatenaiscookedcerealwhichhascooledoffandbecomethickandalmostsolid.Pocketlintistheflufforfuzz茸毛/絨毛onefindsinthepocket.).他就穿了這么多東西。他的膚色死灰，間雜著蒼白的斑點。VI.Paragraph5ll.52-57.Hislegsarecrossedinagentlemanly

fashionandhiskindlyjuice-head

(

(slang)

alcoholic)faceisslopped

(thrown)overonthebackofthebench.Apparently,otherwinos,whoarenotoriousthievesamongoneanother,hadstrippedhimofallhisclothesexcepthiswindbreaker,whichtheyhadtriedtopulloff(take

off)him,butonlymanagedtorip

(tear/break)thesleevesoff,andlefthimtherepassedout((slang)faint,

lose

consciousness)onthebenchandnaked,

butinagentlemanlyposture(姿勢，姿態(tài)).VI.Paragraph5他雙腿以一種紳士般的方式交叉，他酒鬼特有的臉耷拉在長凳的后面。顯然那些同時又身為臭名昭著的小偷的其他酒鬼曾經(jīng)扒光了他的所有衣服，只剩下這件風(fēng)衣，他們也曾試圖把這件風(fēng)衣扒走，（但最終沒有成功），只能夠?qū)⑿渥幼У?，然后任由這位老人裸坐在長凳上人事不省，但他們還是給他保留了一個紳士般的姿態(tài)。VI.Paragraph5ll.57-62.Everyonestaresathimbriefly(ashortperiodoftime),athiscongealedWheatena-and-lint（l.52,grayandpalewhite）carcass

(body)(bodycoveredwithverydirtyclothes),butnoonebreaksstride(stops),andwhoknowshowlongitwillbebeforefinallytwopolicemenhavetocomeinandholdtheirbreathandscrapehimup(removehim)outofthegloom andintothebosomofthelaw(takehimtothepolicestation),fromwhich(thepolicestation)hewillemerge

(appear)withasetofgreenfatigues[f?'ti?g](plaingreenclothes),atleast,andanhonorableseatatnightonthesubwaybench.VI.Paragraph5Thebodyoftheoldmaniscoveredwithverydirtyclothesingreyandpalewhite.Peoplelooksathisdirtybodybrieflyandwalkedon.Nobodystops.Nooneknowshowlongitwillbebeforetwopolicemenrecognizehim.Whentheytakehimtothepolicestation,thepolicemenhavetoholdtheirbreathbecauseofhisterriblesmell.Theywillgivehimasetofgreenclothes.Theclotheswillmakehimmorepresentable/gracefulpresentableenoughtohaveaseatonthesubwayatnight.行人只是瞥他一眼，瞅瞅他那衣衫襤褸、骯臟不堪的（灰白色）軀體，但無人駐足觀望。誰知，過了有多久，終于來了兩名警察，他們屏住氣，將他拖出昏暗的角落，帶到警察局。過幾天走出警察局的他，會身著一套樸素的綠裝，這身打扮至少可使他在地鐵的長凳上得到一席之地。

VII.ComprehensionworkⅠ.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkcanbemostappropriatelyregardedasstatingtheideathatcontrolsthedevelopmentoftheselection.(B)A.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityposesagreatordealforallone'ssenses.B.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityisavividdemonstrationofthecity'slackofstatus.C.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityischaracterizedbyfilthyandconfusion,wherepeoplearemolestedbyeccentricsandbeggars.VII.ComprehensionworkⅡ.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1.Thestruggleforstatus,typicalamongtheNewYorkers,canbefoundevenamongbeggarsonthesubwaylines. T2.Somebeggarsdance,dotumblingactsandsomersaultsinthecarsjusttoentertainthepassengers. F3.ItisimpliedthattheNewYorkCitysubwayisatleastnearlyone-centuryold. T4.SomebeggarsinNewYorkCitysubwaynotonlyaskothersforcontributions,butalsorobeachothertogetwhateverthereis. TⅢ.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howisthestatement"Thewholeplaceisagrossassaultonthesenses"supportedbydetailsinthefirstparagraph?assaultonthesenseofhearing-noiseofthetrains,high-pitchedharshness,metallictonesfromrecordsassaultonthesenseoftouch-pushingandbeingpushedincrowdsassaultonthesenseofsmell-unbearableodorsassaultonthesenseofsight-Thesightofcustomerswithbreadflakescakedontheirmouthsandflatulentcheeksatlunchcountersisfarfrompleasant.VII.Comprehensionwork2.Whatdoestheword"qualms“inline7mean?Whatdoesthewholesentencecontainingthewordimply?unease,apangorsuddenfeelingofdoubt,esp.concerningmoralconduct.Pushingothersinacrowdedpublicplaceisconsideredrude,butintheN.Y.subwaythepassengers,wheninacrowd,seemtohaveforgottenthisbasicmoralnorm.3.Howisparagraph3connectedtoparagraph2?Theword"also“setsupalinkbetweenthetwoparagraphs."Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars."VII.Comprehensionwork4.Traditionalrhetoricdoesnotapproveoftheuseof"and"inasentence-initialposition.Leaveouttheword"and"inthesecondsentenceofparagraph3andseewhatdifferenceitmakes.Beggarsareleastexpectedtobeassociatedwithstatuscompetition.Theword"and"herehelpsbringoutafactthatiscontrarytoordinaryexpectations.Leavingoutthewordwouldrenderthesentenceamerestatementofafact.5.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythesentence"Amereblindmanwithacaneandacupismediocrebusiness“inline23?Thistypicalimageofabeggarisacommonsightandisnotlikelytoattractanyattention.VII.Comprehensionwork6.Paragraph4hastwoparts.Whereisthedividingpoint?Whathaseffectedtheyoungblackman'simprovement?Canyouthinkofonewordthatbestdescribeshisattitudeasindicatedbythelastsentenceofparagraph4?theword"however"inline40Hehaschangedhiswayofbeggingbytryingtoappealtopeople'ssympathy."self-satisfied“7.Thephrase"forexample"atthebeginningofparagraph5indicatesthatanexampleisprovidedforillustration.Whatistheexample?Andwhatdoesitillustrate?theoldmandescribedinparagraph5Thisisusedtoillustrate"thestatestowhichmenfall,“uponwhichtheyoungblackmancanlookwithcondescensionnow.VII.Comprehensionwork8.Inwritingadescription,thewriter'schoiceofwordsshouldbebothaccurateandeffectivesothathepresentstherightpicturetohisreadersandalsoproducestheintendedeffectonthem.Wolfehassuccessfullyattainedbothaims.Whateffectwouldhavebeenlostifhehadused"pouring"and"groups“respectivelyfor"squeezing"and"clots"(paragraph5)?Trytofindothersimilarinstancesintheselection.Fewdescriptionsare"pure“descriptions,i.e.theauthoraimsataccuratelypresentingapictureonly,withoutconcerninghimselfwithwhathehaspresented.Wolfe'sattitudetowardstheNewYorkCitysubwayisdefinitelyunfavorable;thatiswhyhehaschosenamongagroupofsynonymstheoneswithnegativeconnotations.Similarinstancesinclude:oleaginous(line11),haunts(line15),maniacal(line21),scrapehimup(line60)insteadoftheirconnotationallymoreneutralsynonyms"mushy,frequents,crazy,remove".VII.ComprehensionworkVIII.LanguageworkⅠ.Providesynonymouswordsorphrasesforthefollowingitalicizeditemsfromthetext.Thewordorphraseyousupplyineachcaseshouldfitthecontextsemanticallyaswellasgrammatically.1.Thewholeplaceisagrossassaultonthesenses.(repulsivelysickeningonallsensoryfronts)2.Peoplefeelnoqualmsaboutpushingwheneveritbecomescroweded.(arenothesitant/shy)3....andthelittleboygoesintowhatpassesforanativedance.(whatisconsideredtobe)4.Thisacttakessolongthatitcanbedoneproperlyonlyoveralongstretch,suchastherunbetween42ndStreetand72ndStreet.(onalongride)5.Hislegsarecrossedinagentlemanlyfashionandhiskindlyjuice-headfaceissloppedoveronthebackofthebench.(cheeksreddenedfromalcoholicdrink;thrown)VIII.LanguageworkⅤ.Choosethewordorwordgroupthatbestcomleteseachofthefollowing.1.Sincenylonisunaffectedbymold,fungus,andmoisture,itwasusefulduringWorldWarⅡinmaking＿＿.A.equipmentf