文體分類練4　說明文之研究報告書評類閱讀理解2025年高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計二輪專題英語X課后習(xí)題專項能力提升練含答案

閱讀理解2025年高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計二輪專題英語X課后習(xí)題專項能力提升練含答案文體分類練(四)說明文之研究報告/書評類Passage1(2024安徽安慶二模)主題:利用藻類除碳詞數(shù):335難度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機(jī))fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于利用藻類除碳的研究。1.Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A.Anapproachtocarbonremoval.B.Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C.Ameansofjoiningacompany.D.Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容可知,第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項。2.WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A.Itissecure. B.Itiseffective.C.Itissufficient. D.Itisaccessible.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”可知,盧克·麥金德教授關(guān)注海洋藻類是因為它是有效的。故選B項。3.Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A.Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects.B.Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C.Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction.D.Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段中“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”可知,藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項。4.WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A.Thegovernment’spermission.B.Morescientists’participation.C.Increasingexperimentalchances.D.Theinputintotheresearch.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”可知,根據(jù)DaveHillyard的說法,對研究的投入是需要的。故選D項。Passage2(2024福建福州三模)主題:機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究詞數(shù):367難度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(約束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(鏡頭)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”Portelanceadds.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了現(xiàn)在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究表明,要從最少的數(shù)據(jù)中快速獲取單詞的含義并不需要預(yù)先編程的假設(shè)。5.Whatisasignificantfindingofmachine-learningresearch?A.Vocabularyincreasesgraduallywithage.B.Vocabularycanbeacquiredfromminimaldata.C.Languageacquisitionistiedtobuilt-inexpectations.D.Languageacquisitionisascomplexasformerlyassumed.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.”可知,機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)研究的一個重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是詞匯可以從最小的數(shù)據(jù)中獲得。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prompt”inparagraph2mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise. D.Expect.答案A解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文“Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootageandsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.”可知,雖然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但顯然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些單詞的意思。prompt意為“促使”。7.Whatisdiscussedaboutthenewresearchinparagraph5?A.Itslimitations. B.Itsstrengths.C.Itsuniqueness. D.Itsprocess.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第五段內(nèi)容可知,第五段主要講述了這項新研究的局限性。8.WhatisEvaPortelance’sattitudetotheAIresearch?A.Doubtful. B.Cautious.C.Dismissive. D.Positive.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.‘Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,’Portelanceadds.”可推知,EvaPortelance對人工智能研究的態(tài)度是積極的。Passage3(2024河北保定一模)主題:手勢對聽眾的影響詞數(shù):330難度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音節(jié))spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),在談話中使用或不使用手勢會對聽眾產(chǎn)生很大影響。9.What’stheresearchers’purposeofdoingtheexperiments?A.Toexaminethevolunteers’interpretingskills.B.Totesttheeffecthandgestureshaveonspeaking.C.Torecordthevolunteers’questionsforthespeaker.D.Toconfirmtheinfluencehandmovementshaveonleaders.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知,研究人員做實驗的目的是測試手勢對說話的影響。10.Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheexperiments?A.Handmovementsaffectedwhatthelistenerheard.B.Thespeakerstresseddifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.C.Peoplespeakingwithdifferenthandgestureshaddifferenteffects.D.Themostpopularspeakersusedmoregesturesthantheleastpopularspeakersdid.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.”可知,研究人員在實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn)手的動作會影響聽者聽到的內(nèi)容。11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conjunction”meaninparagraph3?A.Assistance. B.Combination.C.Disturbance. D.Interpretation.答案B解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.”可推知,此處是指志愿者更容易受到與手勢相結(jié)合的音節(jié)的影響,所以conjunction意為“結(jié)合”。12.Whatmaytheresearchersagreewith?A.Gesturescaninfluenceothers’viewonone’spersonality.B.Understandinggesturesisamustineverylanguage.C.In-personcommunicationhelpsinterpretgestures.D.Responsestogesturesarelearningbehavior.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.”可推知,研究人員可能認(rèn)同“對手勢的反應(yīng)是一種學(xué)習(xí)行為”的觀點(diǎn)。文體分類練(五)說明文之新概念類Passage1(2024山東淄博一模)主題:曝光效應(yīng)詞數(shù):348難度:★★★☆☆Wouldyouratherwatchanewmovie,oranoldfavorite?Wouldyourathertryadishyou’veneverhadatarestaurant,orstickwithsomethingyouknowyou’lllike?Researchersstudyingthe“mereexposureeffect”havefoundthatweoftenpreferthefamiliartothenovel.Peopledidn’tneedtoexperiencearewardorpositiveoutcomewhilearoundtheobject—simplybeingexposedtotheobjectwouldbeenoughtomakepeoplelikeit.Totestthis,socialpsychologistRobertZajonchadparticipantsreadwordsinaforeignlanguageoutloudandvariedhowoftenparticipantsreadeachword(upto25repetitions).Next,afterreadingthewords,participantswereaskedtoguessatthemeaningofeachwordbyfillingoutaratingscale(indicatinghowpositiveornegativetheythoughtthemeaningofthewordwas).Hefoundthatparticipantslikedwordsthattheyhadsaidmoreoften,whilewordsthatparticipantshadn’treadatallwereratedmorenegatively,andwordsthathadbeenread25timeswereratedhighest.Justthemereexposuretothewordwasenoughtomakeparticipantslikeitmore.Oneplacewherethemereexposureeffectoccursisinadvertising.Itexplainswhyseeingthesameadvertisementmultipletimescouldbemoreconvincingthanjustseeingitonce.Ofcourse,there’sacautionhere:themereexposureeffectdoesn’thappenforthingsweinitiallydislike.Researchershavefoundthatourlikingforavarietyofthings(includingpictures,sounds,foods,andsmells)canbeincreasedwithrepeatedexposure,suggestingthatthemereexposureeffectisn’tlimitedtojustoneofoursenses.Additionally,researchershavefoundthatthemereexposureeffectoccursinstudieswithhumanresearchparticipantsaswellasinstudieswithnon-humananimals.Anotherkeyfindingfromthisanalysiswasthatparticipantseventuallystartedtolikeobjectslessaftermanyrepeatedexposures.Inotherwords,asmallernumberofrepeatedexposureswillmakeyoulikesomethingmore——but,iftherepeatedexposurescontinue,youcouldeventuallygettiredofit.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。1.WhatisthekeyfactorinRobertZajonc’stest?A.Frequency. B.Preference.C.Originality. D.Achievement.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Totestthis,socialpsychologistRobertZajonchadparticipantsreadwordsinaforeignlanguageoutloudandvariedhowoftenparticipantsreadeachword(upto25repetitions).”可知,RobertZajonc測試的關(guān)鍵因素是頻率。2.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofthe“mere-exposureeffect”?A.Wefavoranadvertisementatthefirstsight.B.Astudentjoinedintheclubbecauseoflove.C.Wearemoreconvincedofwhatwemetbefore.D.AstudentreadasmanyEnglishwordsaspossible.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Researchersstudyingthe‘mereexposureeffect’havefoundthatweoftenpreferthefamiliartothenovel.”可知,C選項“我們更相信以前遇見的”是曝光效應(yīng)的例子。3.Whatcanwelearnaboutthe“mereexposureeffect”accordingtoparagraph4?A.Itistheresultofadvertising.B.Ithasnothingtodowithanimals.C.Itistrueofwhatwedislikeatfirst.D.Itcanbeappliedtomultiplesenses.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Researchershavefoundthatourlikingforavarietyofthings(includingpictures,sounds,foods,andsmells)canbeincreasedwithrepeatedexposure,suggestingthatthemereexposureeffectisn’tlimitedtojustoneofoursenses.”可知,“曝光效應(yīng)”可以應(yīng)用于多種感官。4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Morelovebecauseofmoreexposures.B.Thestudyonthe“mereexposureeffect”.C.Betterresultsfromtheearlierexposures.D.Theapplicationofthe“mereexposureeffect”.答案B解析主旨大意題。本文介紹了曝光效應(yīng),即一種我們會偏好自己熟悉的事物的心理現(xiàn)象。本文闡述了曝光效應(yīng)的提出、應(yīng)用及原理。Passage2(2024山東菏澤一模)主題:多力多滋理論詞數(shù):336難度:★★★★☆TheapparentcomplexitiesoftheTikTokalgorithm(算法)mayactuallybeassimpleasabagofchips.Inavideowithmorethan700,000views,creatorCelesteArialaidouther“Doritotheory”,whichsheusestoexplaintheaddictivenatureofendlessly-scrollingsocialmediafeeds.Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan’tstopthinkingabout,andAria’sRomanEmpireisDoritos.Inherpopularvideo,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictivebecauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.

Essentially,theDoritotheorysuggeststhatactivitieslikeeatingDoritos,whichprovideaquickburstofpleasurebutlacklastingsatisfaction,canbehighlyaddictive.Ariacomparedittoconsumingfoodsthatofferdeepersatisfaction,likeaheartysteak,wherethefeelingoffullnessandcontentmentlastslonger.Thetheorycanapplytoalotofdifferentexperiences,butit’sparticularlywell-suitedasametaphorforthedopamine(多巴胺)booststhatoccurwhilescrollingthroughsocialmediafeeds.Dr.JamieSorenson,aboard-certifiedpsychiatrist,saidthattheDoritotheoryisconsistentwithexistingideasregardingaddiction.“Themoreimmediatetherewardis,themorelikelywearetorepeatthatbehavior,whetherit’seatingDoritosorscrollingonsocialmedia.”Ariamaynotbealicensedmedicalprofessional,butshetreatsjunkfoodthewayanynutritionistwould.“I’drecommendjusttryingtoremoveanythingthatyouthinkfallsintotheDoritocategory,”shesaysinhervideo.TheDoritotheorytrendhasledtoreflectionsonthenatureofaddictionandthepursuitofinstantsatisfactionintoday’ssociety,resonating(共鳴)withmanyTikTokuserswhorecognizesimilarpatternsintheirownlives.So,itfeelslikeit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforeDoritosrespondstoAria’stheory.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理論解釋了社交媒體無盡滾動信息流為何具有高度成癮性,這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個熱點(diǎn)話題。5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“RomanEmpire”inparagraph2probablyreferto?A.Avideo.B.Asubject.C.Acountry.D.Asnack.答案B解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前“Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan’tstopthinkingabout”可推知,Aria的話題是多力多滋薯片,故B項“話題”與畫線詞含義一致。6.WhatmakesAriaaddictedtochipsaccordingtothetext?A.Socialmedia.B.Differentflavors.C.Lastingsatisfaction.D.First-bitefeeling.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.”可知,Aria對薯片上癮正是由于這種“第一口”的感覺。7.HowdoesAriaexplaintheDoritotheory?A.Byintroducingaconcept.B.Byconductinganexperiment.C.Bymakingacomparison.D.Byquotinganexpert’swords.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Inherpopularvideo,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictivebecauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.”可知,Aria通過類比的方式闡述了多力多滋理論。8.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TikTok:anappealingplatformB.CelesteAria:aninsightfuldiscovererC.Chipsorsteaks:achallengingchoiceD.TheDoritotheory:anongoinghitonline答案D解析主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了Aria的多力多滋理論,且這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴,已成為一個熱點(diǎn)話題,故D項“多力多滋理論:一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上持續(xù)走紅的熱點(diǎn)”適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。Passage3(2024浙江溫州二模)主題:宜家效應(yīng)詞數(shù):321難度:★★★★★Wheninstantcakemixesfirstappearedinthe1950s,Americanhousewivesweredoubtful.Thesemixes,promisingeasycake-baking,felttooeasy.Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.ThisreflectstheIKEAeffect(宜家效應(yīng)),whichisidentifiedbypsychologistMichaelI.Nortonandhiscolleagues,suggestingweplacegreatervalueonthingswehaveworkedtocreate.Theyconductedfourstudiesinwhichtheyaskedparticipantstofoldpapercranesandfrogs,assembleIKEAboxes,andbuildsetsofLegos.Theythenaskedthebuilderstobid(出價)fortheircreations,andcomparedthepriceswithbidsfrompeoplewhohadn’tbuiltthem.Thebuildersconsistentlyoutbidthenon-builders.Interestingly,theIKEAeffectworksevenwhenpeoplehavenoopportunitytofullypersonalizetheircreations.Whilemostparticipants’foldingskillsleftmuchtobedesired,theylovedtheirimperfectlypersonalizedproductsallthemore.Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.Beauty,itseems,isintheeyeofthebuilder.

Today,ascitiesaresufferingfromseverehousingcrises,theIKEAeffectcangiveusinsightintothewell-beingbenefitsofaself-buildingapproachtohousingdevelopment.ProjectslikeWikiHouseandthe“half-a-house”approachpioneeredbyAlejandroAravena’sarchitecturecompanyElementalareworkingtomakehousingmoreaffordableandsustainablebymakingiteasierforpeopletobuildandpersonalizetheirownhomes.“Themomentpeopleareinvolvedwiththeirbuiltenvironment,theyhaveatotallydifferentrelationshiptoit,”WikiHouseco-founderAlastairParvinexplained.“Whentheroofstartsleakingoradoorstartscreaking,theyhavethepowertofixitthemselves.”【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。本文通過討論宜家效應(yīng)以及幾個實驗研究的結(jié)果,論述了人們更加珍視自己親手創(chuàng)造的東西,并由此引發(fā)了對自我建造住房的好處的思考。9.Whatbroughtcustomersthejoyofcake-bakingaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Abettertaste. B.Aneasyapproach.C.Adetailedrecipe. D.Anadditionaleffort.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.”可知,額外的努力給顧客帶來了蛋糕烘焙的樂趣。10.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3imply?A.Creationsarebasedonskills.B.Extralaborincreasesperceivedvalue.C.Beautyisfoundthroughcontrast.D.Strictmanagementbringsgoodquality.答案B解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知,本段主要講述額外的勞動會讓參與者更喜歡自己的作品,所以“Beauty,itseems,isintheeyeofthebuilder.”意為“額外的勞動增加了感知價值”。11.WhatisAlastairParvin’sattitudetowardspublicinvolvementinhousing?A.Critical. B.Objective.C.Doubtful. D.Supportive.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知,AlastairParvin認(rèn)為公眾參與住房建設(shè),他們與環(huán)境的關(guān)系就完全不同了,所以是持支持的態(tài)度。12.What’sthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteabrand.B.Tomakeaproposal.C.Toexplainaconcept.D.Tointroduceastudy.答案C解析推理判斷題。縱觀全文,尤其是第二段內(nèi)容可知,本文主要解釋什么是宜家效應(yīng)(IKEAeffect),所以本文的目的是解釋一個概念。文體分類練(六)議論文Passage1(2024福建漳州三模)主題:氣候變化對體型的影響詞數(shù):321難度:★★★☆☆Theclimatecrisismayleadthehumanracetoshrinkinsize,asmammalswithsmallerframesappearbetterabletodealwithrisingglobaltemperatures,aleadingfossilexperthassaid.ProfessorSteveBrusatte,apaleontologistattheUniversityofEdinburgh,suggestedthatthewayinwhichothermammalshavepreviouslyrespondedtoperiodsofclimatechangecouldofferaninsightintohumans’future.Hecomparedthepotentialproblemofpeopleassimilartothatofearlyhorses,whichbecamesmallerinbodysizeastemperaturesrosearound55millionyearsago.WritinginTheRiseandReignoftheMammals,Brusattenotesthatanimalsinwarmerpartsoftheworldtodayareoftensmallerthanthoseincolderareas,anecologicalprincipleknownasBergmann’srule.“Thereasonsarenotentirelyunderstood,butitisprobably,inpart,becausesmalleranimalshaveahighersurfacearearelativetotheirvolumethanbiggeranimalsandcanthusimprovethedissipationoftheextraheat,”hewrites.Brusattesaidthatbecomingsmallerwas“acommonwaythatmammalsdealwithclimatechange”.Headded,“That’snottosayeveryspeciesofmammalwouldgetsmaller,butitseemstobeacommonsurvivaltrickofmammalswhentemperaturesriseprettyquickly.Thatdoesraisethequestion:Iftemperaturesdorisereallyquickly,mighthumansgetsmaller?AndIthinkthat’scertainlyreasonable.”However,notallexpertsagreethatrisingtemperaturecausesmammalstoshrink.ProfessorAdrianLister,oftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,saidtherelationshipshownbytherecenthumanremainsstudyisweak.“Wearenotreallycontrolledbynaturalselection,”hesaid.“Ifthatwasgoingtohappen,you’dneedtofindlargepeopledyingbeforetheycouldreproducebecauseofclimatewarming.Thatisnothappeningintoday’sworld.Wewearclothes,andwehavegotheating,justaswehavegotairconditioningifitistoohot.”【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章探討了氣候變化對哺乳動物尤其是人類的體型的影響。1.HowdomammalscopewithclimatechangeaccordingtoBrusatte?A.Movingtocolderregions.B.Reducingtheirbodysize.C.Losingtheirweight.D.Adaptingtheirdiet.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theclimatecrisismayleadthehumanracetoshrinkinsize,asmammalswithsmallerframesappearbetterabletodealwithrisingglobaltemperatures,aleadingfossilexperthassaid.”及第四段中“Brusattesaidthatbecomingsmallerwas‘a(chǎn)commonwaythatmammalsdealwithclimatechange’.”可知,根據(jù)Brusatte的說法,哺乳動物減小體型來應(yīng)對氣候變化。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dissipation”inparagraph3mean?A.Exchange.B.Formation.C.Absorption.D.Emission.答案D解析詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“WritinginTheRiseandReignoftheMammals,Brusattenotesthatanimalsinwarmerpartsoftheworldtodayareoftensmallerthanthoseincolderareas,anecologicalprincipleknownasBergmann’srule.”和畫線詞所在句中“Thereasonsarenotentirelyunderstood,butitisprobably,inpart,becausesmalleranimalshaveahighersurfacearearelativetotheirvolumethanbiggeranimals”可知,體型較小的動物比體型較大的動物更容易散熱,從而推知畫線單詞意思是“散發(fā)”。3.WhatisAdrianLister’sattitudetowardstherecentstudy?A.Worried. B.Objective.C.Skeptical. D.Approving.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“However,notallexpertsagreethatrisingtemperaturecausesmammalstoshrink.ProfessorAdrianLister,oftheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon,saidtherelationshipshownbytherecenthumanremainsstudyisweak.”以及“Thatisnothappeningintoday’sworld.”等內(nèi)容可知,AdrianLister對最近的研究持懷疑態(tài)度。4.Whatisthebesttitleofthistext?A.TheThreatofClimateChangetoHumanSurvivalB.TheImpactofClimateChangeonMammalBodySizesC.TheEvolutionaryTrendsinMammalBodySizesD.TheAdaptiveStrategiesofMammalstoClimateChange答案B解析主旨大意題。本文探討了氣候變化對哺乳動物尤其是人類的體型的影響。B項“氣候變化對哺乳動物體型的影響”符合主題。Passage2(2024廣東韶關(guān)二模)主題:對生活的看法詞數(shù):314難度:★★★☆☆I(lǐng)slifeastoryoragame?Answersmayvaryfromonetoanother.Overthecourseoflife,wefindthingstoloveandcommitto—ajob,apartneroracommunity.Attimes,westruggletolearnfromourmisfortunestogrowinwisdom,kindnessandgrace.WillStorr,awriterwhoseworkIadmire,saysthisstoryversionoflifeisamisunderstanding.InhisbookTheStatusGame,hearguesthathumanbeingsaredeeplydrivenbystatus.Ratherthanaboutbeinglikedoraccepted,hewrites,it’saboutbeingbetterthanothers.“Whenpeopleareobedienttous,offerrespect,admirationorpraise,that’sstatus.Itfeelsgood.”Lifeisaseriesofgames,headds.There’sthehighschoolgameofcompetingtobethepopularkid.Thelawyergametomakepartner.Thefinancegametomakethemostmoney.Theacademicgameforfame.Thesportsgametoshowthatourteamisthebest.Evenwhenwearetryingtodogood,Storrclaims,we’replayingthe“virtuegame”toshowwearemorallysuperiortoothers.IthinkStorrisindangerofbecomingoneofthoseguyswhoignorethenobledesiresofthehumanheartandthecaringelementineveryfriendshipandfamily.Thestatus-madworldthatStorrdescribesissoloveless.Infact,gamingasawayoflifeisimmature.Maturitymeansrisingabovetheshallowdesire—forstatus—thatdoesn’treallynourishus.It’saboutcultivatingthehigherdesires:theloveoftruthandlearning;theinnerpleasurethecraftsmangetsinhiswork,whichisnotaboutpopularity,andthedesireforagoodandmeaningfullifethatinspirespeopletopractisedailyactsofgenerosity.Howdopeoplegraduallylearntocultivatethesehighermotivations?Toanswerthat,I’dhavetotellyouastory.【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。生活是一個故事還是一場游戲?作家WillStorr認(rèn)為生活就是一系列的游戲,人類深受地位的驅(qū)使,作者指出這種生活態(tài)度是不成熟的,成熟意味著追求更高的愿望。5.WhatliesinthecoreofWillStorr’sopinionaboutlife?A.Theprideinone’svirtue.B.Thepursuitofsuperiority.C.Thedesiref