(完整版)Atwarwiththeplanet課件(精讀6第三課)

Lesson3AtWarwiththePlanetBarryCommonerWarm-upquestionsWhataresomefactorsthreateningtheenvironment?Haveyoudoneanythingthatisharmfultotheenvironmentinyourdailylife?somethreateningfactorsPopulationgrowthGlobalwarmingDepletionoftheOzoneLayer(ozonehole)HabitatDestructionandSpeciesExtinction(deforestation,desertification,duststorm,mudslide,flood,drought,etc.)AirPollution(acidrain)WaterPollutionGroundwaterContaminationChemicalRisks(useofchemicalfertilizer)EnergyProduction(nuclearenergy)OzoneLayerHoleOzoneisagasthatblocksharmfulultravioletsunlight.Industrialchemicalsreleasedintotheatmospherehavecausedozonetobreakdown.Lowlevelsofozoneareshowninblue.GullyErosion(溝狀侵蝕)asevereformofsoilerosion,greatlyacceleratedbyhumanactivitiessuchasurbanization,deforestation,overgrazingofcattle,etc.astheyremovetheremainingsoil.DepletionofundergroundwatercausedbydeforestationDeforestationWidespreaddeforestationarecausedbyhumanactivities,suchascommerciallogging,agriculture,mining,andoilexploration,etc.AcidRaincausedbythecombinationofsulfurdioxideandnitrogencompoundsrainwithaverylowph.Normally,rainwaterhasaphof6.5,makingitslightlyacidic.However,withtheadditionofsulfurandnitrogencompounds,thephofrainwatermaydroptoaslowas2.0or3.0,makingitdangerouslyacidic.chemicallyburnstheleavesofplants,poisonslakewater,killsmostoftheaquaticinhabitants.ForestDamagedbyAcidRainSometermsinthislessonOzonelayerGlobalwarmingSolarradiation/energyUltravioletlightCarcinogenicsyntheticpesticidesMicroorganismPhotosynthesisFossilfuelsOrganiccompoundsbacteriaandmoldsalgaeCarbondioxide臭氧層全球變暖太陽輻射紫外線致癌的合成殺蟲劑微生物光合作用化石燃料有機合成物細菌和真菌藻類二氧化碳OutlineofthetextPara.1:whatarethetwoworlds?theme:thetwoworldsareatwarParas.2-5:whyarethetwoworldsatwar?Paras.6-14:thetwoworldsaregovernedbydifferentlawsParas.15-16:consequenceofincompatibilitybetweenthetwoworldsParas.17-21:theissueshouldbeunderstoodintermsoftheirinterplayParas.22-23:howtosolvetheconflictbetweenthetwoworldsQuestionsforParas.1-4Howwastheresponsibilitydivided?Whatisthepresentsituationconcerningthisresponsibility?Whyistheimageoftheearthmisleading?Canyounamesomeotherharmfuleffectsthathumanexertontheenvironment?Paras.1-2Whatare“thetwoworlds”?Someexamplesaboutthetwoworlds?Paras.3-4Paras.1-2exempta.relieve,free免除的breachv.tobreakalaw,promise,agreementorrelationship違背，違反unwitting

a.unintentional不知情的，無意的portendv.towarnthatsth.badislikelytohappeninthefuture預兆（壞事的發(fā)生）exert

v.puttouse運用fluctuatev.tomoveorsway搖動Infolklore,thesorcerer’sapprenticeaccidentallyfloodedsorcerer’shousebecausehelearnedtomakeabroomfetchwaterbutnothowtomakeitstop.Sorcerer’sApprentice魔法師的門徒EarthPortraittakenfromspaceParas.3-4mundanea.ordinary普通的fleecy

a.(offabrics)havingsoftnapproducedbybrushing羊毛似的，起絨的overta.open,obvious明顯的；公然的esoterica.mysteriousorbeyondunderstanding神秘的；難懂的residuen.somethingleftafterotherpartshavebeentakenaway殘留物noxiousa.harmfulordangerous有毒的，有害的nichen.asmallconcavity小凹陷處radioactivityn.thespontaneousemissionofastreamofparticlesorelectromagneticraysinnucleardecay輻射，放射線Exercises___theagreementtheyhadmadewiththeiremployerthe___victimsofadrugsdealerearthquakeswereusedtobebelievedto___theendoftheworld.___tasksaseatingordrinking___criticism___religiousteachingsexposedtohighlevelsof___mundaneradioactivitybreachovertunwittingesotericportendmundaneesotericunwittingbreachradioactivityovertportendPhrasesandexpressionsbefreeof/fromwithoutsth.beexemptfromnotaffectedbysth.onaplanetary/large/small/globalscale以......程度/規(guī)模tamperwithtointerferewithbecomeaccustomedtobeusedtosth.Para.5Howdothetwoworldsinteractwitheachother?Aviciouscycle:ThetechnospherealterstheecosphereThealteredecospherethreatensthetechnosphereConclusion:thetwoworldsareatwar.grandiosea.impressivebecauseofunnecessarylargenessorgrandeur;usedtoshowdisapproval;enormous宏偉的；巨大的bountifula.sufficient足夠的instigatev.toarouse煽動，引起counterattackn.areturnedattackagainst反擊Exercises___plans/ideas

formakingmoneyBothsidesaccuseeachotherof___thefighting.TheRepublicanshavelaunched

astrong___againsttheDemocrats.___plants/systemTheytendtoregardpeopleonwelfareas___

s.

parasitecounterattackinstigatingaquaticgrandioseaquaticparasitegrandioseinstigatingcounterattacklawsgoverningthetwoworldsLawsoftheecosphere①everythingisconnectedtoeverythingelse(Para.6)②everythinghastogosomewhere(Para.10)③natureknowsbest:aconservativenetwork(Para.12)Lawsofthetechnosphere①man-madeobjectsarehardlysuitabletotheirhabitat(Para.7—9)②itisdominatedbylinearprocessesratherthananetwork(Para.11)③arapidprocessofchangeandvariation(Para.13)Para.6ThefirstlawofecologyAfishisaparent/ahabitat/afish/aproducer/aprey/aconsumerconclusion:thefishissuitableinthenetworkExample:Whatisthemultifunctionofafishinanaquaticecosystem?elaborate

a.complicated詳細的；復雜的parasiten.寄生蟲existentially

ad.inthelivingfactofcase存在地precede

v.tohappenorappearpriortosth.先于…出現(xiàn)ThefirstlawoftechnosphereExamples(Paras.7-9):①cars(Paras.7-8)②farms:theapplicationofchemicalfertilizer(Para.9)Howarethesethingsunsuitabletotheenvironment?Doyouknowsomeotherharmfulman-madeobjects?attackonsth./assaultonsth.

攻擊imposesb.onsth.forcesbtoacceptsalablea.forsale適于銷售的commodity

n.productforsale商品afflictv.tosuffer折磨；使痛苦withlittleregardforwithoutconsiderationpropertyn.characteristicsorqualities性質(zhì)，特質(zhì)Thefirstlawoftechnosphere(Para.9)Thesolepurposeofafarm:producingcropsThesolepurposeofnitrogenfertilizer:raisingyields,increasingchemicalindustry’sprofitsconsequence:drinkingwaterispolluted.Vocabularyclash

n.conflictorshock沖擊agronomist

apersonwhostudiesthegrowingofcrops農(nóng)（藝）學家takeuptoabsorbprogressively

adv.gradually逐漸地nitrate

n.硝酸鹽Para.10ThesecondlawofecologyExample:①fish→carbondioxide→aquaticplants→oxygen→fish②fish→organiccompounds→aquaticbacteria&molds→nitrate→aquaticalgae→fishConclusion:thereisnowasteAclosedcyclicalprocessofaquaticecosystemasimplifiedecosystemsnakesFrogsInsectsPlantsEcosystemThisillustrationpresentsasimplifiedecosystem,oracommunityofinteractinglivingandnonlivingthings.Producers,consumersanddecomposersformanintegrated,functioningwholedrivenbytheSun’senergy.Eachelement’sroleintheecosystemisillustratedhere.respirev.tobreatheinandout呼吸excretev.排泄compoundn.化合物metabolizev.使新陳代謝ingestv.totakefoodorothersubstancesintoyourbody(digest)吸收deplete

touseup使枯竭；耗盡ExercisesPlantsphotosynthesiseduringthedaymorerapidlythanthey___atnight.Itisnotadrugbecausethebodydoesnot___it.Mosttoxins(毒素)arenaturally___from

thebody.Thispoisonhadbeen___byourtwopatients.

Algaecanblocklightand___oxygenfromthewater.ingestdepleteexcreterespiremetabolizeingestmetabolizedexcreterespiredepletePara.11Thesecondlawoftechnospherecrops/animals→people→waste(residue)→rivers/oceans(asanintruderofthenaturalaquaticecosystem)uranium→power→radioactivewasteConclusion:goodsareconvertedintowasteandwastegoesnowhere.Myexample:carbondioxideintheatmosphereIndustrializationhascontributedadditionalcarbondioxidetotheenvironment.flush

v.todrainatreatmentplant

n.acyclicalfactoryuraniumn.鈾ineffectuallyadv.沒效果地；不起作用地sewagen.下水道Phrasesandexpressionsthusfar

sofarbeguardedfrombepreventedfrombeconsistent/compatiblewithleavesbtoone’sowndevicestobefreetodoasonewishes,toleavesbalonetodoastheywisharrayoflargenumberofwithrespecttoabout,consideringlamentover/about

tofeelorexpressgreatsadnessordisappointmentaboutsth.Para.12:thethirdlawofecologyPara.12:lawofecologyharmonyisbasedonaverylongperiodofevolutionParas.13-14:lawofthetechnosphereinconsistencyisbasedonrapidchangeandvariationExamples:meansoftransportationwritingtoolsdevelopmentofsyntheticorganicchemistryNylon:ausefulnewcommodityaharmfulintruderTranslation(Para.12)Thebiologicalsectoroftheecosphere…ecologicalnichethattheyoccupy.finely

adv.precisely精細地；準確地tuneda.harmonious經(jīng)過調(diào)整的；和諧的adaptation

n.adjustment適應生態(tài)圈中的生物部分，即生物圈，是由從這樣的試驗中生存下來的生物構(gòu)成的。它們之所以能夠生存下來是因為它們進行了很好的調(diào)整，適應了它們所居住的某種生態(tài)環(huán)境。Para.13relentlessa.merciless無情的arrayn.listordisplay大批；一系列quilln.羽毛管innocuous

adj.harmless無害的urean.尿素imitativea.模仿的polymern.聚合物cellulosen.纖維素biodegradablea.能進行生物降解的tractn.食道cordagen.纜繩，繩索Para.14Examples:developmentofpetrochemicalindustryInwhatwayarethepetrochemicalproductsdangerousandharmfultotheecosystem?shorthandn.afastwayofwritingusingabbreviationsandsymbols速記petrochemicaln.石油化工產(chǎn)品insidious

a.treacherous,graduallyandsecretlycausingharm潛在的，暗中為害的enzyme

n.酶ExercisesSomemushroomslook___butareinfactpoisonous.Thisbagismadeof___plastic.Therearemany___sinvolvedinthemetabolism.Iusedtowanttostudy___.thedigestive/reproductive___High-bloodpressureisan___conditionwhichhasfewsymptomsoceanographyinsidiousinnocuousbiodegradableenzymetractinsidioustractoceanographyenzymeinnocuousbiodegradableconsequenceofincompatibilitybetweenthetwoworldsPara.15:examples:Inwhatwayarethefollowingthingsharmfultotheenvironment?carspowerplantsmodernchemicalfarmingnucleardisasterdistortv.totwistoutofanaturalshape扭曲toxica.poisonous有毒的gravea.seriousorsolemn嚴重的emitv.tosendout發(fā)射；釋放resultanta.happeningasaresult因此發(fā)生的Translation(Para.15)EventhespectacularnucleardisastersatThree-MileIslandandChernobylwerefarlessseriousastechnicalfailuresthantheywereintheirecologicaleffects.甚至于發(fā)生在三英里島和切爾諾貝利的巨大的核災難，作為技術(shù)上的失敗所造成的后果遠不如對于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所造成的后果嚴重。Para.16:metaphordebtsindifferentworldsWhatarethedifferencesbetweendebtsinthetwoworlds?debtsintechnosphere:repaidorcanceleddebtsinecosphere:nevercanceledacknowledged

a.publiclyacceptedorrecognized公認的mortgage

n.按揭，抵押金disseminatev.tospread散布，傳播envelop

v.toenclose包圍Para.17thedefinitionofenvironmentalcrisisthecyclical,conservative,self-consistentprocessesoftheecospherethelinear,innovative,disharmoniousprocessesofthetechnosphere.AproductofthedrasticmismatchbetweenParas.18-19Howdowesolvetheproblemoftheenvironmentalcrisis?Ifwesolveitbytakingsideslikeconventionalwar,whatwillbetheconsequence?Para.18:iftheecosphereisignored,onlythefactorsthatgovernthetechnosphereareconsidered.Consequence:emittingpollutantsisallowedPara.19:ifthetechnosphereisignored,onlyecologicalfactorsareconsidered.Consequence:reducingthenumberofpeople,…endowinganimalswithrightsconventionalwar:issuescanbesolvedbytakingsidesConclusion:eitherwayisincorrect.Figureofspeech(Para.18)Butunliketheconventionalmarketplace,whichdealsingoods-thingsthatserveausefulpurpose-thisschemecreatesamarketplacein“bads”-thingsthatarenotonlyuselessbutoftendeadly.PunParas.18-19combatant

n.fightersinthebattle戰(zhàn)斗人員atthecostof

以（犧牲）…為代價mediatev.tosettleorintervene調(diào)停,解決concoct

v.todevise,contrive編造interplayn.interaction互動；相互作用allotv.toassign分派parody

n.a(unsuccessful)copy/imitation(拙劣的)模仿inducement

n.incentive誘因，引誘marauder

n.exploiter掠奪者endow

v.捐助，贈與Twoquestionsarise(Para.20)①Istheecospheretobeprotectedattheexpenseofhumanwelfare?②Isthehumanwelfareenhancedattheexpenseofecosphere?artifact

n.man-madeproducts人工制品curatorn.apersoninchargeofamuseumorlibrary博物館館長或圖書館館長ExercisesTheywereforcedtogiveuptheirhomebecausetheycouldn’tpaythe___.AftersomeoneplaceditontheInternetitwasquickly___aroundtheworld.Ourpersonalitiesresultfromthecomplex___between

ourgenesandourenvironment.Negotiatorswerecalledinto___between

thetwosides.He___astoryaboutworkinglateattheoffice.abrilliant___ofclassicaldanceThepricesarethemain___-everythingismuchcheaperherethanatthemall.Heisthemammal___attheLosAngelesZoo.inducementinterplaydisseminatemediateconcoctcuratorparodymortgagemortgagedisseminateinterplaymediateconcoctedparodyinducementcuratorDifferentopinions(Para.20)environmentaladvocates?Isthetechnospherealwaysenvironmentallyhostile?Whatisyouropinionaboutthesuggestion(oflivingincloserharmonywithecosystem)?Theauthor’sopinion?Para.21Howtosolvetheproblemoftheenvironmentalcrisis?(thesamequestionmentionedinPara.19)ifthetechnosphereisignorediftheecosphereisignoredjudgedonlyinecologicaltermsjudgedonlyintechnologicaltermsexample:globalwarming(Para.21)IfpeopleareregardedcomponentsoftheecosystemConsequence:thereisnoreasontoopposeglobalwarmingIfpeopleareemphasizedConsequence:AvigorousefforttohaltglobalwarmingTwoextremes(Para.21)Whatarethetwoextremesifwesolvetheproblembytakingsides?①thespreadofAIDStoreducethehumanpopulation②technologyjustifieswhateverdamagetotheecosphereSometermsinhuman(殘忍的)proposalsverycruelproposals,lackingkindnessandpity(onlyregardecosphereasthemainconcern)humanist(人道主義的)approachtheapporoachregardingonlypeopleasthemainconcer