英文【世界銀行】實現(xiàn) 30x30

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PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11045

Implementing30x30

LessonsfromCountryCaseStudies

SusmitaDasgupta

BrianBlankespoor

DavidWheeler

WORLDBANKGROUP

DevelopmentResearchGroup

DevelopmentDataGroup&

EnvironmentGlobalDepartmentJanuary2025

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11045

Abstract

Thepublicationofnearly600,000newspeciesoccurrencemapsusingGlobalBiodiversityInformationFacilitydataprovidesanopportunitytoreassessinternationalspeciesprotectionwithbroaderrepresentationforplants,inver-tebrates,andotherspecies.Thisdevelopmentalignswiththeglobal30x30initiative,where188governmentshavecommittedtoexpandingterrestrialandmarineprotectiontocover30percentoftheplanetby2030.Thisstudylever-agesGlobalBiodiversityInformationFacilityoccurrencemapstoidentifynewopportunitiesforspeciesprotectionin10countriesinLatinAmerica(Brazil,CostaRica,andEcuador),Africa(Cameroon,SouthAfrica,andMadagas-car),andtheAsia-Pacificregion(PapuaNewGuinea,thePhilippines,India,andChina).Byfocusingonindividualcountries,thepaperemphasizestheimportanceoflocalconservationstewardship.Bothterrestrialandmarinecasesareanalyzed,withparticularattentiontoendemicspecies.

Unlikepreviousefforts,thisapproachassignsequalweighttoallvertebrates,invertebrates,plants,andotherspeciesmappedinthedatabase.Aspatiallyefficientalgorithmiden-tifiesprioritylocalitiesforestablishingnewprotectedareastosafeguardunprotectedspecies.Thefindingsrevealthatinitialconditions,suchasexistingprotectionlevelsandthespatialclusteringofunprotectedspecies,greatlyinfluenceoutcomes.Unprotectedspeciesareshowntobespatiallyclusteredinsomecountriesbutnotinothers,andtherep-resentationofdifferenttaxaamongunprotectedspeciesisfoundtovarysignificantlyacrosscountries.Somecountriescanachievefullprotectionwithinthe30percentterritoriallimit,whileothersmayneedtoexceedit.However,inallcases,spatialclusteringenablessignificantprotectiongainsthroughmodestexpansionsofprotectedareas,demonstrat-ingapathforwardforenhancingbiodiversityconservationwithinglobalcommitments.

ThispaperisaproductoftheDevelopmentResearchGroupandtheDevelopmentDataGroup,DevelopmentEconomicsandtheEnvironmentGlobalDepartment.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebat

/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatsdasgupta@

.

ThePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdisseminatesthefindingsofworkinprogresstoencouragetheexchangeofideasaboutdevelopmentissues.Anobjectiveoftheseriesistogetthefindingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentationsarelessthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.

ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeam

Implementing30x30:

LessonsfromCountryCaseStudies

SusmitaDasgupta

BrianBlankespoor

DavidWheeler

Funding:ThisresearchwasfundedbytheGlobalEnvironmentFacility.

Acknowledgements:WeacknowledgetheuseofgeoreferencedspeciesoccurrencedataprovidedbyGBIF,whichwasdownloadedfollowingtheircitationguidelines

(ht

tps:///citation-guidelines#derivedDatasets

).TheGBIFoccurrencedatawasaccessedviaGoogleBigQueryonFebruary17,2024.

WeextendourgratitudetoPritthijit(Raja)Kunduforhisvaluableassistancewiththegraphics.

?ndings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/WorldBankanditsa?liatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.

Keywords:BiodiversityConservation,ProtectedAreas,EndemicSpecies,Kunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework

JELclassi?cation:Q57

2

1.Introduction

Theworldisrapidlylosingbiodiversity.Pimmetal.(2014)

1

foundthatthecurrentrateofspeciesextinctionisatleast1,000timesthebackgroundrate.SupportingevidencefromtheLivingPlanetIndex(LPI),whichtrackspopulationtrendsforvertebratespeciesinterrestrial,freshwater,andmarinehabitats,showsa69%declinesince1970.

TheLPIinformstheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)anditsConferenceofParties(COP).Inresponsetoindicatorsofrapiddecline,188governmentsratifiedtheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF)atCOP15inDecember2022.Amongothermeasures,theFrameworkcommitsparticipantstoprotecting30%oftheplanetby2030.ThishasbeenlabeledtheGlobal30x30Initiativeandcommonlyabbreviatedas“30x30”.

Effectiveimplementationof30x30requiresaddressingtwokeyquestions:(1)Whatisthespatialdistributionofglobalbiodiversitythatshouldbeprotected?(2)Howcanprotecting30%oftheplanetbestconservethisbiodiversity?

Inapreviouspaper(Dasguptaetal.2024),weaddressedthefirstquestionusingtheGlobalBiodiversityInformationFacility(GBIF),whichhasexpandedtoincludeoccurrencesforover2millionspecies.Inthepasttwoyears,theGBIFhasaddedabout1.3millionoccurrencerecordsdaily.Mostrecordsincludelocationalcoordinates,enablingnewestimatesofspatialdistributionsforpreviouslyunmappedspeciesandimprovedestimatesforspecieswithexistingmaps.Usingmachine-basedpatternrecognition,weestimatedspatialoccurrencemapsforover600,000species.Thesemapscomplementpreviousworkbygreatlyexpandingrepresentationforplants,invertebratesandothernon-vertebratespecies.OuralgorithmallowsrapidupdatesandnewmapsastheGBIFdataincrease.

Inthispaper,wedrawonthepreviousworktoexploresomeimplicationsfor30x30inasampleof10countriesinLatinAmerica,AfricaandtheAsia-Paci?cregion.Wefocusonindividualcountriestohighlighttheroleofconservationstewardshipinlocalsettings.Ourcountryanalysesbeginwithcurrentprotectedareas,whichexhibitgreatcross-countryvariationinterritorialcoverageandrepresentationofspeciestaxa.Weconsiderbothterrestrialandmarinecases,focusingonspeciesthatareendemictoeachcountry.DrawingonourGBIFspatialdatabasefornearly600,000species,weoverlayspeciesoccurrencemapsonthemostrecentprotected-areamapsfromtheWorldDatabaseofProtectedAreas.Thisenablesidenti?cationofendemicspecieswhosecoveragebyexistingprotectedareasiseithernon-existentorextremelysparse.

Ourapproachdepartsfrommanypreviousexercisesbygivingequalweighttoallvertebrates,invertebrates,plants,andotherspecieswhoseoccurrenceregionsaremappedinourdatabase.Weuseaspatially-e?cientalgorithmtoidentifyahierarchyofprioritiesforlocalitieswherenew

1Pimm,S.L.,Jenkins,C.N.,Abell,R.,Brooks,T.M.,Gittleman,J.L.,Joppa,L.N.,...&Sexton,J.O.2014.Thebiodiversityofspeciesandtheirratesofextinction,distribution,andprotection.Science,344(6187),1246752.

3

protectedareaswouldo?ercoveragetounprotectedspecies.Ourcountrycasesdrawonourresultstoexplorethespatialimplicationsforcountries’30x30commitments.

Ratherthanpresentingadetaileddescriptionofourmethodologyattheoutset,weuseourcountrycasestointroduceitsfeaturessequentially.Webeginwithaneconometricanalysisthatidenti?estheappropriatescaleforenvisionedprotectedareasineachcountry.

2.CountrySizeandProtectedAreaScale

Ineachcountry,oursequentialalgorithmbeginsbyoverlayingtheoccurrencemapsofallunprotectedspeciesonaspatialgrid.Itcountsresidentspeciesforeachgridcellandidenti?esthehighest-countcell(P1)asthepriority1candidateforprotectioncoverage.Instep2,itsetsasidethespeciesresidentinP1andrepeatsthegridcellcountfortheremainingspecies.Itidenti?esthehighest-countcellasP2.Thealgorithmcanrepeatthisexerciseuntilallspecieshavecoverageinatleastonegridcell.

2

Acriticalfeatureofourapproachistheselectionofgridscaleforeachcountry.Weuseaspatialgridwhosecellareaisthesameastheaverageprotected-areasize,controllingforcountrysize.Figure1displaystherelationship(inlogarithms)betweencountryareaandmeanprotectedarea(PA)sizeinsqkmfor212countriesandpoliticalunits.

3

TheregressionresultsinTable1con?rmthestrongvisualrelationship:MeanPAsizeincreasesby0.614%witheach1%increaseincountryarea,withveryhighsigni?cance(regressiont-statisticof15.47

4

).Usingthisresult,wecanpredictthemeanPAsizeforanyareaandtranslateittoanappropriategridcellresolution.

5

2Whenmaximumresidentpopulationsarethesameinmorethanonecell,thealgorithmmakesarandomselection.

3WecomputeaverageprotectedareasizefromWDPA(2024)andcountryareafromtheWorldBank’scountryshape?le(WorldBank,2024).

4Thet-statisticistheestimatedregressioncoe?cientdividedbyitsstandarderror.Classicalsigni?cancewith95%con?dencegenerallyrequiresat-statisticabove2.0.

5WecouldcomputemeanPAsizedirectlyforindividualcountries,butacrossthe212countriesandpoliticalunitsweobservegreatvariationinboththenumbersandsizesofPAs.Webelievethatourlogarithmicregressionprovidesmorerobustandstableresultsforthecomputationofappropriategridscales.

4

Figure1:Meanprotected-areasizevs.countryarea

Table1:Regressionresults

(1)

VARIABLES

LogCountryArea(sq.km.)

LogMeanProtectedAreaSize(sq.km.)

0.614***(0.0397)

Constant

-2.587***(0.442)

Observations

212

R-squared

0.533

Standarderrorsinparentheses***p<0.01,**p<0.05,*p<0.1

5

3.PriorityAreaSelection:BrazilandCameroon

WeintroduceourmethodologywithapplicationsforBrazilandCameroon,whosesizedi?erencedictatesgridcellresolutionsof0.332and0.136decimaldegrees(dd)respectively.Withouralgorithm,eachstepidenti?esanewPAinagridcellwithsidedimensionsof0.332dd(36.9km)inBrazil,and0.136dd(15.1km)inCameroon.

Brazil

Figure3displaysBrazil’sterrestrialprotectedareasindarkgreen.Itsexistingprotectedareascoverabout2.6millionsqkm,or30.6%ofthenationallandterritory(8.5millionsqkm).Brazilhas20,245endemicspeciesinourdatabase,anditscurrentprotectionsystemisimpressivebyinternationalstandards.Brazil’s5,499protectedareasincorporate30.6%ofitslandareaandprovidesigni?cantcoveragefor93%ofitsendemicspeciesinourdatabase.Atthesametime,1,412endemicspecieshaveoccurrenceareasthateitherlietotallyoutsideexistingprotectedareasorhavesuchsparsecoveragethattheyareessentiallyunprotected.

6

Toillustrate,Figure2

displaysimagesofsomeunprotectedendemicspeciesandFigure3displaysoccurrencemapsand

imagesofsomeunprotectedspecies.

7

The?gureincludesvertebrates(Figure3a),plants(3b)andarthropods(3c).

Thepublic-domainrequirementforourimageshasproducedaquasi-randomselectionofspeciesforFigure2,althoughtheirsmallnumbercannotensurethattheyarerepresentativeofBrazil’s1,412unprotectedspecies.However,twostrikingfeaturesareevident:ManyspeciesareineasternandsoutheasternBrazil,andthemajorityhaverelativelysmallranges.Thesefeaturesarelogicalfromaspatialperspective.First,protectedareasaregenerallymuchlargerinthenorthandnorthwest,somorelocalspeciesareprotectedthere.Second,protectedareasaresu?cientlypervasiveinBrazilthatspecieswithlargeoccurrenceareaswilloftenhavesigni?cantprotectioninpartsoftheirranges.Itisalsoworthnotingthatmanyunprotectedspeciesinourdatabasehavebeenmappedforthe?rsttimebyDasguptaetal.(2024),andmanyareingroups(e.g.arthropods)thathavenotreceivedprimaryattentioninprotectedareaselection.Overall,Figure3suggeststhatthesespecieshaveasigni?cantpresenceineasternandsoutheasternregionswhereprotectedareasaresubstantiallysmallerthaninthenorthandnorthwest.

6Wede?nesparsecoverageasprotected-areacoveragewhichislessthan5%ofaspecies’occurrenceareaandlessthan25sqkm.

7Thispapercontainsmanyhigh-resolutionspeciesimagesbecausewebelievethatunderstandingoftheprotectionproblemcanbeenhancedbymakingunprotectedspeciesmorevisible.Allimagesareinthepublicdomain,andwehavedevotedconsiderablee?orttoverifyingthattheycorrectlyrepresentindividualspecies.However,wehaveno?eldexpertiseinthisarea,andwerecognizethatsomeexpertreadersmaywellrecognizediscrepancies.Wewelcomesuggestionsforimprovementofourimagepresentation,withtheprovisothatallimagesmustbeinthepublicdomain.

6

Figure2:Brazil–Imagesofsomeunprotectedspecies

7

Figure3:Brazil-Unprotectedspecies

3a:Vertebrates

3b:Plants

8

3c:Arthropods

ThefourpanelsofFigure4illustratetheiterativestepsthatidentifythefourhighest-priorityareasfornewprotectionstatusinBrazil.Aspreviouslynoted,thegridscaleforBrazilis0.332dd(about36.9kmonaside).Forthe1,412unprotectedspecies,Figure4areportsinitialcountsbygridcell.Cellcountsarecolor-codedfromlightyellowtoredanddarkbrown,whichidentifythehighestcounts.Figure4ashowsmanysigni?cantclustersineasternandsoutheasternBrazil,withthemaximumcellcount(identi?edbythepurpleoutline)inthecentralpartofEspiritoSantostate.Accordingly,weidentifythis37x37kmareaasthehighest-prioritycandidatefornewprotection,providingsomecoveragefor98previously-unprotectedspecies.

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Figure4:Brazil–Top4candidateareasfornewprotection

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Figure4breportsthecountingresultswhenthese98speciesarewithdrawnfromconsiderationforthesecondround.Althoughhighcountsintheeastandsoutheastareagainevident,themaximumcellcountinthisroundisinthenortheastpartofAmazonasstate.Thisidenti?esthesecond-priorityarea,whichprovidessomecoveragefor43unprotectedspecies.Thenextiterationidenti?esthethirdpriorityareainthesoutheast,ineasternParanástate,whicho?erssomecoveragefor32species.Thefourthiterationalsoidenti?esthehighest-countcellinParaná,initsnorthernarea,o?eringcoveragefor30species.Together,theseiterationstepsidentifyfour37kmx37kmareasthatprovidecoveragefor203(14.4%)ofBrazil’s1,412unprotectedendemicspecies.

Cameroon

Figure6displaysCameroon’sprotectedareasindarkgreen.ItsprotectionintensityissubstantiallylessthanBrazil’s,with55,600sqkm(12%)ofCameroon’s464,319sqkminprotectedareas.InourdatabaseCameroonhas645endemicspecies,ofwhich189(29.3%)aree?ectivelyunprotected.Figure5displaysimagesofsomeunprotectedspeciesandFigure6displaysthe

rangesandpublic-domainimagesofsomevertebrates(Figure6a),plants(6b)andarthropods(6c)fromtheunprotectedgroup.TheirgeographyhasapatternthatresemblesBrazil’s:Theylieoutsideexistingprotectedareas(byconstruction),andtheiroccurrenceareasaregenerallysmallbecauselargeroccurrenceareaswilloftenoverlapwithprotectedareas.InCameroon,thedisplayedspeciesarepredominantlylocatedinthecountry’swestandsouthwest.

11

Figure5:Cameroon–Imagesofunprotectedspecies

12

Figure6:Cameroon–Imagesofunprotectedspecies

6a:Vertebrates

6b:Plants

13

6c:Arthropods

ThefourpanelsofFigure7replicatetheiterativemethodthatwehaveintroducedintheBraziliancase.Cameroon’sgridscaleis0.136dd(cellsare15.1kmonaside).Figure7adisplayscountsbygridcellforCameroon’s189unprotectedendemicspecies.The?gurerevealspronouncedclusteringinthewestandsouthwest,withthehighestcellcount(outlinedinpurple)inthesouthernpartofCentreRegion.Thiscellprovidescoveragefor24previously-unprotectedspecies.ThethreefollowingiterationsidentifypriorityareasinthecentralpartofNord-OuestRegion(21species,Figure7b),thesouthwestcornerofEstRegion(16species,Figure7c)andthesouthernpartofSud-OuestRegion(15species,Figure7d).Together,theseiterationstepsidentifyfour15kmx15kmareasthatprovidecoveragefor76(40.2%)ofCameroon’s189unprotectedendemicspecies.

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Figure7:Top4priorityareasinCameroon

15

Insummary,ourintroductorycaseanalysesforBrazilandCameroonhaveillustratedourbasicmethodologyforidentifyingunprotectedendemicspecies,establishinggridscales,andselectinghigh-priorityareasforprotection.Theresultssuggestthatrelativelyfewnewprotectedareascanprovidecoverageforasubstantialportionofunprotectedendemicspecies.However,animportantcaveathastobeaddressed:Ifthespeciesoccurrencemapsareaccurate,thegridsquaresidenti?edbyourexercisewillprovidesomecoverageforalloverlappingspecies.However,ourmethodologydoesnotguaranteethateachspecieswithinagridcellwillbeprotectedbyourde?nition.Thiscanberemediedbyexpandingtheprotectedareauntilthecoverageachievedremovesallspeciesfromunprotectedstatusasde?nedbyouroriginalcriterion(protectionforlessthan5%ofaspecies’occurrencemapandlessthan25sqkm).

ForBrazil,wecomputetheneededexpansionforthe98speciesidenti?edinthe?rstiterationofourareaselectionmethodology.Wegenerateasequenceofcirclesfromthecentroidoftheidenti?edgridcell,startingwiththecirclethatcircumscribesthecell.

8

Ineachiteration,weexpandtheradiusby10%.We?ndthatthe?rstcircleremoves92of98speciesfromunprotectedstatus.Expandingtheradiusby10%removes3additionalspecies,andtheremaining3speciesareremovedfromunprotectedstatusbyrespectiveexpansions(fromtheoriginalradius)of20%,40%and50%.

ForCameroon,the?rstiterationidenti?esagridcellthatremoves24speciesfromunprotectedstatus.Withthesameprotectiontest,theinitialcircleprotects9speciesandsuccessiveincreasesof20%to50%oftheoriginalradiusaddprotectionfor4,3,1and2species,respectively.Theremaining5speciesrequireradialexpansionsof70%,80%,120%,150%and160%,respectively.

Figure8displaysthecircularareasthatprovideprotectioncoverageforallspeciesinthepriority1areasofBrazilandCameroon.Inbothcases,theseareasfallwellwithinthesizerangeoftypicalprotectedareasinthetwocountries.

8Theradiusofthecircleisone-halfthecellsidelength.

16

Figure8:BrazilandCameroon–Fullprotectionareasforprioritygroup1

4.VariationsinGeographyandTaxonomy:SouthAfricaandCostaRica

WeturntoSouthAfricaandCostaRicaforamoredetailedlookatgeographicandtaxonomicvariationsthatarerevealedbyourmethodology.Thetwocountriesdi?ersubstantiallyinsize,yieldingverydi?erentgridscalesforpriorityareaidenti?cation:0.183dd(20.3km)forSouthAfricaand0.069dd(7.7km)forCostaRica.SouthAfricahas12,793endemicspeciesinourdatabase,with1,192unprotectedbyourcriteria.Overall,SouthAfrica’scurrentprotectionpro?leisimpressive,withabout91%ofitsendemicspeciesinprotectedareasthatoccupyabout9%ofthenationalterritory.CostaRica’spro?leisalsoimpressive,with97.9%ofitsendemicspeciesinprotectedareasthatoccupyabout59%ofthenationalterritory.OfCostaRica’s6,075endemicspeciesinourdatabase,125areunprotectedbyourcriteria.

SouthAfrica

ForSouthAfrica,Figure9displaysimagesofsomeunprotectedplants,arthropods,vertebratesandotherspecieswhoseimagesareinthepublicdomain.Figure10displaysouridenti?cationofthetop3priorityareasfornewprotection.Theseresultsprovideastrikingpictureofgeographicvariation,withpriorityarea1intheeasterncoastalregion(Figure10a:KwaZulu–Natal),area2inthefarwest(Figure10b:NorthernCape)andarea3intheinteriornortheast(Figure10c:Gauteng).Atthesametime,allthree?guresshowthattheprioritygridcellshavemaximumspeciescountsindistributionswithrelativelyhighcountsacrossbroadareas.

17

Figure9:SouthAfrica–Selectedunprotectedspecies

18

Figure10:Top3priorityareasinSouthAfrica

Table2providesadetailedaccountingforthespeciesthatwouldbeprotectedbythethree

priorityareas.Althoughprioritygroup1hasthemostspeciesbyconstruction,thetableshows

thatallthreegroupsarerelativelylarge.Arthropodsdominategroup1,althoughitalso

includessubstantialnumbersofvertebrates,plantsandotherspecies.Group2hasnarrowertaxonomicrepresentation,con?nedtoplantsandarthropods,andtheformeraremuchmorenumerous.Group3isalsocon?nedtothesetwogroups,butplantsareonlyrepresentedbyonespecies.

Table3expandsthespeciesaccountingtothetop10priorityareas,providinginformationontotalspeciesprotectedandthedistributionofspeciesacrossthefourtaxonomicgroups.Thetablecon?rmswidedispersalofunprotectedspecies:62speciesareinpriorityarea1,55areinarea2,andrepresentationtailso?graduallyto25speciesinarea10.Taxonomicrepresentationexhibitsgreatvariationacrossthe10areas,withpercentagerangesof[2.1–96.8]forplants,[0–18.5]forvertebrates,[0–97.9]forarthropodsand[0–43.6]forotherspecies.

19

Table2:SouthAfrica–Speciesintop3protectedareas

2a.Group1

Vertebrates

Plants

Arthropods

OtherSpecies

Anchichoeropsnatalensis

Crassulafloribunda

Aedesdemeilloni

Achnanthesrupestris

Bathygobiusniger

Eriosemasuperpositum

Aedeshansfordi

Bulliamozambicensis

Canthigasterpunctata

Gerrardanthustomentosus

Anobadisjuncta

Chalcocystisburnupi

Halichoereszulu

Gymnosporiawoodii

Bandusiarubicunda

Diodoracrucifera

Pempheriseatoni

Phymaspermumpinnatifidum

Brachyplatystestudonigra

Echinolittorinanatalensis

Thamnaconusarenaceus

Senecioexuberans

Cabominahilariformis

Gomphonemaentolejum

Syncolostemonlatidens

Callioratisabraxas

Halgerdadichromis

Callynadecora

Kerkophoruscorneus

Carbularecurva

Kerkophorusmelvilli

Cassidaguttipennis

Medusafissurelladubia

Catamonusmelancholicus

Catephiaamplificans

Chiasmianatalensis

Cicynethusdecoratus

Drosophilavulcana

Gleneaarida

Helcitawahlbergi

Hortipesmesembrinus

Hyblaeaoccidentalium

Hypenapalpitralis

Leptopholcusgracilis

Monoleptajacksoni

Negeranatalensis

Phonoctonusfasciatus

Plecopterapoderis

Plusiopalpadichora

Pseudandriasamutata

Pseudochromatosianigrapex

Racelomanatalensis

Rhynocorisvenustus

Stagiramicrocephala

Syllepteorbiferalis

Synemadiana

Syngamiafervidalis

Thysanoplusiaspoliata

Trichoplusiaroseofasciata

Veniliodesinflammata

Xosopharaguttata

Zerenopsisgeometrina

20

2b.Group2andGroup3

Group2

Group3

Plants

Arthropods

Plants

Arthropods

Albucapentheri

Claniamacgregori

Pearsoniabracteata

Ableptinanubifera

Antimimagracillima

Colleteszygophyllum

Acollesisfraudulenta

Arctothecamarginata

Cryptolarynxestriatus

Acontiatanzaniae

Babianapapyracea

Idopompilusbraunsi

Acontiatinctilis

Chamareasnijmaniae

Merostenuslongistylus

Acontiatorrefacta

Chrysocomahantamensis

Molurissemiscabra

Afrobirthamahobohmi

Cyanellaaquatica

Nesomyrmexnanniae

Aphilopotaiphia

Cygnicollumimmersum

Nixoniamcgregori

Aphilopotasubalbata

Daubenyacapensis

Opistophthalmuslaticauda

Aspilatopsisgloriola

Daubenyastylosa

Patellapisbifurcata

Athetisxanthopis

Diasciainsignis

Patellapisdoleritica

Audeafumata

Diascialewisiae

Patellapisminima

Chiasmiakirbyi

Euryopsmirus

Patellapistenuihirta

Closteralentisignata

Geissorhizadivaricata

Patellapistimpageleri

Concaviatransvaali

Geissorhizasubrigida

Prosoecamarinusi

Conchyliasesquifascia

Hesperantharivulicola

Scraptermellonholgeri

Croperasericea

Hesperanthavaginata

Scrapteroxaloides

Desmeocraeravernalis

Ixiabrunneobractea

Drepanogynisglaucichorda

Lachenaliaalba

Epilepiamelanobrunnea

Massoniapseudoechinata

Epiplemainconspicua

Mesembryanthemumtenuiflorum

Eublemmaalbivena

Moraeaaspera

Eublemmafulvitermina

Moraeafragrans

Eutrichafulvida

Moraeahesperantha

Euxoaanarmodia

Moraeapseudospicata

Gibbalariasistrata

Oxalisargillacea

Halseyiarufilinea

Oxaliscallosa

Idaeaassociata

Oxalisfilifoliolata

Laeliaextatura

Pelargoniumaristatum

Lamoriaexiguata

Pelargoniumpachypodium

Leucaniacupreata

Pentamerisdentata

Lithacodianormalis

Romuleadiscifera

Lymantriadesxanthosoma

Romuleasabulosa

Maunaava

Selagospectabilis

Metasiaeremialis

Strumariapicta

Metopteryxrattus

Trachyandraprolifera

Mimasurainnotata

Xiphothecacanescens

Mimasuraquadripuncta

Zaluzianskyaregalis

Mythimnaatrinota

Naardamelanomma

Nycteolamalachitis

Odontoperahomales

Omphaluchaalbosignata

Panagropsismuricolor

Pseudomalladasjostedti

Scopuladeserta

Scotopteryxcryptocycla

21

22

Table3:SouthAfrica–Distributionsofnewpriorityareasandspecies

%Total

Other

%

%

%Other

Priority

Species

Species

Plants

Vertebrates

Arthropods

Species

Plants

%Vertebrates

Arthropods

Species

1

62

5.2

7

6

39

10

11.3

9.7

62.9

16.1

2

55

4.6

38

0

17

0

69.1

0

30.9

0

3

47

3.9

1

0

46

0

2.1

0

97.9

0

4

40

3.4

38

0

2

0

95

0

5

0

5

39

3.3

20

2

0

17

51.3

5.1

0

43.6