2022年11月全國翻譯專業(yè)資格（水平）考試英語三級筆譯實(shí)務(wù)試題真題及答案

2022年11月全國翻譯專業(yè)資格（水平）考試英語三級筆譯實(shí)務(wù)試題真題及答案[問答題]1.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Intimesofst（江南博哥）ress,likelivingthroughaglobalpandemic,it’snaturaltofallbackonsoothinghabits—gardening,playingvideogamesorlightingupacigarette.Butwhataretherisks,giventhatthenovelcoronavirusatthecenterofthecurrentcrisisattacksthelungs?Thescienceisinitsearlystages,butstudiesarefindingthatcigarettesmokersaremorelikelytohavesevereinfections.Thereisdatatoshowthatifyouareasmoker,you’remorelikelytohaveadverseoutcomesfromCOVID-19,needmechanicalventilationanddiethanifyou’renotasmoker.Smokingdamagesthelungs’defensemechanisms,makingithardertofightoffCOVID-19andotherrespiratorydiseases.Whatdoessciencesay?Earlydatawasconflicting.Somereportsindicatedthatsmokingwasnotassociatedwithincreasedadverseoutcomesandthatsmokerswereunderrepresentedinhospitalsettings,leadingsometoclaimthatsmokersmightevenhaveimmunitytothevirus.Butspecialistsdismissedtheclaimsas“reallyfringestaff”.OnestudyfoundthatofthosewhodiedofCOVID-19,9percentwerecurrentsmokerscomparedwith4percentofthosethatsurvived.Smoking,foronething,inhibitsbloodcellsthatwouldotherwisecleanandrepairdamagedlungs.Whataboute-cigarettes?Lessisknownabouthowcoronaviruspatientswhousee-cigarettesproductsarefaring,butseveraldoctorssuspecttheirtrajectorywillmirrorthatofcigarettesmokers.Smokinge-cigaretteshasallthesameadverseeffectsassmokingordinarycigarettesdoes.Smokinganythingcanirritatethelimingofyourlungs.Ifyouirritatetheliningofyourlungs,yousetyourselfupfortrouble,becausethediseasekillspeoplebyattackingthelungs.Whataboutsecondhandsmoke?Smokersdonotexpelmoreofarespiratoryvirusthannon-smokers,althoughtheydocoughmore.Thesmokeitselfdoesn’tseemtoincreasetheamountofvirusthatgetsintheair.However,totheextentthatthevirusiscarriedintingaerosolparticlesthatstayintheair,oneofthepossiblemeansoftransmission,thesmokeshowswherethoseparticlesarelocated.Onestudyshowedthatpeoplewhohadbeenexposedtosecondhandsmokeweremorelikelytocontracttuberculosisand,oncetheygotit,didn’tdoaswellasthosewhoweren’texposedtosmoke.Intermsoftheseimmune-suppressiveeffects,asitrelatestotuberculosis,secondhandsmokehasadverseeffects.Eachvirushasitsuniquepatternofdispersion,andscientistsarestartingtogetahandleonhowthenovelcoronavirusbehaves.Thisunderstandingismakingitpossibletoranktherisksofdifferentactivitiesfromhightolowtotrivial.Thetwodriversofthespreadofthediseaseareclosecontactandcrowdinginclosedspaces,asthevirusismainlytransmittedthroughrespiratorydropletsandclosecontact.Itspreadsthroughhomelessshelterandnursinghomes,wherepeoplearecrowdedinwithmanyothers.Anditspreadsthroughpeople’shouseholds.Scientistshavefoundsometrend.Forexample,spendingtimediningtogetherorbeingonpublictransportmightincreasetheriskofspreadingorcontractingthedisease,whilegoingtoamarketbrieflyforfiveminutesoratransientencounterwhileyouwalkorrunpastsomeoneisconsideredlowrisk.Thestudieswerealldonethroughcontacttracing,whichraytonouttobehumanity’sgreateststrategyforfightingtheCOVID-19pandemic.Contacttracingcanstopchainsoftransmission,evenafteradiseaseiswidespread.Anothermajorbenefitisthatitofferscluesastohowthediseasespreads.Eachvirushasitsuniquepattern.正確答案：詳見解析參考解析：【參考譯文】在面對壓力時，例如在全球新冠疫情之下，人們會自然而然地借助于一些舒緩身心的習(xí)慣，如園藝、打電子游戲或抽煙。在知道處于當(dāng)前危機(jī)中心的新冠病毒會攻擊肺部的前提下，吸煙會帶來哪些風(fēng)險呢？雖然相關(guān)科學(xué)研究還處于早期階段，但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，吸煙者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重感染的概率更高。有數(shù)據(jù)表明，吸煙者更可能面臨新冠肺炎帶來的不良后果，需要借助呼吸機(jī)及死亡的概率都大于非吸煙者。吸煙會損害肺部防御機(jī)制，從而降低其對新冠肺炎及其他呼吸道疾病的抵御作用?？茖W(xué)研究結(jié)果如何？早期數(shù)據(jù)存在相互矛盾的情況。一些報告顯示，吸煙與不良后果的增加不存在相關(guān)性，且吸煙者在醫(yī)院中的比例很低，不具備代表性，因此有人聲稱吸煙者對新冠病毒具有免疫力。但是專家認(rèn)為這種說法“十分偏門”。一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在新冠肺炎死亡病例中，現(xiàn)時吸煙者占9%，而在幸存病例中僅占4%。一方面，吸煙會抑制血細(xì)胞的生成，從而抑制血細(xì)胞清潔和修復(fù)受損肺部。電子煙呢？人們對使用電子煙產(chǎn)品的新冠患者的病情發(fā)展了解甚少，但一些醫(yī)生懷疑他們的病情發(fā)展能反映出吸煙者的情況。吸食電子煙的負(fù)面影響與普通香煙一致。無論吸食什么都會刺激肺黏膜。肺黏膜一旦受到刺激，那便是自找麻煩，因?yàn)樾鹿诜窝渍峭ㄟ^攻擊肺部致人死亡。二手煙呢？雖然吸煙者確實(shí)咳嗽得更厲害，但他們排出的呼吸道病毒并不比非吸煙者多。煙本身不會增加空氣中的病毒數(shù)量。空氣中的微型氣溶膠顆粒能夠攜帶新冠病毒，這也是新冠病毒可能的傳播途徑之一，而吸煙者吐出的煙能夠顯示出這些顆粒的位置。一項研究表明，暴露于二手煙的人群更可能感染結(jié)核病，而且一旦染上該病，情況要比未暴露于二手煙的人群要糟。就免疫抑制作用而言，二手煙對結(jié)核病存在不利影響。每種病毒都有其獨(dú)特的傳播方式，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開始逐步了解新冠病毒的傳播方式。基于此，我們能夠?qū)⒉煌顒拥娘L(fēng)險等級從高到低再到無風(fēng)險進(jìn)行排序。由于新冠病毒主要通過呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸進(jìn)行傳播，因而密切接觸和封閉空間的人群聚集是加快新冠疫情擴(kuò)散的兩個主要因素。它通過收容所和療養(yǎng)院這些人群擁擠的地方傳播。它還能在家庭成員間傳播。科學(xué)家已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些趨勢。舉個例子，長時間聚餐和乘坐交通工具有可能增加傳播或患病的風(fēng)險，而在市場短暫停留5分鐘，走路或跑步時與某人擦肩而過，這些情況都被視為低風(fēng)險。這些研究都是通過密接追蹤完成的，它有可能是人類對抗新冠疫情所采取的最重大戰(zhàn)略。即使在疾病廣泛傳播后，密接追蹤也能阻斷傳播鏈。另一個主要益處在于，它為疾病傳播方式提供了線索。每種病毒都有其獨(dú)特的傳播方式。解析（1）Intimesofstress,likelivingthroughaglobalpandemic,it’snaturaltofallbackonsoothinghabits—gardening,playingvideogamesorlightingupacigarette.在面對壓力時，例如在全球新冠疫情之下，人們會自然而然地借助于一些舒緩身心的習(xí)慣，如園藝、打電子游戲或抽煙。[分析]“soothinghabits”譯為“舒緩身心的習(xí)慣”。“l(fā)ightingupacigarette”譯為“抽煙”。（2）Butwhataretherisks,giventhatthenovelcoronavirusatthecenterofthecurrentcrisisattacksthelungs?在知道處于當(dāng)前危機(jī)中心的新冠病毒會攻擊肺部的前提下，吸煙會帶來哪些風(fēng)險呢？[分析]“giventhat”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，翻譯時譯為“鑒于”。（3）Smokingdamagesthelungs’defensemechanisms,makingithardertofightoffCOVID-19andotherrespiratorydiseases.吸煙會損害肺部防御機(jī)制，從而降低其對新冠肺炎及其他呼吸道疾病的抵御作用。[分析]譯文準(zhǔn)確翻譯出原句中的因果關(guān)系，這里將“makingitharder”處理為“從而降低其對……的抵御作用”，清晰呈現(xiàn)了吸煙導(dǎo)致的后果。（4）…smokersmightevenhaveimmunitytothevirus.吸煙者對新冠病毒具有免疫力。[分析]haveimmunityto…對……具有免疫力。（5）Lessisknownabouthowcoronaviruspatientswhousee-cigarettesproductsarefaring,butseveraldoctorssuspecttheirtrajectorywillmirrorthatofcigarettesmokers.人們對使用電子煙產(chǎn)品的新冠患者的病情發(fā)展了解甚少，但一些醫(yī)生懷疑他們的病情發(fā)展能反映出吸煙者的情況。[分析]“Lessisknownabout…”譯為“對……了解甚少”。（6）Ifyouirritatetheliningofyourlungs,yousetyourselfupfortrouble,becausethediseasekillspeoplebyattackingthelungs.無論吸食什么都會刺激肺黏膜。肺黏膜一旦受到刺激，那便是自找麻煩，因?yàn)樾鹿诜窝渍峭ㄟ^攻擊肺部致人死亡。[分析]通過條件句“一旦……，那便是……”，形象地描繪了刺激肺黏膜帶來的后果，增強(qiáng)了警示意味。（7）However,totheextentthatthevirusiscarriedintingaerosolparticlesthatstayintheair,oneofthepossiblemeansoftransmission,thesmokeshowswherethoseparticlesarelocated.空氣中的微型氣溶膠顆粒能夠攜帶新冠病毒，這也是新冠病毒可能的傳播途徑之一，而吸煙者吐出的煙能夠顯示出這些顆粒的位置。[分析]這句的主干為thesmokeshowswherethoseparticlesarelocated，totheextentthat...為狀語從句。在這個狀語從句中，主干為thevirusiscarriedintinyaerosolparticles，后面定語從句thatstayintheair用來修飾tinyaerosolparticles。插入語oneofthepossiblemeansoftransmission是整個狀語從句的同位語，起到解釋說明的作用。“aerosolparticles”譯為“氣溶膠”。（8）Eachvirushasitsuniquepatternofdispersion,andscientistsarestartingtogetahandleonhowthenovelcoronavirusbehaves.Thisunderstandingismakingitpossibletoranktherisksofdifferentactivitiesfromhightolowtotrivial.每種病毒都有其獨(dú)特的傳播方式，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)開始逐步了解新冠病毒的傳播方式?；诖耍覀兡軌?qū)⒉煌顒拥娘L(fēng)險等級從高到低再到無風(fēng)險進(jìn)行排序。[分析]“dispersion”譯為“分散，傳播”?！皉ank…from…to…to…”譯為“對……從……到……再到……排序”。[問答題]2.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和物質(zhì)消費(fèi)水平大幅提高，我國生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量迅速增長，環(huán)境隱患日益突出，已經(jīng)成為新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的制約因素。實(shí)施生活垃圾分類(garbagesorting)，可以有效改善城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境。促進(jìn)資源回收利用，提高城鎮(zhèn)化質(zhì)量。垃圾分類是處置垃圾的首要環(huán)節(jié)，是解決垃圾出路問題的一個重要舉措。垃圾分類是按照垃圾的不同成分、利用價值以及對環(huán)境的影響，根據(jù)不同處置方式的要求，分成若干種類，進(jìn)行分類投放，并通過分類收集、分類運(yùn)輸、分類處理，實(shí)現(xiàn)垃圾減量化、資源化、無害化。首先，充分回收利用可回收物。通過分類投放、分類收集，把有用物品，如紙張、塑料、橡膠、玻璃等從垃圾中分離出來利用。如1噸廢紙可再生新紙0.8噸，相當(dāng)于少砍伐樹齡為30年的樹木20棵。其次，減少垃圾處理量。分類收集便于對不同垃圾進(jìn)行分類處置。例如果皮轉(zhuǎn)化為有機(jī)肥，其他垃圾則進(jìn)行衛(wèi)生填埋或焚燒，可減少填埋量，從而節(jié)省寶貴的土地資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)社會效益和生態(tài)環(huán)境的雙贏。再者，如果我們不對生活垃圾進(jìn)行分類，將增加后續(xù)處理難度，可造成對空氣、水質(zhì)、土壤的污染，危害人體健康，損害環(huán)境?？傊?，垃圾分類既能提高垃圾利用水平，又能減少垃圾處理量，達(dá)到回收可用資源，降低處置成本，減少土地消耗的目標(biāo)，實(shí)現(xiàn)社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)三方面的效益。正確答案：詳見解析參考解析：【參考譯文】Duetotheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthesurgeinmaterialconsumption,outputofhouseholdwasteinChinaisrampinguprapidly.Thus,environmentalproblemsarebecomingincreasinglyevidentandinhibitingthedevelopmentofthenewurbanization.Implementinggarbagesortingofhouseholdwastescouldeffectivelyimprovetheenvironmentinbothcitiesandcountries,stepuptherecyclingandreuseofresourcesandupgradethequalityofurbanization.Garbagesortingisthefirstandforemoststepintheprocessofgarbagedisposalandacrucialsolutiontocorrespondingproblems.Garbagesortingisaprocessbywhichwasteisseparatedintodifferentelementsaccordingtocontent,reusevalueandenvironmentalimpactandthenrecycledordisposedofinlinewithdifferencerequirements.Theseelementswillbecollected,transportedandprocessedseparatelytoreducetheamountofwastethatendsupinlandfill,increasetheamountofwastethatisrecyclable,andensuregreenwastedisposal.First,garbagesortinghelpstakefulluseofrecyclablematerials.Throughseparatedisposalandcollectionofwastematerials,usefulitemssuchaspaper,plastic,rubber,glass,etc.areseparatedfromthegarbageandthenreused.Forinstance,1tonofwastepapercanberecycledinto0.8tonsofnewpaper,whichcansave2030-year-oldtrees.Second,wastesortinghelpstoreducetheamountofwastethatneedstobedisposedofasseparatecollectionfacilitatesseparatedisposal.Forexample,fruitpeelscanbetransformedintoorganicfertilizers,whileothergarbageiseithersenttosanitarylandfillsorincinerated.Thiscanreducetheamountofwastethatneedstobeburied,thussavingvaluablelandresourcesandachievingawin-winsituationforsocialbenefitsandtheecologicalenvironment.Inaddition,ifwedon’tsorthouseholdgarbage,therewillbeanincreaseinthedifficultyofsubsequentwastedisposalandpollutiontotheair,water,andsoil,whichcanharmhumanhealthanddamagetheenvironment.Inshort,garbagesortingcannotonlyimprovethereuseofwaste,butalsoreducetheamountofwastethatneedstobedisposedof.Thishelpsachievethegoalofrecyclingwaste,whilereducingdisposalcostsandlandconsumption,ultimatelyleadingtosocial,economic,andecologicalbenefits.解析（1）隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展和物質(zhì)消費(fèi)水平大幅提高，我國生活垃圾產(chǎn)生量迅速增長，環(huán)境隱患日益突出，已經(jīng)成為新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展的制約因素。Duetotheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandthesurgeinmaterialconsumption,outputofhouseholdwasteinChinaisrampinguprapidly.Thus,environmentalproblemsarebecomingincreasinglyevidentandinhibitingthedevelopmentofthenewurbanization.[分析]將“成為……的制約因素”轉(zhuǎn)換為主動語態(tài)“andinhibitingthedevelopmentof...”，使用并列結(jié)構(gòu)簡化句子，避免過多從句嵌套?！碍h(huán)境隱患日益突出”譯為“environmentalproblemsarebecomingincreasinglyevident”?！靶滦统擎?zhèn)化發(fā)展”譯為“newurbanization”。（2）垃圾分類是處置垃圾的首要環(huán)節(jié)，是解決垃圾出路問題的一個重要舉措。Garbagesortingisthefirstandforemoststepintheprocessofgarbagedisposalandacrucialsolutiontocorrespondingproblems.[分析]翻譯“垃圾出路問題”時，可理解為“垃圾處理問題”，由于上文提到過，所以這里靈活用“相應(yīng)的問題”代替，采用“correspondingproblems”既保留了原意，又避免了直譯的生硬。（3）首先，充分回收利用可回收物。通過分類投放、分類收集，把有用物品，如紙張、塑料、橡膠、玻璃等從垃圾中分離出來利用。First,garbagesortinghelpstakefulluseofrecyclablematerials.Throughseparatedisposalandcollectionofwastematerials,usefulitemssuchaspaper,plastic,rubber,glass,etc.areseparatedfromthegarbageandth