將人工智能安全視為全球公共產(chǎn)品的影響、挑戰(zhàn)與研究重點(diǎn)

ExaminingAISafety

asaGlobalPublicGood:Implications,Challenges,andResearchPriorities

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20

ExaminingAISafetyasaGlobalPublicGood:Implications,Challenges,andResearchPriorities

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29

Co-authors

KaylaBlomquist*,OxfordChinaPolicyLab,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiativeElisabethSiegel*,OxfordChinaPolicyLab,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiativeBenHarack,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiative

KwanYeeNg,ConcordiaAI

TomDavid,General-PurposeAIPolicyLab

BrianTse,ConcordiaAI

CharlesMartinet,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiative,CentrepourlaSécuritédel’IA

MattSheehan,CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace

ScottSinger,CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace,OxfordChinaPolicyLab,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiative

ImaneBello,FutureofLifeInstitute

ZakariyauYusuf,TechGovernanceProject

RobertTrager,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiative

FadiSalem,PolicyResearchDepartment,MohammedbinRashidSchoolofGovernmentSeánóhéigeartaigh,AI:FuturesandResponsibilityProgramme,UniversityofCambridgeJingZhao,SchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement,TsinghuaUniversity

KaiJia,SchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairs,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity

*Equalcontribution.Nameorderrandomized.

Giventhelargenumberofauthors,authorshipdoesnotimplyagreementwitheverypointmadeinthispaper.

Acknowledgments

TheauthorsthankIreneSolaiman,MohanKankanhalli,andNateSharadinfortheirthoughtfulreviewandconstructivesuggestionsonthisreport.

Contents

TOC\o"1-1"\h\z\u

ExecutiveSummary

9

Introduction

11

IdentifyingDe?nitionalPublicGoodsintheAIRealm

16

Applyingthe“GlobalPublicGood”FramingtoAISafety

23

ResearchAgenda:GlobalPublicGoodsandAdvancedAI

30

AppendixA:StatementsonAISafetyasaGlobalPublicGood

35

PartnerOrganizations

41

ExecutiveSummary

Asartificialintelligence(AI)systemsbecomemorepowerfulandintegratedintodailylifeandglobalinfrastructure,ensuringtheirsafedevelopmentanddeploymenthasemergedasoneofthemostpressinggovernancechallengesofourtime.WhilecurrentnarrowAIsystemsalreadyhavesignificantimpactsinspecificdomains,advancedAIsystemscouldfundamentallytransformlifethroughtheirpotentialforrecursiveself-improvementandgeneralproblem-solvingcapabilities,makingtheirdevelopmentandgovernanceauniquelycriticalchallengeforhumanity’sfuture.

Drawingonlessonsfromclimatechange,nuclearsafety,andglobalhealthgovernance,thisanalysisexamineswhetherandhowapplyingtheframeworkofa“publicgood”couldhelpusbetterunderstandandaddressthechallengesposedbyadvancedAIsystems.A“publicgood”isacommoditythatisavailabletoallandthatcanbeusedwithoutreducingitsavailabilitytoothers.

ThispaperanalyzesglobalpublicgoodliteratureframeworksandemergingAIgovernancechallenges.Ouranalysisrevealsseveralkeychallengesforovercomingcoordinationproblems:

BalancingCollectiveResponsibilitywithTargetedAccountability:AIsafetyrequiresbroadcooperation,butthismustnotdiminishtheaccountabilityofleadingAIdevelopersandstatesthatpossessdisproportionatepowerandleveragetoensuresafedevelopment.However,thestarkdisparitybetweennationsdevelopingfrontierAIversusnationsprimarilyimplementingAIcreatedelsewherehasfomentedcomplexdynamicsforinternationalcooperation,suchasbyconstrainingglobalcooperationonsafetymeasurestoafewkeydecision-makers.

Safety-CapabilityEntanglement:PursuingsomecriticalAIsafetymeasuresmayalsoinvolveadvancingcapabilities;alternatively,somecriticalAIsafetymeasuresmayevenrequireadvancedcapabilitiestoimplement.Theseaspectscreatetensionbetweenthegoalsofsharingsafetyadvances(ontheonehand)andlimitingthespreadofAIcapabilitieswithriskysecurityormilitaryimplications(ontheother).

DevelopmentEquity:ItisimportanttoensurethatAIsafetyrequirementsdonotundulyconstrainAI’sinvolvementinstrategiestoachieveglobalandsustainabledevelopmentgoalslikepovertyreductionandalsodonotperpetuatelong-standinginequitiesintheglobalsystem.

Ratherthanadvocatingforspecificpolicymeasures,thisanalysisadvancesourunderstandingofhowcollectiveactionmechanismsmighteffectivelyaddressAIsafetychallengeswhilepromotingequityandmaintainingclearlinesofresponsibility.Inaddition,weofferavenuesforfurtherresearchinstudyingtheapplicationoftheglobalpublicgoodsframeworktoAIsafety.

Introduction

RapidadvancementofAIcapabilitieshassparkedbothenthusiasmforitspotentialbenefitsandconcernaboutemergingcollectivechallengesthattranscendtraditionalboundaries.1WhileAItechnologiescouldhelpaddressglobalchallengesinareassuchashealthcare,climatechange,andeconomicdevelopment,2theyalsopresentrisks,rangingfromcontemporaryconcernsaboutalgorithmicbias3andprivacytofundamentalquestionsaboutautonomyandsafety.4Theseopportunitiesandchallengesmaymanifestdifferentlyacrossregionsandcommunities,assomenationspushthefrontierofAIdevelopmentwhileothersstruggletobuildfundamentalinfrastructureforbasicAIadoptionanddevelopment.Thus,AIpresentscomplexgovernance

1See,forexample:Hruby,Jill,andM.NinaMiller.“AssessingandManagingtheBenefitsandRisksofArtificialIntelligenceinNuclear-WeaponSystems.”NuclearThreatInitiative,2021.

/stable/resrep40076.

Moore,PhoebeV.“OshandtheFutureofWork:BenefitsandRisksofArtificialIntelligenceToolsinWorkplaces.”InDigitalHumanModelingandApplicationsinHealth,Safety,ErgonomicsandRiskManagement.HumanBodyandMotion,editedbyVincentG.Duffy,11581:292–315.Cham:SpringerInternationalPublishing,2019.

/10

.1007/978-3-030-22216-1_22.’;

O’Mathúna,Dónal,andRonIphofen.“AutomatedJustice:Issues,BenefitsandRisksintheUseofArtificialIntelligenceandItsAlgorithmsinAccesstoJusticeandLawEnforcement.”InEthics,IntegrityandPolicymaking:TheValueoftheCaseStudy.ResearchEthicsForumSer,v.9.Cham:SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,2022.

2Miailhe,N.,C.Hodes,A.Jain,N.Iliadis,S.Alanoca,andJ.Png.“AIforSustainableDevelopmentGoals.”Delphi

–InterdisciplinaryReviewofEmergingTechnologies2,no.4(2019):207–16.

/10.21552/delphi/2019/4

/10.

3Kordzadeh,Nima,andMaryamGhasemaghaei.“AlgorithmicBias:Review,Synthesis,andFutureResearchDi-rections.”EuropeanJournalofInformationSystems31,no.3(May4,2022):388–409.

/10.1080/0960

085X.2021.1927212.

4Curzon,James,TracyAnnKosa,RajenAkalu,andKhalilEl-Khatib.“PrivacyandArtificialIntelligence.”IEEE

TransactionsonArtificialIntelligence2,no.2(April2021):96–108.

/10.1109/TAI.2021.3088084.

challengesatlocal,regional,andglobalscales.Theintersectionofrapidtechnologicaladvancementandtheneedforcollectiveactionraisesquestionsaboutwhetherandhowdifferentstakeholders—frommajorAIpowerstoemergingeconomies—cancoordinateapproachestoAIdevelopment,deployment,andriskmanagement.Further,thisdisparityinAIcapabilitiesandresourceshighlightstheneedforapproachesthatbalanceglobaldevelopmentneedswithfrontiersafetyconsiderations.5

RecentinternationaldialogueshaveexploredframeworksofcollectiveactionandpublicgoodsasapproachestoaddressglobalchallengesarisingfromAIadvancementfromavarietyofperspectives(seeAppendixA),signalinggrowingrecognitionthatthisconceptasappliedtoAIdeservesseriousconsideration.ThesediscussionsexaminehowdifferentaspectsofAIdevelopment,deployment,andsafetymightbeunderstoodaspublicgoodsatvariousscales—fromlocaltoglobal.Thepublicgoodslensilluminatesboththeunderinvestmentincriticalareassuchassafetyresearchandinfrastructuredevelopment,andthechallengesincoordinatingactionacrossdiversestakeholderswithvaryingcapabilitiesandpriorities.FramingAIsafetyasaglobalpublicgoodwouldimplythatknowledge,measures,andpracticesthatensurethesafetyofAIsystemsbeuniversallyaccessible,non-excludable,andbeneficialtoall,regardlessofindividualcontributionsorgeographicalboundaries.

IndiscussionsofAIandgovernanceacrosstheworldtodate,numerouspotentialframingshavebeendiscussed.SomesuggestthatAItechnologiesthemselvesmightconstituteglobalpublicgoods,particularlyintheirpotentialtoaddresscollectivechallengesinareassuchasclimatechange,publichealth,andsustainabledevelopment.

6

ThisframingemphasizeshowAIcapabilities,whendevelopedanddeployedequitably,couldprovidebenefitstohumanitythatarenon-rivalrous(onecountry’spossessionwouldnotreduceanothercountry’spossession)andnon-excludable(onecountrycannotpreventothercountriesfrompossessingit),throughenhancedproblem-solvingcapabilities,improvedresourceallocation,andacceleratedscientificdiscovery.However,recentpolicyshifts,suchastheBidenadministration’sexecutiveordersinJanuary2025towardrestrictinginternationalAItechnologytransfer,maychallengethisviewofAIasaglobalpublicgood,asemergingprotectionistmeasureseffectivelycreateexclusionmechanismsthatcoulddividetheworldintoAI“haves”and“have-nots.”7Relatedly,theincreasedcapabilitylevelsandproliferationofAIsystemshavecausedconcernaboutthecollectivechallengesposedbytheirdevelopmentanddeployment.

8

Someofthesechallenges,suchasalgorithmicbiasandprivacy,arealreadyfoundincontemporaryAIsystems,whereaslonger-termquestionsconcernhowtomaintainhumanagencyandpreventcatastrophicrisks.9

5Adan,S.N.,andTrager,R.F.,etal(2024)“VoiceandAccessinAI:GlobalAIMajorityParticipationinArtificialIntelligenceDevelopmentandGovernance,OxfordMartinAIGovernanceInitiative,”O(jiān)xfordMartinSchoolAIGov-ernanceInitiativeWhitePaper.

6Truby,Jon.“GoverningArtificialIntelligencetoBenefittheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.”SustainableDevelopment28,no.4(July2020):946–59.

/10.1002/sd.2048.

7TheWhiteHouse.“ExecutiveOrderonAdvancingUnitedStatesLeadershipinArtificialIntelligenceInfrastruc-

ture.”TheWhiteHouse,January14,2025.

/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2025/

01/14/executive-order-on-advancing-united-states-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-infrastructure/.

8Chowdhury,Rumman.“AIDesperatelyNeedsGlobalOversight.”Wired.AccessedJanuary2,2025.

https://ww

/story/ai-desperately-needs-global-oversight/.

9Bengio,Yoshuaetal.,ManagingextremeAIrisksamidrapidprogress.Science384,842–845(2024).

Thus,ensuringthesafedevelopmentofadvancedAIsystems—thatis,protectingagainstAIsystems’negativeexternalitieswhilepreservingtheirbenefits—mightitselfconstituteacriticalglobalpublicgood.

ThispaperexamineshowpublicgoodsframeworksmightinformthemanagementofAI-relatedrisksandexternalities,analyzingboththetheoreticalfoundationsoftheglobalpublicgoodsframeworkanditspracticalimplications.Theanalysisconsidersquestionsofresponsibilityandequity,exploringhowsuchframeworksmighthelpaddressdisparitiesinAIdevelopmentwhileensuringbroadparticipationinsafetyefforts.Ratherthanadvocatingforspecificpolicymeasures,weseektodeveloparesearchagendatoinformfuturegovernanceeffortsandinternationalcooperation.

“GlobalPublicGoods”asFoundationalFrameworksforInternationalProgress

Theconceptofa“globalpublicgood”(GPG)hasemergedasapowerfulanalyticalframeworkinmoderneconomicsandpolicydiscussions,offeringstructuredapproachestoaddressingcollectivechallengesthattranscendnationalboundaries.10UnderstandingthepotentialapplicationofthisframeworktoaworldwithadvancedAIrequiresexaminingitscorecharacteristicsandpracticalimplicationsforgovernanceandcoordination.

Globalpublicgoodsdifferfromtraditionalpublicgoodsbyprovidingbenefitsonaworldwidescale,butexhibitthesamebasiccharacteristics.11Theessentialdistinctionofa“publicgood”isshowninthefollowingmatrix:12

Table1.CategorizingTypesofGoods

Rivalrous Non-Rivalrous

PrivateGood

ClubGood

CommonGood

PublicGood

ExcludableNon-Excludable

DOI:10.1126/science.adn0117;Amodei,Dario,ChrisOlah,JacobSteinhardt,PaulChristiano,JohnSchulman,andDanMané.“ConcreteProblemsinAISafety.”arXiv,2016.

/10.48550/ARXIV.1606.06565.

10Keyworksinclude:PaulA.Samuelson,“ThePureTheoryofPublicExpenditure,”ReviewofEconomicsandStatis-

tics36(November1954):387–89;andidem,“ADiagrammaticExpositionofaTheoryofPublicExpenditure,”ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics37(November1955):350–56.

Olson,Mancur.TheLogicofCollectiveAction:PublicGoodsandtheTheoryofGroups.HarvardUniversityPress,1965.

/10.4159/9780674041660.

Oakland,WilliamH.“Chapter9TheoryofPublicGoods.”IntheHandbookofPublicEconomics,2:485–535.Elsevier,1987.

/10.1016/S1573-4420(87)80004-6.

11Olson,Mancur.TheLogicofCollectiveAction:PublicGoodsandtheTheoryofGroups,WithaNewPreface

andAppendix.HarvardUniversityPress,1965.

/10.4159/9780674041660.

12

/doi/full/10.1080/17487870.2023.2280969

Thismatrixhighlightsthetwoaforementionednon-excludableandnon-rivalrouscharacteristicsofglobalpublicgoods,notingtheirdifferencesfromotherkindsofgoods.Arivalrousandexcludableglobalgoodwouldbeaprivategood,suchasacross-borderoilreserve;anexcludableandnon-rivalrousgoodwouldbeaclubgood,suchassatellitenetworksoracademicjournals;andanon-excludableandrivalrousgoodwouldbeacommongood,suchasoceanfishstocksorAntarcticresources.Meanwhile,examplesofanon-rivalrous,non-excludableandthuspublicgoodintheinternationalcontextwouldincludeastableclimate,diseaseeradication,andalowriskofworld-scalewar—benefitsthataffecteveryonegloballyandwhoseenjoymentbyonepartydoesnotdiminishtheiravailabilitytoothers.13

Framingcertaingoodsandservicesas“globalpublicgoods”carriesimportantimplicationsforhowtheyshouldbefunded,governed,anddistributedequitablyaroundtheworld.14

Whilegoodscanbepublicatmultiplelevelsofanalysis—includingwithinacommunity,city,country,orregion—thispaperfocusesonthegloballevelduetoAI’sexpectedworldwideimpactandtheassociatedglobalcoordinationchallenges.Marketsmayunder-provideAIsafetybecauseitsbenefitsareapublicgoodthatindividualcompaniescannotfullycapture,whilethecostsofsafetymeasuresareprivateanddirectlyimpacttheirbottomline.Theunderprovisionchallengestemsfromclassicfree-riderdynamicsobservedinotherglobalpublicgoodscontexts.Individualactors—whethernations,companies,orresearchinstitutions—mayunderinvestinsafetymeasures,knowingthattheycanbenefitfromothers’safetyinvestmentswithoutbearingthecosts.ThisdynamicmaybeparticularlyconcerningforAIsafetygiventheglobalscopeofpotentialharmsfrominadequatesafetymeasures.Whenmultipleactorsadoptthisapproach,thecollectiveinvestmentinsafetyfallsbelowsociallyoptimallevels,potentiallyleadingtoinsufficientprotectionagainstsystemicrisks,biases,orcatastrophicfailures.

Theglobalpublicgoodconceptemphasizeshowaddressingtransnationalchallengescanalignwithbothnationalinterestsandglobalinterests,potentiallymotivatinggovernmentstocommittheirownresourcesandcollaborateonsharedsolutionsthatmarketstendtounder-provide—asinthecaseofclimatechange,wherefossilfuelscontinuetodominatedespitetheirnegativeexternalities,andCOVID-19,wherecriticalmedicalsuppliesandequitablevaccinedistributionwereunder-provided.15

13Zedillo,Ernesto,andTidjaneThiam.“MeetingGlobalChallenges:InternationalCooperationintheNationalInterest.”MeetingGlobalChallenges.Stockholm:InternationalTaskForceonGlobalPublicGoods,2006.

https://yc

/sites/default/files/files/Global-Public-Goods-expl.pdf

alsoe.g.Stein,Felix,andDeviSridhar.“Healthasa‘GlobalPublicGood’:CreatingaMarketforPandemicRisk.”BMJ,August31,2017,

/10.1136/bmj.j3397.

14Kaul,Inge,andDonaldBlondin.“GlobalPublicGoodsandtheUnitedNations.”InGlobalGovernanceandDevelopment,editedbyJoséAntonioOcampo.InitiativeforPolicyDialogueSeries.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress

USA–OSO,2016.

15Kaul,I.“GlobalPublicGoods:ExplainingTheirUnderprovision.”JournalofInternationalEconomicLaw15,no.

3(September1,2012):729–50.

/10.1093/jiel/jgs034.

Thisframework

16

mayofferseveraldistinctadvantagesforcoordinationandgovernance:

CoordinationJustification:Theframeworkprovideseconomicandpoliticaljustificationforinternationalcoordinationbydemonstratinghowaddressingtransnationalchallengesalignswithbothnationalandglobalinterestswhilesimultaneouslyshowingthatuncoordinatedactionisunlikelytocreatedesiredoutcomes.

InvestmentEfforts:Theframingwouldhighlighthowmarketmechanismsorsinglestatedomesticgovernancemeasuresalonecouldleadtotheunderprovisionoftheglobalpublicgood,thusprovidinganargumentforenhancedpublicinvestment.

InstitutionalArchitecture:TheframeworksuggestsinstitutionalarrangementsandfundingmechanismsfortheprovisionofAIsafety,drawingonprecedentsfromotherdomainssuchasclimateactionandpublichealth.

PrivilegedGroupDynamics:Statesmayactasa“privilegedgroup”—actorswhopossesssufficientresources,capabilities,andincentivestoprovideapublicgoodandbenefit,regardlessofothers’contributionsorparticipation17—regardingcertainglobalpublicgoods,wherepursuingtheirowninterestsmightstillbringglobalbenefits.

18

ThisframingmayinfluencehowgreatpowersapproachAIsafety:theymightcontributetoitasaglobalpublicgoodevenwhileactingindependently,forexamplebyestablishingandenforcingstandardsthatprimarilyservetheirinterestswhilemaintainingtheirtechnologicaladvantages.Atthesametime,unilateralanduncoordinateddecision-makingbyindividualgreatpowersmaystillinducefurtherracingdynamicsthroughcompetitiveinteractionsandreducetheglobalgoodsproducedbytheprivilegedgroup’sactionsalone.

Acrucialquestionemerges:whichelementsrequireprotectionorprovisionasglobalpublicgoods?Justascleanairandclimatestabilityrepresentessentialglobalpublicgoodsforenvironmentalgovernance,identifyingcorepublicgoodsinAIdevelopmentprovidesafoundationforestablishingeffectivegovernancemechanismsandcoordinationframeworks.

16Mazzucato,Mariana.“GoverningtheEconomicsoftheCommonGood:FromCorrectingMarketFailurestoShapingCollectiveGoals.”JournalofEconomicPolicyReform27,no.1(January2,2024):1–24.

/10.1

080/17487870.2023.2280969.

17Olson,Mancur.TheLogicofCollectiveAction:PublicGoodsandtheTheoryofGroups.HarvardUniversity

Press,1965.

/10.4159/9780674041660.

18Ibid.,49–50.

IdentifyingDe?nitionalPublicGoodsintheAIRealm

Establishedglobalpublicgoods,suchascleanair,diseasecontrol,andabsenceoftransnationalconflict,haveemergedasclearbasesforcollectiveaction.AsAIsystemsbecomeincreasinglypowerfulandpervasive,mustweidentifyanalogousfundamentalgoodsthatrequirecollectivepreservation?ThisquestionspansbothAI’spotentialasapublicgoodandthecollectivechallengesposedbyitsdevelopmentanddeployment.UnderstandingtheseelementsrequiresanalyzinghowdifferentaspectsofAIdevelopmentandsafetymapontoexistingglobalpublicgoodsframeworks.

MultipleDimensionsofPublicGoodsinAdvancedAI

Fundamentalhumanneedssuchasaccesstocleanairandfreedomfrominfectiousdisease,whenframedassuchinthepoliticalsphere,haveanimatedcollectiveresponsestoairpollutionandpandemics.19However,multipleconferencesordialogueshaveidentifiedanalogouselementsgeneratingsimilarlevelsofconcerninthecontextofadvancedAI,acrosstechnical,social,andgovernancedimensions.

Thissectionaimstoexaminethecorrespondingsocietalneedsbothforaccesstocertainfundamentalresourcesandcircumstances,andalsofreedomfromextremelyadverseglobalconditions,inthespecificcontextofadvancedAI.Table

2

belowprovidesacompactrecapofanalogouspolicyareas,distinguishingbetweencoreglobalpublicgoods,correspondingsocietalneeds,globalpublicgoodcharacteristics,andcomplementarytoolsforadvancingglobalpublicgoodprovision.ThiswillhelpustoapplytheglobalpublicgoodframeworktoAIinthenextsection.

19See,forinstance:Yin,Sonia,XinyiZhu,YufeiCai,JingqiJu,andShanxiaoLiu.“TheEffectivenessofUtilizingtheFramingEffecttoMotivateClimateChangeMitigationEffectsonanIndividualLevel.”InterdisciplinaryHumanitiesandCommunicationStudies1,no.4(January3,2024).

/10.61173/cdk21542

andPal,LeslieA.“SpeakingGoodtoPower:RepositioningGlobalPolicyAdvicethroughNormativeFraming.”PolicyandSociety42,no.3(Oc-tober12,2023):347–58.

/10.1093/polsoc/puad012.

Table2.GlobalPublicGoodsComparisonFramework

IssueArea

CoreUniversalGood

Accessto/Provisionof

Freedomfrom/Absenceof

FacetsofNon-Rivalry

FacetsofNon-Excludability

ToolsandResourcesforGPGProvision

Climate

Stableenvironmental

Cleanair;Stable

Climatedisasters;

Benefitsofclimate

Cannotexclude

Emissionsreduction

conditionsandbasic

climate;Biodiversity;

Environmental

stabilitysharedbyall;

nationsfromclimate

agreements

resourceaccess

Environmental

degradation;

Mitigationefforts

effects;Atmosphereis

stability

Resourcescarcity;

helpeveryone

inherentlyshared

Extremeweather

events;

Climate-induced

displacement

Global

Globalstability&

Internationalstability

Warandconflict;

Peacebenefits

Cannotexcludefrom

International

Peace

security

Systemicviolence

multiplywith

stabilitybenefits;

peacekeepingforces;

participation;

Regional

Conflictmediation

Stabilitystrengthens

peace/conflictaffects

mechanisms;Arms

withbroader

broaderregionsand

controltreaties;Early

adoption

alliances

warningsystems;

Economic

cooperation

frameworks;

Multi-stakeholder

dialogueplatforms;

Jointsecurity

initiatives;

Confidence-building

measures;Dispute

resolution

mechanisms

Global

Conditions

Medicaltreatments

Pandemics;Health

Diseaseprevention

Contagionscross

Diseaseprevention;

Health

supportinghuman

andvaccines;Basic

systemcollapse;

helpsall;Knowledge

bordersregardlessof

Medicalknowledge;

(Pandemic

health

healthservices;

Severeandwidespread

sharingenhances

nationalmeasures;

Healthsystems;

prevention,

Healthcare

biologicalthreats

value;Research

Diseasesurveillance

Research

specifically)

infrastructure;

benefitsmultiply

databenefitsall

infrastructure;Early

Diseasemonitoring

regions;Health

warningsystems

data

systemfailuresaffect

neighboring

countries;Pathogen

evolutionimpacts

globalpopulation

HowtheGlobalPublicGoodFramingHasBeenAppliedtoArti?cialIntelligenceinInternationalFrameworks

ThecomplexityofidentifyingfundamentalpublicgoodsinAIdevelopmentisreflectedinhowdifferentinternationalactorshaveapproachedthischallenge.RecentinternationaldialogueshaveproducedseveralsignificantstatementsthatattempttomapAI-relatedpublicgoods,eachhighlightingdifferentaspectsandapproachestocollectiveaction(seeTable

3).

Thesehavevariedinfocus,rangingfromemphasizingsafetyprotocolsandverificationmechanismsaspotentialnon-rivalrous,non-excludablegoodstothepossiblebenefitsofsharedgovernanceframeworks.Themostprominentinternationaldialoguesandstatementsthusfarhaveincludedthefollowing:

TheInternationalDialoguesonAISafety(IDAIS)VeniceStatement20approachesthequestionoffundamentalpublicgoodsprimarilythroughthelensoftechnicalsafetymeasures.Itpositionssafetyprotocolsandverificationmechanismsthemselvesas

non-rivalrous,non-excludablebenefits,analogoustohowcleanairservesasafundamentalpublicgoodforclimatestability.Thisframingemphasizeshowsafetymeasures,oncedeveloped,couldtheoreticallybenefitallwithoutdiminishingtheirvaluetoanyparticularuser.

Incontrast,theManhattanDeclarationonInclusiveGlobalScientificUnderstandingofAI21takesabroaderview,identifyingscientificknowledgeitselfasthefundamentalpublicgood.ThisapproachsuggeststhatourcollectiveunderstandingofAIcapabilities,opportunities,andrisksconstitutesasharedresourcethatgrowsmorevaluablewithbroaderparticipation,similartohowmedicalknowledgeservesasapublicgoodinglobalhealthframeworks.

TheAISafetyasGlobalPublicGoodsReport22adoptsamorecomprehensiveperspective,framinggovernancecapabilitiesthemselvesasfundamentalpublicgoods.Thisapproachhighlightshowsharedgovernanceframeworks,likethosefornuclearsafetyoraviation,canprovidenon-rivalrousbenefitsthroughcross-borderpolicylearningandcoordination.Itparticularlyhighlightstheimportanceofbalanceddevelopmentincreatingsustainablegovernancestructures.

TheUNHigh-LevelAdvisoryBodyonAIReport:GoverningAIforHumanity23recommendationstakeperhapsthebroadestview,identifyingmultipleinterconnectedlayersofpublicgoodsintheAIcontext.Thisframeworkencompassesnotonlytechnical

20InternationalDialoguesonAISafety.“IDAIS-Venice,”September5,2024.

https://idais.ai/dialogue/idais-venice/.

21“Mila’sYoshuaBengio,AlondraNelsonandManyOtherAIExperts,PutForwardtheManhattanDeclaration.”MontrealInstituteforLearningAlgorithms,September22,2024.

https://mila.quebec/en/news/milas-yoshua-bengi

o-alondra-nelson-and-many-other-ai-experts-put-forward-the-manhattan.

22Wang,Y.,Jia,K.,Zhao,J.,Chen,L.,Qin,C.,Yuan,Y.,Fu,H.,Liang,X.,etal.(2024).AISafetyasGlobalPublic

GoodsWorkingReport.

/Kindeditor/Upload/file/20241127/AI%20Governance%20as%

20G