2024-2025學(xué)年北京市部分學(xué)校高一上學(xué)期期末考試英語試題 （解析版）

高級中學(xué)名校試題PAGEPAGE1北京市部分學(xué)校2024-2025學(xué)年高一上學(xué)期期末英語試題第一部分：知識運用（共兩節(jié)，25分）第一節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1分，共10分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。ThisisatouchingstoryofaKing’sguardmovedtotearsafterbeingsurprisedbyherparentswhileondutyintheheavyrain.Thescene___1___outsideBuckinghamPalace,wherecrowdsgatheredunderthedownpour,posingforphotoswiththeseriousandcalmguardandherwell-trainedhorse.Theguardremained___2___astouristsapproachedtotouchthehorse’snose,herprofessionalmannerunshaken.However,everythingchangedwhenshe___3___twofamiliarfacesinthecrowd.Herparents,holdingumbrellas,madetheirwaytothefront.Herfather,dressedinadarkcoat,gentlystrokedthehorseandspokesoftlytohisemotionaldaughter.Shestruggledtoholdbackher___4___,butherfeelingswereclearforalltosee.Hermothersteppedcloser,askingheraquestion.Theguardgaveaslight___5___beforeheremotionsovercameher.Tearsrolleddownhercheeks,andshequicklywipedthemawaywithherwhitegloves.Inspiteoftherain,akindmemberofthecrowdofferedtotakeapictureofthefamily.Theparentsstood___6___oneithersideofthehorse,theirfacesglowing.Afterthephotowastaken,theyquietlysteppedaside,allowingtheirdaughtertoreturntoherduties.Thetourists,unawareoftheemotionalmomentthathadjustoccurred,continuedposingwiththeguardandherhorse.Theguard,thoughmovedbyherparents'surprisevisit,soon___7___herprofessionalposture.Herfather,fromadistance,tookanotherphotoofhersittinguprightonthehorse,focusedand___8___toherrole.Therain___9___.Theguardstoodtallerthanbefore.Thebriefvisitfromherparentsremindedherofwhattrulymatters—theunshakableloveandpridesharedwithinafamily.Inthesoftrain,hersenseofdutyandherfamily’sunwaveringsupportcametogether,givingherstrengthtocarryonwithdignityand____10____.1.A.tookplace B.tookaction C.tookeffect D.tookshape2.A.restless B.still C.active D.flexible3.A.imagined B.missed C.spotted D.collected4.A.courage B.laughter C.tears D.upsets5.A.wave B.clap C.bow D.nod6.A.proudly B.kindly C.calmly D.carefully7.A.changed B.regained C.improved D.learned8.A.attracted B.adjusted C.related D.devoted9.A.poured B.eased C.started D.stopped10.A.purpose B.care C.force D.peace【答案】1.A2.B3.C4.C5.D6.A7.B8.D9.B10.A【語篇解讀】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了一名國王衛(wèi)兵在雨中執(zhí)勤時，被前來看望她的父母感動到流淚的溫馨故事。父母的短暫探望讓她感受到了家庭的溫暖和支持，也讓她更加堅定了自己的職責(zé)和使命?！?題詳析】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：這一幕發(fā)生在白金漢宮外，大雨傾盆，人群聚集在雨中，與嚴肅冷靜的衛(wèi)兵和她訓(xùn)練有素的馬合影。A.tookplace發(fā)生；B.tookaction采取行動；C.tookeffect生效；D.tookshape成形。根據(jù)下文“wherecrowdsgatheredunderthedownpour,posingforphotoswiththeseriousandcalmguardandherwell-trainedhorse”可知，人群在雨中與衛(wèi)兵和馬合影這一幕發(fā)生在白金漢宮外。故選A?！?題詳析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：當游客們走近摸馬的鼻子時，衛(wèi)兵仍然一動不動，她的專業(yè)態(tài)度絲毫未變。A.restless不安的；B.still靜止的；C.active活躍的；D.flexible靈活的。根據(jù)下文“herprofessionalmannerunshaken”可知，衛(wèi)兵的專業(yè)態(tài)度未變，所以即使游客們走近摸馬的鼻子，她也仍然一動不動。故選B?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，當她在人群中看到兩張熟悉的面孔時，一切都變了。A.imagined想象；B.missed錯過；C.spotted發(fā)現(xiàn)，看到；D.collected收集。根據(jù)下文“twofamiliarfacesinthecrowd”可知，衛(wèi)兵在人群中看到了兩張熟悉的面孔。故選C?！?題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：她努力忍住眼淚，但她的感受所有人都看得很清楚。A.courage勇氣；B.laughter笑聲；C.tears眼淚；D.upsets沮喪。根據(jù)下文“Tearsrolleddownhercheeks”可知，衛(wèi)兵努力忍住眼淚。故選C?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：衛(wèi)兵輕輕點了點頭，然后情緒就失控了。A.wave揮手；B.clap拍手；C.bow鞠躬；D.nod點頭。根據(jù)下文“beforeheremotionsovercameher”可知，在情緒失控之前，衛(wèi)兵輕輕點了點頭。故選D?！?題詳析】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：父母驕傲地站在馬的兩邊，臉上洋溢著光芒。A.proudly驕傲地；B.kindly親切地；C.calmly冷靜地；D.carefully仔細地。根據(jù)下文“theirfacesglowing”可知，父母臉上洋溢著光芒，說明他們?yōu)榕畠焊械津湴?。故選A。【7題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：衛(wèi)兵雖然被父母的突然探訪所感動，但很快就恢復(fù)了她的專業(yè)姿態(tài)。A.changed改變；B.regained重新獲得，恢復(fù)；C.improved改善；D.learned學(xué)習(xí)。根據(jù)下文“herprofessionalposture”可知，衛(wèi)兵恢復(fù)了她的專業(yè)姿態(tài)。故選B?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她的父親從遠處又給她拍了一張照片，她筆直地坐在馬上，專注而忠誠地履行著自己的職責(zé)。A.attracted吸引；B.adjusted調(diào)整；C.related聯(lián)系；D.devoted貢獻。根據(jù)下文“toherrole”可知，衛(wèi)兵忠誠地履行著自己的職責(zé)。故選D?！?題詳析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：雨漸漸停了。A.poured傾倒；B.eased減輕，緩和；C.started開始；D.stopped停止。根據(jù)下文“Inthesoftrain”可知，雨已經(jīng)停了或變小了，此處用“eased”表示雨漸漸停了。故選B。【10題詳析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：在細雨中，她的責(zé)任感和家人的堅定支持匯聚在一起，給了她以尊嚴和目的繼續(xù)前行的力量。A.purpose目的；B.care關(guān)心；C.force力量；D.peace和平。根據(jù)前文“hersenseofduty”可知，空處與“duty”并列，指衛(wèi)兵以尊嚴和目的繼續(xù)前行。故選A。第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。AgroupofSTEMstudentsfromNewBritainHighSchoolteameduptobuildfully-functioningelectriccartsforfamilieswhoarenotabletoaffordadaptivewheelchairs.Thestudentvolunteers___11___(spend)monthsworkingonthesecars.Ontheday___12___thestudentscompletedthecarts,KeliciaandMosiah’sfamilieswenttoNewBritainHighSchooltotestthemoutforthefirsttime.Wheneachchildgotintotheirbrand-newcart,theirfaceslitup.Thecool,redelectriccarsgavekidswithdisabilitiesaway___13___(move)aroundindependentlywithahugesmileontheirface.Itwasthesinglemomentthebuilderslookedforwardtomost.【答案】11.spent12.when13.tomove【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了新不列顛高中的一群STEM學(xué)生一起為殘疾人家庭制作了電動推車，介紹了他們制作電動推車的經(jīng)過。【11題詳析】考查時態(tài)。句意：學(xué)生志愿者花了幾個月的時間來研究這些汽車。結(jié)合上文可知發(fā)生在過去，謂語動詞spend用一般過去時。故填spent?！?2題詳析】考查定語從句。句意：在學(xué)生們完成購物車的那天，凱利西亞和摩賽亞的家人去了新不列顛高中，第一次試用了它們。定語從句修飾先行詞day，關(guān)系詞替代先行詞在從句作時間狀語，用關(guān)系副詞when。故填when。【13題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：這些酷酷的紅色電動汽車讓殘疾兒童可以帶著燦爛的笑容獨立行走。名詞way后跟不定式作后置定語。故填tomove。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。AsMillerdefinesit,hopeisnotanaiveapproachtoseeingtheworld,whereweignoreproblemsandengagein“wishfulthinking”.Instead,hopeisacomplexresponse,___14___(involve)“feeling,thought,action,vision,alifeforce,andawayofseeingorbeing”.Havinghope,asopposedtolivinginfear,heargues,helpsustoseepossibilityinpresent-daycircumstancesandnotbecomeoverwhelmed.Peoplewhofeelhopefularegoodproblem-solvers,moreengagedandproductiveatwork,more___15___(create)andadaptable,andbetteratrecoveringfromadversity.Forthesereasonsandothers,inputtingmorehopeintoourselvesmeanswe___16___(equip)tohandleproblemsmoresmoothly.【答案】14.involving15.creative16.areequipped/willbeequipped【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要論述了希望的定義以及擁有希望的人的特點?！?4題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：相反，希望是一種復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)，包括“感覺、思想、行動、愿景、一種生命力，以及一種看待或存在的方式”。此處involve與response構(gòu)成邏輯主動關(guān)系，involve用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語。故填involving?！?5題詳析】考查形容詞。句意：充滿希望的人善于解決問題，在工作中更投入、更有效率，更有創(chuàng)造力和適應(yīng)性，更善于從逆境中恢復(fù)過來。此處作表語，用形容詞creative，與more一起構(gòu)成形容詞比較級。故填creative?！?6題詳析】考查時態(tài)。句意：由于這些原因和其他原因，對自己寄予更多的希望意味著我們有能力（將有能力）更順利地處理問題。短語beequippedtodo表示“具備做……的能力或條件”，此處可用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，主語為we，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。故填areequipped/willbeequipped。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Boiledchicken,rice___17___(cook)withchickenoil,anddipmakeupthesimpleanddeliciousHainanesechickenrice,whichhasprovidedlingeringnostalgiaforoverseasChineseinSoutheastAsia.Morethanacenturyago,largenumbersofHainanpeoplespreadacrossSoutheastAsia,taking___18___themtheirnativedishHainanesechickenrice.Astimewentby,HainanesechickenricegraduallybecameapopulardishinSoutheastAsiancountries.Hainanesechickenricenotonly___19___(satisfy)thediners,butalsoembodiesthetasteofhomeforoverseasChinesefromHainan.Itisavivid___20___(reflect)ofculturalexchangesofpeoplealongtheBeltandRoadcountriesfromhistorytoreality.【答案】17.cooked18.with19.satisfies20.reflection【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了海南雞飯的歷史、組成及其在東南亞的流行情況，同時強調(diào)了它作為“一帶一路”沿線國家文化交流的一個生動體現(xiàn)。【17題詳析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：海南雞飯由煮熟的雞肉、用雞油烹制的米飯以及蘸料組成，簡單而美味，給東南亞的海外華人帶來了久久不散的鄉(xiāng)愁?？仗幮杼罘侵^語動詞作后置定語，修飾名詞rice，cook和rice為邏輯動賓關(guān)系，需用過去分詞形式。故填cooked?！?8題詳析】考查介詞。句意：一個多世紀前，大批海南人遍布東南亞，同時也把他們的家鄉(xiāng)美食——海南雞飯帶到了那里。takesth.withsb.為固定搭配，表示“某人隨身攜帶某物”。故填with。【19題詳析】考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：海南雞飯不僅讓食客們大飽口福，還承載著海南籍海外華人對家鄉(xiāng)的味道?？仗幒蚭mbodies是并列的謂語，需用一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填satisfies?！?0題詳析】考查名詞。句意：它是“一帶一路”沿線國家人民從古至今文化交流的一個生動體現(xiàn)。不定冠詞a修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，空處需填名詞reflection，作表語。故填reflection。第二部分：閱讀理解（共三節(jié)，48分）第一節(jié)（共11小題；每小題2分，共22分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。AThestartofsomethingnewcanbeanexcitingprospectanddocumentingthepointintimeorspaceatwhichsomethingbeginshasbeenapopularthemeforphotographyprojectsthroughouttime.Forthisyear’sbrief,we’reaskingstudentstoshowthroughaseriesoffivetotenimagesthefirstpartorearlieststageofsomething.Beitfollowinganewlife,sharingthestartofsomeone’sday,followingthepreparationsandbeginningofaparticularoccasionorcelebration,orrevealingthepromiseofnewtechnology,thestory,approachandphotographicstylecanbeinanygenre.Yourimagescanbetakenonanydevice,shotinanystyle-beblack&whiteorcolour-andapproachedfromanyangleyoufeelisbest.Whileinnovativeresponsesareencouraged,photographersmuststicktothebrief.TheCompetitionisopentoallstudentsofphotographyfromWorldPhotographyOrganisation’sselectedUniversities.Allentriesmustconfirm,onapplication,theiracceptanceoftherulesoftheCompetitionandtheseTermsandConditions.Entriesmustbesubmittedby13:00GMTon29November2025.ByenteringtheCompetition,eachEntrantagreesandacknowledgesthatWorldPhotographyOrganisation(WPO)ispermittedtoreceivehis/herregistrationdata.AllpersonalinformationwillbeusedbyWPOinaccordancewithitsprivacypolicy.StudentsarerequiredtosubmitFivetoTenimagesrespondingtoabrief.Toenter,studentsmustensuretheirinstitutionisregisteredandimagesaresubmittedvia.Ifyourinstitutionisnotregisteredyet,youcanregisterhere.Foralistofparticipatinginstitutions,pleaseseehere.Yourentrymayfeaturemanipulation,butwhereentriesaremanipulated,theextentofwhichmustbedescribedintheimagedescriptionsectionwhensubmitting.Fortheavoidanceofdoubt,allEntriesmustoriginallybefromeitherananalogueordigitalphotographwhichmayhavethenbeenmanipulated.Computergeneratedcontentcannotbetheoriginoftheentry.Shouldaquestionarisethroughthejudgingprocessregardingtheextentofyourentry’smanipulation,youmayberequestedtosubmittheoriginalphotographandimagefiletoverify.TheoverallwinninguniversityisgivenSonydigitalimagingequipmentworthapproximately€30,000aswellastheflightsandaccommodationforonestudentandonetutortotheawardsceremonyinLondon.21.Accordingtothisyear’sbrief,thephotosthat________canenterthisyear’scompetition.A.tellthegrowing-upstoryofateenager B.documentateacher’smorningroutineC.showthedeclineofcertaintechnology D.capturethemomentsofthegraduationseason22.Wecantellfromthepassagethat________.A.registrationisneededbeforeentrysubmissionB.allstudentsfromselecteduniversitiescanenterC.photoeditingisstrictlyprohibitedinthecompetitionD.registereduniversitiesneedtoattendtheawardceremony23.Thispassagemainlyfocuseson________.A.photographyskills B.competitionguidelinesC.advertisingWPO’svalues D.presentingphotographytrends【答案】21.B22.A23.B【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一項攝影比賽的比賽要求和注意事項等?！?1題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Beitfollowinganewlife,sharingthestartofsomeone’sday,followingthepreparationsandbeginningofaparticularoccasionorcelebration,orrevealingthepromiseofnewtechnology,thestory,approachandphotographicstylecanbeinanygenre.(無論是跟隨新生活，分享某人一天的開始，跟隨特定場合或慶?；顒拥臏蕚浜烷_始，還是揭示新技術(shù)、故事、方法的前景和攝影風(fēng)格都可以是任何類型的)”可知，強調(diào)的是“某事開始的第一部分或最初階段”，根據(jù)今年的競賽大綱，記錄老師早晨日常生活的照片可以參加今年的比賽。故選B。【22題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Toenter,studentsmustensuretheirinstitutionisregisteredandimagesaresubmittedvia.(要參加比賽，學(xué)生必須確保他們的機構(gòu)已經(jīng)注冊，并通過提交照片)”可知，從文章中我們可以看出，在提交作品之前需要注冊。故選A?！?3題詳析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第四段“TheCompetitionisopentoallstudentsofphotographyfromWorldPhotographyOrganisation’sselectedUniversities.(本次比賽面向世界攝影組織所選大學(xué)的所有攝影專業(yè)學(xué)生開放)”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了一項攝影比賽的比賽要求和注意事項等?？芍?，這篇文章主要關(guān)注的是比賽準則。故選B。BLiamGallagher,formerlyofthebandOasis,tendstostrollwitharolltohisshoulders.JohnWayne’sslowswaggerhasbeenlinkedtoeverythingfromabentlegtosmallfeet.Consideringthatwalkingissuchaneverydayfunctionofabipedalspecies,itisincrediblethatwefindsomanydifferentwaystodoit.Perhapsthat’swhyourgaits-andwhattheysayaboutus-aresofascinating.Gaitanalysishasbeenaroundforyears,butnowitisgoingmainstream,usingprecisionimagingtomeasuredetailstheeyecan’tperceive.“Oneofthebiggestbreakthroughsintheearlydaysofgaitrecognitionwasrealisingthatyoucanrecognisesomeonebytheirsilhouette,”saysPatrickConnorwithStepscanTechnologiesinCanada.Heistalkingaboutgaitenergyimaging.Thisinvolvestakingaseriesofsnapshotsofaperson’sprofileastheywalk,usuallyfromtheside,andmergingthemintoasingleimage,eachuniquetotheirowner.“Thehead’sinthesameplaceandthetorso’sinthesameplaceandyougetthiskindofblurrylimbmovement,”saysConnor.Withitshelp,somesystemsnowcanidentify90percentonenormousdatabasesoftensofthousandsofpeople.Itisalsobeginningtoworkwithlessthanidealimagery.ComputerscientistsinPortugalshowedthattheycouldreliablyrecognisepeoplewalkingunderadownward-pointingcamerasolelyfromtheirshadows.Thismaymeandronescancarryoutcovertgaitanalysis-onsunnydays,atleast.Moreconveniently,ifpeoplewanttobeidentified,forairportsecurity,forexample,thereisnoneedtogotothetroubleofmeasuringsilhouettes,asingaitenergyimaging.Instead,someonemightbeaskedtowearsensorsthatwouldfeedbackpreciseinformationabouttheirmovements.ComputerscientistMariaDeMarsicoattheSapienzaUniversityofRomeusesthismethodtorecognisepeoplefromtheinformationsentfromtheaccelerometerinsideastandardsmartphoneasitjerksaroundintheirhandorpocketastheywalk.Herteamhasbuiltaprototypesmartdoorthatopenswhenitrecognisesanapproachingpersoninthisway.Inprinciple,thisismucheasierthan,say,pausingtoscananirisorfingerprintatacheckpoint.Gaitanalysismaypromptthoughtsofface-recognitiontechnologybutitcouldbeevenmorepowerful,sinceitcanworkwithlowerresolutionpicturesandismuchhardertoavoidthanfacerecognitionsystems.Butgaitanalysisisnowherenearaswidelyusedasfacerecognitionyet.Thisismainlybecauseitrequiresaseriesofsequentialpicturesthatcoverthesevenstagesofwalking,aseachlegmovesandlifts.Processingtheseimagesrequiresseriouscomputingheftandmostgaitanalysissystemsdon’thaveenoughofthistoworkinrealtime,butacrucialrequirementforuseinlawenforcementisthatthesystemscanrecognisethosetheywanttoapprehendquicklyenoughtogiveauthoritiesashotatdetainingthem.24.ThewritermentionsJohnWaynetoshowthat________.A.individualsmayhaveuniquegaitpatterns B.people’sgaitscanhelptotracktheirhealthC.gaitanalysishasbeenaroundforalongtime D.somepeoplewalkincertainwaysonpurpose25.Whatcanwelearnaboutgaitenergyimaging?A.Peoplecandesigntheiruniquevirtualimagewithitsaid.B.Somesystemsuseittotakepicturesofpeople’sshadows.C.Itproducesanimageshowingitsowner’slimbmovement.D.Itrequirestakingphotosofone’sstandingposturefromtheside.26.WhichofthefollowingmightMariaDeMarsicoagreewithmost?A.Gaitenergyimagingcansimplifysecuritycheckprocess.B.People’sacceptanceofgaitanalysisdecidesitseffectiveness.C.Gaitrecognitiontechnologycanhavemoresimplifiedapplications.D.Measuringsilhouetteswithsimplegadgetscanbeachievedinthenearfuture.27.Comparedwithface-recognitiontechnology,gaitanalysis________.A.ismoredemandingtoworkinrealtime B.ishardertoescapewithclearerpicturesC.hasmorepowerfulfunctionsforthepolice D.processessnapshotsmorequicklyandaccurately【答案】24.A25.C26.C27.A【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了步態(tài)分析技術(shù)可以用于識別不同的人，介紹這種技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢以及存在的挑戰(zhàn)?！?4題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“JohnWayne’sslowswaggerhasbeenlinkedtoeverythingfromabentlegtosmallfeet.Consideringthatwalkingissuchaneverydayfunctionofabipedalspecies,itisincrediblethatwefindsomanydifferentwaystodoit.Perhapsthat’swhyourgaits-andwhattheysayaboutus-aresofascinating.(約翰·韋恩的緩慢的大搖大擺與他的腿彎曲和小腳有關(guān)。考慮到行走是兩足動物的日常功能，我們找到這么多不同的方式來行走是令人難以置信的。也許這就是為什么我們的步態(tài)——以及它們對我們的描述——如此迷人。)”可知，作者提到約翰·韋恩是為了表明個人可能有獨特的步態(tài)模式。故選A。【25題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Heistalkingaboutgaitenergyimaging.Thisinvolvestakingaseriesofsnapshotsofaperson’sprofileastheywalk,usuallyfromtheside,andmergingthemintoasingleimage,eachuniquetotheirowner.(他說的是步態(tài)能量成像。這包括在一個人走路的時候拍攝一系列的個人資料快照，通常是從側(cè)面拍攝，然后將它們合并成一張照片，每張照片都是主人獨有的。)”可知，步態(tài)能量成像會產(chǎn)生顯示其主人肢體運動的圖像。故選C?！?6題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“ComputerscientistMariaDeMarsicoattheSapienzaUniversityofRomeusesthismethodtorecognisepeoplefromtheinformationsentfromtheaccelerometerinsideastandardsmartphoneasitjerksaroundintheirhandorpocketastheywalk.Herteamhasbuiltaprototypesmartdoorthatopenswhenitrecognisesanapproachingpersoninthisway.Inprinciple,thisismucheasierthan,say,pausingtoscananirisorfingerprintatacheckpoint.(羅馬Sapienza大學(xué)的計算機科學(xué)家MariaDeMarsico使用這種方法，通過標準智能手機內(nèi)的加速度計發(fā)送的信息來識別人，當他們走路時，智能手機在他們手中或口袋里轉(zhuǎn)動。她的團隊已經(jīng)制造了一扇智能門的原型，當它識別出以這種方式接近的人時，就會打開。原則上，這比在檢查點停下來掃描虹膜或指紋要容易得多。)”可知，瑪麗亞·德·馬西科認為步態(tài)識別技術(shù)可以有更簡單的應(yīng)用。故選C?！?7題詳析】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Processingtheseimagesrequiresseriouscomputingheftandmostgaitanalysissystemsdon’thaveenoughofthistoworkinrealtime,butacrucialrequirementforuseinlawenforcementisthatthesystemscanrecognisethosetheywanttoapprehendquicklyenoughtogiveauthoritiesashotatdetainingthem.(處理這些圖像需要大量的計算能力，而大多數(shù)步態(tài)分析系統(tǒng)都沒有足夠的計算能力來實時工作，但在執(zhí)法中使用的一個關(guān)鍵要求是，系統(tǒng)能夠快速識別出他們想要逮捕的人，從而讓當局有機會拘留他們。)”可知，與人臉識別技術(shù)相比，步態(tài)分析對實時工作的要求更高。故選A。CWeareintheearly1900s,andaFrenchchemist,EdouardBenedictus,hasanordinaryaccidentinthelaboratory:hedropsachemicalbottle.Onlythistime,itdoesn’tshatter.Benedictusdelvesdeeperandrealizesacollisionsolutioninsidethebottle,onceevaporated(蒸發(fā)),holdingtheglasspiecestogether.Hehadunknowinglyinventedshatterproofglass.Suchmomentsofserendipityrevealtheunpredictablenatureofinnovation.Yet,abroaderquestionremains:aresuchdiscoveriesbornofluck,orwerethey“intheair”,waitingforsomeone?Inthe19thcentury,duringtheinternationalcompetitiontodecipherthemolecularstructureofDNA,researchonanesthetizinggases,andmanyothercases,thegeneralimpressionwasthatthesolutionwasjustaroundthecorner.Thisphenomenon,calledconvergence,alsooccursinbiologicalevolution,whereunrelatedspeciesdevelopsimilaradaptationsduetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.Inscientificdiscovery,thisconvergenceisexplainedbysimilarselectivepressuresandcompetingresearchgroups.Whilethesecasesdifferfromtypicalserendipitystories—sincetherewasadefinedproblemandintentionalcompetition—theystillcontainedelementsofluck.Theoverallprocesswasnotpurelyserendipitous,butitraisesthequestion:couldalldiscoveriesbe“intheair”,waitingtobefound?Let’sassumeit’strueandluckjustspeedsuptheinevitable.Scientistsstandontheshouldersofpredecessors.Nonetheless,atsomepointandintherightcircumstances,itwastheunknownscientists,notthegiants,whomanagedtoseealittlefarther.Nooneknowshowmanydifferentrouteswereavailabletoarriveatthesamediscovery.Whenourmindsalignaprocessionofcoincidencesthathavemadeasurprisingoutcomepossible,weimmediatelyconcludethatamysteriousforceisresponsibleforthissuccessionofevents.Wesaythatitcannotbeacoincidenceandhencethediscoverywasintheair.Toavoidapurposefulviewofthehistoryofscience,there’sanopposingabductiveargument.It’snotproofbutaclue.Itisnocoincidencethatitwastheunknownscientistandnotthegiantwhomanagedtoseefarther—thatis,whoopenednewfrontiersofknowledge.Giants’mindswereconstrainedbypriorknowledgeandsotrappedwithintheframeworkofestablishedhabits,researchquestions,andestablishedmethods.Thenew,little-knownscientist,ontheotherhand,willhaveseenfartherbecausetheywillinonewayoranotherhavebeenabletobreakfreeofthechainsofestablishedknowledge,possiblyevenbetrayingitalittle.Thissuggeststhatinnovators,withtheirreceptiveandpreparedminds,aremorelikelytoencounterserendipitousdiscoveries—thosethatareunexpectedandnotboundbyconventionalthinking.Therefore,themostimpactfulscientificdiscoveries,bothpastandfuture,arelikelytobetheresultofserendipity,emergingfromunforeseencircumstancesthatdefythepredictablepathsofresearch.28.Theunderlinedword“serendipity”inParagraph1probablymeans________.A.laboratoryaccidents B.fortunatefindsC.scientificpredictions D.plannedexperiments29.WhatcanbeinferredaboutscientificdiscoveriesinParagraph2?A.Competitioncanquickenscientificbreakthroughs.B.Scientificdiscoveriesaretheresultofcooperativeefforts.C.Progressinsciencerequiresclearandfixedresearchgoals.D.Similarpressuresoftenleadtosimilarscientificdiscoveries.30.Whichofthefollowingwritingtechniquesdoestheauthorusetosupporttheargument?①referringtoscientificknowledge②appealingtoemotions③givingexamples④citingideasfromauthorities⑤usingcomparisonandcontrastA.①②⑤ B.②③④ C.①③⑤ D.①④⑤31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethat________.A.scientistsalwaysremainhopefulforthebestB.chancesfavorthosewithopenandreadymindsC.goodluckplaysthemostcrucialroleininnovationD.scientificprogressbuildsupontheknowledgeofforerunners【答案】28.B29.D30.C31.B【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要討論了一些科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是運氣還是必然結(jié)果的問題，文章通過引用一些科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的例子以及知識來論證這一點?！?8題詳析】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Hehadunknowinglyinventedshatterproofglass.(他在不知不覺中發(fā)明了防碎玻璃)”可知，上文提到愛德華·本尼迪克圖斯在不知不覺中發(fā)明了防碎玻璃，說明這是一次幸運的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故劃線詞意思是“幸運的發(fā)現(xiàn)”。故選B?！?9題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thisphenomenon,calledconvergence,alsooccursinbiologicalevolution,whereunrelatedspeciesdevelopsimilaradaptationsduetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.Inscientificdiscovery,thisconvergenceisexplainedbysimilarselectivepressuresandcompetingresearchgroups.(這種被稱為趨同的現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在生物進化中，即不相關(guān)的物種由于相似的環(huán)境壓力而發(fā)展出相似的適應(yīng)能力。在科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)中，這種趨同可以用相似的選擇壓力和相互競爭的研究小組來解釋)”可知，相似的壓力常常導(dǎo)致相似的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選D?！?0題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Weareintheearly1900s,andaFrenchchemist,EdouardBenedictus,hasanordinaryaccidentinthelaboratory:hedropsachemicalbottle.Onlythistime,itdoesn’tshatter.Benedictusdelvesdeeperandrealizesacollisionsolutioninsidethebottle,onceevaporated(蒸發(fā)),holdingtheglasspiecestogether.Hehadunknowinglyinventedshatterproofglass.(20世紀初，法國化學(xué)家愛德華·本尼迪克圖斯在實驗室里發(fā)生了一起普通的事故：他掉了一個化學(xué)瓶。只是這次，它沒有打散。本尼迪克圖斯深入研究，在瓶子里發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種碰撞解決方案，一旦蒸發(fā)，就把玻璃碎片固定在一起。他在不知不覺中發(fā)明了防碎玻璃)”可知，運用了舉例子的手法；根據(jù)第二段“Thisphenomenon,calledconvergence,alsooccursinbiologicalevolution,whereunrelatedspeciesdevelopsimilaradaptationsduetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.Inscientificdiscovery,thisconvergenceisexplainedbysimilarselectivepressuresandcompetingresearchgroups.(這種被稱為趨同的現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在生物進化中，即不相關(guān)的物種由于相似的環(huán)境壓力而發(fā)展出相似的適應(yīng)能力)”可知，引用了科學(xué)知識；根據(jù)第三段“Nonetheless,atsomepointandintherightcircumstances,itwastheunknownscientists,notthegiants,whomanagedtoseealittlefarther.(然而，在某些時候，在適當?shù)那闆r下，是那些不知名的科學(xué)家，而不是巨人，設(shè)法看得更遠一些)”以及最后一段“Thenew,little-knownscientist,ontheotherhand,willhaveseenfartherbecausetheywillinonewayoranotherhavebeenabletobreakfreeofthechainsofestablishedknowledge,possiblyevenbetrayingitalittle.(另一方面，新的、不知名的科學(xué)家將會看得更遠，因為他們將以這樣或那樣的方式打破既定知識的枷鎖，甚至可能有點背叛它)”可知運用了比較和對比的方法，故作者通過引用科學(xué)知識、舉例子以及運用比較和對比來支持論點，故選C?！?1題詳析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thissuggeststhatinnovators,withtheirreceptiveandpreparedminds,aremorelikelytoencounterserendipitousdiscoveries—thosethatareunexpectedandnotboundbyconventionalthinking.(這表明，具有接受能力和準備能力的創(chuàng)新者更有可能遇到意外的發(fā)現(xiàn)——那些意想不到的、不受傳統(tǒng)思維束縛的發(fā)現(xiàn))”可知，機會青睞那些思想開放和準備好的人。故選B。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Confirmationbiasispeople’stendencytoprocessinformationbylookingforinformationthatisconsistent(一致的)withtheirexistingbeliefs.Thisbiasedapproachtodecisionmakingresultsinapersonignoringinformationthatisinconsistentwiththeirbeliefs.Oneexplanationforwhypeoplearelikelytobeaffectedbyconfirmationbiasisthatitisanefficientwaytoprocessinformation.Humansareforeverreceivinginformationandcannotpossiblytakethetimetocarefullyprocesseachpieceofinformationtoformanunbiasedconclusion.___32___Itisadaptiveforhumanstorelyoninstinctivebehavioursthatkeepthemoutofharm’sway.Anotherreasonwhypeopleshowconfirmationbiasistoprotecttheirpride.Peopleliketofeelgoodaboutthemselves,anddiscoveringthatabeliefthattheyhighlyvalueisincorrectmakesthemfeelbadaboutthemselves.___33___Confirmationbiasoccursinseveralcontexts.Indecisionmaking,onceanindividualmakesadecision,theywilllookforinformationthatsupportsit.___34___Therefore,thepersonwillignoreitorgiveitlittleconsideration.Instudiesexaminingmy-sidebias,peoplewereabletogenerateandremembermorereasonssupportingtheirsideofacontroversialissuethantheopposingside.___35___Ifpeoplearetoldwhattoexpectfromapersontheyareabouttomeet,suchasthatthepersonisfriendlyandoutgoing,peoplewilllookforinformationthatsupportstheirexpectations.Forexample,ifMariaexpectsherroommatetobeoutgoing,Mariamayaskherifshelikestogotopartiesratherthanaskingifsheoftenstudiesinthelibrary.Confirmationbiasisimportantbecauseitmayleadpeopletogivemoreweighttoinformationthatsupportstheirbeliefsthanwhattheevidencejustifies.However,inrealitytheyhaveignoredagreatdealofevidencecontradictingtheirbeliefs.Thesefactorsmayleadtoriskydecisionmakingandleadpeopletooverlookwarningsigns.Activelychallengingyourbeliefsisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduceconfirmationbias.Forexample,ifyoubelieveacertainpracticeisbeneficial,seekoutreliablesourcesthatcriticizeitandevaluatetheirarguments.___36___Thisinvolvesengaginginconversationswithpeoplewhoholdopposingviewsorreadingmaterialsfromunfamiliarperspectives.A.Confirmationbiasalsooperatesinimpressionformation.B.Exposingyourselftodiverseviewpointscanhelpreducebias.C.Informationthatconflictswithaperson’sdecisionmaycause