地下水專業(yè)術(shù)語英文

地下水專業(yè)術(shù)語(英文)GroundwaterTermabsorptioncoefficientaccumulation(glacial)acidrainacidityprofile吸附系數(shù)堆積酸雨酸度剖面內(nèi)聚力吸內(nèi)聚力吸附adsorptionadvancetime[irrigation]advectionaerationaerationzone行進(jìn)時間水平對流曝氣包氣帶懸浮質(zhì)aggressivewater侵蝕性水a(chǎn)griculturewateruse[water-use農(nóng)業(yè)用水category]alkalinity堿度alluvium沖積物altithermalperiod高溫期anisotropymoistureaquaculture各向異性前期降水量水產(chǎn)業(yè)aquaculturewatercategory]aquatic水產(chǎn)用水水生的Ameasureoftheamountofradiantenergy,incidentnormaltoaplanarsurface,thatisabsorbedperunitdistanceorunitmassofasubstance.Allprocesses,whichincludesnowfall,condensation,avalanching,snowtransportbywind,andfreezingofliquidwater,thataddsnoworicetoaglacier,floatingice,orsnowcover.Thetermalsoincludestheamountofsnoworothersolidprecipitationaddedtoaglacierorsnowfieldbytheseprocesses.theacidicrainfallwhichresultswhenraincombineswithsulfuroxidesemissionsfromcombustionoffossilfuels.Theacidconcentrationinicecorelayersasafunctionofdepthasdeterminedfromelectricalmeasurements.ThemagnitudesofsomevolcaniceruptionsintheNorthernHemispherehavebeenestimatedfromtheacidityofannuallayersinicecorestakeninGreenland.Thismethodologyissometimesreferredtoasaciditysignaloracidityrecord.themolecularattractionassertedbetweenthesurfacesofbodiesincontact.cohesiontheadhesionofasubstancetothesurfaceofasolidorliquid.Adsorptionisoftenusedtoextractpollutantsbycausingthemtobeattachedtosuchadsorbentsasactivatedcarbonorsilicagel.Hydrophobic,orwater-repulsingadsorbents,areusedtoextractoilfromwaterwaysinoilspills.Timerequiredforagivenstreamofirrigationwatertomovefromtheupperendofafieldtothelowerendofthefield.Thepredominatelyhorizontallarge-scalemovementofairthatcauseschangesintemperatureorotherphysicalproperties.Inoceanography,advectionisthehorizontalorverticalflowofseawaterasacurrent.themixingorturbulentexposureofwatertoairandoxgentodissipatevolatilecontaminantsandotherpollutantsintotheair.(alsoknownastheunsaturatedzone):ThezoneabovethewatertableisknownParticulatematerial,otherthanwaterorice,intheatmosphereranginginsizefromapproximately10x-3tolargerthan10x2磎inradius.Aerosolsareimportantintheatmosphereasnucleiforthecondensationofwaterdropletsandicecrystals,asparticipantsinvariouschemicalcycles,andasabsorbersandscatterersofsolarradiation,therebyinfluencingtheradiationbudgetoftheearth-atmospheresystem,whichinturninfluencestheclimateonthesurfaceoftheEarth.waterwhichissoftandacidicandcancorrodeplumbing,piping,andcesComposedoflivestock,animalspecialty,andirrigationwateruse.themeasurementofconstituentsinawatersupplywhichdeterminealkalineconditions.ThealkalinityofwaterisameasureofitscapacitytoneutralizeSedimentsdepositedbyflowingrivers.Dependinguponthelocationinthefloodplainoftheriver,different-sizedsedimentsaredeposited.Aperiodofhightemperature,particularlytheonefrom8000to4000B.P.(beforethepresentera),whichwasapparentlywarmerinsummers,ascomparedwiththepresent,andwiththeprecipitationzonesshiftedpoleward.Alsocalledthehypsithermalperiod.Theconditionunderwhichoneormoreofthehydraulicpropertiesofanaquifervaryaccordingtothedirectionofflow.Thesoilmoisturepresentbeforeaparticularprecipitationevent.farmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,shellfish,andalgae.Waterusedforfarmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,excludingfishhatcheries(commercialwateruse),shrimp,andothershellfish.ActivitiesincludedinSICcode0273.Subsetofanimalspecialtieswateruse.growingin,livingin,orfrequentingwater.1隔水層aquiclude隔水層含水層含水層含水層含水層[hydrology]aquiferdepletion[management]aquifertestaquifer,confinedaquifer,perchedaquifer,semi-confinedaquifer,unconfinedaquifugeaquitardartesianaquifer含水層疏干含水層試驗(yàn)承壓含水層上層滯水含水層半承壓含水層非承壓含水層不透水層弱透水層自流含水層artesianwellsianzoneatmosphere(the)availablesoilmoistureverageannualrechargebarragebarrierboundarybasalsliding(basalslip)flow大氣圈可用土壤含水量年平均補(bǔ)給量攔河壩隔水邊界基部滑動基流baseflowrecession基流衰減baseflow-recessio基流衰減Aunitoflowpermeabilitybutislocatedsothatitformsanupperorlowerboundarytoagroundwaterflowsystem,nowalsocalledconfininglayerorleakyconfininglayer.ageologicformationthatwillyieldwatertoawellinsufficientquantitiestomaketheproductionofwaterfromthisformationfeasibleforbeneficialuse;permeablelayersofundergroundrockorsandthatholdortransmitgroundwaterbelowthewatertable.(1)Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationthatcontainssufficientsaturatedpermeablematerialtoyieldsignificantquantitiesofwatertowellsandsprings(USGS);(2)Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationhavingstructuresthatpermitappreciablewatertomovethroughthemunderordinaryfieldconditions(ASCE).Conditionofdecliningwaterlevelswithintheaquifer'sstructurebecausenaturalrechargingfromsurfacewaterandprecipitationisinadequatetomaintainnormallevel.CanbecausedbywithdrawalratesexceedingrechargeesAnaquiferthatisoverlainbyaconfiningbed.TheConfiningbedhasasignificantlylowerhydraulicconductivitythantheaquifer.Aregionintheunsaturatedzonewherethesoilmaybelocallysaturatedbecauseitoverliesalow-permeabilityunit.Anaquiferconfinedbyalow-permeabilitylayerthatpermitswatertoslowlyflowthroughit.Duringpumpingoftheaquifer,rechargetotheaquifercanoccuracrosstheconfininglayer.Alsoknownasaleakyartesianorleakyconfinedaquifer.Anaquiferinwhichtherearenoconfiningbedsbetweenthezoneofsaturationandthesurface.Therewillbeawatertableinanunconfinedaquifer.Water-tableaquiferisasynonym.Anabsolutelyimpermeableunitthatwillnottransmitanywater.Alayeroflowpermeabilitythatcanstoregroundwaterandalsotransmititslowlyfromoneaquifertoanother.Alsonamedasleakyconfinginglayer.Anaquiferthatcontainswaterunderpressureasaresultofhydrostatichead.Forartesianconditionstoexist,anaquifermustbeoverlainbyaconfiningmaterialandreceiveasupplyofwater.Thefreewatersurfacestandsatahigherelevationthanthetopoftheconfininglayerthusiftheaquiferistappedbyawell,thewaterinthewellwillriseabovetheleveloftheaquifer.awaterwelldrilledintoaconfinedaquiferwhereenoughhydraulicpressureexistsforthewatertoflowtothesurfacewithoutpumping.azonewherewaterisconfinedinanaquiferunderpressuresothatthewaterwillriseinthewellcasingordrilledholeabovethebottomoftheconfininglayeroverlyingtheaquifer.TheenvelopeofairsurroundingtheEarthandboundtoitbytheEarth'sgravitationalattraction.Studiesofthechemicalproperties,dynamicmotions,andphysicalprocessesofthissystemconstitutethefieldofmeteorology.Theportionofwaterinasoilthatcanbereadilyabsorbedbyplantroots.Itistheamountofwaterreleasedbetweeninsitufieldcapacityandthepermanentwiltingpoint.amountofwaterenteringtheaquiferonanaverageannualbasis.AveragesmeanverylittlefortheEdwardsbecausetheclimateoftheregionandstructureoftheaquiferproduceasituationinwhichtheareaisusuallywaterrichorwaterpoor.anyartificialobstructionplacedinwatertoincreasewaterlevelordivertit.Usuallytheideaistocontrolpeakflowforlaterrelease.Anaquifersstemboundaryrepresentedbyarockmassthatisnotasourceofwater.Themovementorspeedofmovementofaglacieronitsbed.ThatpartofstreamdischargefromgroundwaterseepingintothestreamThedecliningrateofdischargeofastreamfedonlybybaseflowforanextendedperiod.Typically,abaseflowrecessionwillbeexponential.Ahydrographthatshowsabaseflow-recessioncurve.2水文圖基巖水文圖基巖bedrock有效用水beneficial有效用水emanagementbiosolids生物體biosphere生物圈blation(glacial)冰川消融bod生化需氧bod沼澤boilingboilingpoint鉆井鉆孔布捷涅斯鉆井鉆孔布捷涅斯克方程鹵水boringequationbrinecalciumcarbonate碳酸鈣alcretechecaliperlogcapillaryforcescapillaryfringecapillarywater鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)礫巖硝酸鈉測徑器測井毛細(xì)力毛細(xì)帶毛細(xì)水毛細(xì)帶碳同位素capillary毛細(xì)帶碳同位素carbonisotopeAgeneraltermforanyconsolidatedrock.Anyofanumberofwaterusesthatarerecognizedbyapoliticalentityasvaluabletosocietyandworthyofprotection,aredefinedbystatutes,andmayneedtobeprotectedagainstqualityorquantitydegradation.Thesewaterusesinclude,butarenotnecessarilylimitedto,domestic,municipal,agricultural,andindustrialsupply;coolinginthermoelectricpowergeneration;andinstreamusesthatincludehydroelectricpowergeneration;recreation;aestheticenjoyment;navigation;andpreservationandenhancementoffish,wildlife,andotheraquaticresourcesorpreserves.anutrient-richorganicmaterialresultingfromthetreatmentofwastewater.Biosolidscontainnitrogenandphosphorusalongwithothersupplementarynutrientsinsmallerdoses,suchaspotassium,sulfur,magnesium,calcium,copperandzinc.Soilthatislackinginthesesubstancescanbereclaimedwithbiosolidsuse.Theapplicationofbiosolidstolandimprovessoilpropertiesandplantproductivity,andreducesdependenceoninorganicfertilizers.TheportionofEarthanditsatmospherethatcansupportlife.Thepart(reservoir)oftheglobalcarboncyclethatincludeslivingorganisms(plantsandanimals)andlife-derivedorganicmatter(litter,detritus).Theterrestrialbiosphereincludesthelivingbiota(plantsandanimals)andthelitterandsoilorganicmatteronland,andthemarinebiosphereincludesthebiotaanddetritusintheoceans.Allprocesses,whichincludemelting,evaporation(sublimation),winderosion,andcalving(breakingoffoficemasses),thatremovesnoworicefromaglacierorsnowfield.ThetermalsoreferstotheamountofsnoworiceremovedbytheseBiochemicalOxygenDemand.Ameasureoftheamountofoxygenrequiredtoneutralizeorganicwastes.atypeofwetlandthataccumulatesappreciablepeatdeposits.Theydependprimarilyonprecipitationfortheirwatersource,andareusuallyacidicandrichinplantmatterwithaconspicuousmatorlivinggreenmoss.thetemperatureatwhichaliquidboils.Itisthetemperatureatwhichthevaporpressureofaliquidequalsthepressureonitssurface.Ifthepressureoftheliquidvaries,theactualboilingpointvaries.Forwateritis212degreesenheitordegreesCelsiusAwelldrilledwithalargetruck-mountedboringauger,usually12inchesormoreindiameterandseldomdeeperthan100feet.Aholeadvancedintothegroundbymeansofadrillingrig.Thegeneralequationfortwo-dimensionalunconfinedtransientflow.highlysaltyandheavilymineralizedwatercontainingheavymetalandorganiccontaminants.CACO3-awhiteprecipitatethatformsinwaterlines,waterheatersandboilersinhardwaterareas;alsoknownasscale.Asurficialgravelandsandconglomeratecementedbycalciumcarbonate.Alsocalledhardpan;anopaque,reddish-brown-to-whitecalcareousmaterial,whichoccursinlayersnearthesurfaceofstonysoilsinaridandsemiaridareas.AboreholelogofthediameterofanuncasedwellTheforcesactingonsoilmoistureintheunsaturatedzone,attributabletomolecularattractionbetweensoilparticlesandwaterThezoneimmediatelyabovethewatertable,wherewaterisdrawnupwardbycapillaryattraction.Justabovethewatertable,intheaerationzone,iscapillarywaterthatmovesupwardfromthewatertablebycapillaryaction.Thiswatercanmoveslowlyandinanydirection.Whilemostplantsrelyuponmoisturefromprecipitationthatispresentintheunsaturatedzone,theirrootsmayalsotapintocapillarywaterortheunderlyingsaturatedzone.soilareaabovethewatertablewherewatercanriseupslightlythroughthecohesiveforceofcapillaryaction.Seephreatophytes.Ratioofcarbon-12toeitheroftheother,lesscommon,carbonisotopes,carbon-3ratiocarbonsourceatesonbasedcapacitycaverncementgroutcementation[wastewater]heckdamchlorinationchlorinedemandchutespillwaycirculatecisterncistern[watersupply]clearwell[watersupply]climateclimatechangeclimatesensitivityclimatesystemclimatevariationclimaticanomalyclimaticcycleclimaticoptimum比碳源碳酸鹽碳資源套管陽離子交換能力溶洞水泥灰漿膠結(jié)作用化糞池檢查壩氯化需氯量溢洪道循環(huán)蓄水池水塔(蓄水池)潔水井氣候氣候變化氣候敏感氣候系統(tǒng)氣候變化氣候異常氣候循環(huán)氣候適宜13orcarbon-14.Apool(reservoir)thatreleasescarbontoanotherpartofthecarboncycle.thecollectivetermforthenaturalinorganicchemicalcompoundsrelatedtocarbondioxidethatexistinnaturalwaterways.Therecoverablefossilfuel(coal,gas,crudeoils,oilshale,andtarsands)andbiomassthatcanbeusedinfuelproductionandconsumption.atubularstructureintendedtobewatertightinstalledintheexcavatedordrilledholetomaintainthewellopeningand,alongwithcementing,toconfinethegroundwaterstotheirzonesoforiginandpreventtheentranceofsurfacepollutants.Theabilityofaparticularrockorsoiltoabsorbcations.alargeundergroundopeninginrock(usuallylimestone)whichoccurredwhenerockwasdissolvedbywaterInsomeigneousrockscavernscanbeformedbylargegasbubbles.amixtureofwaterandcementintheratioofnotmorethan5-6gallonsofwatertoa94poundsackofportlandcementwhichisfluidenoughtobepumpedthroughasmalldiameterpipe.Theprocessbywhichsomeofthevoidsinasedimentarefilledwithprecipitatedmaterials,suchassilica,calcite,andironoxide,andwhichisapartofAnundergroundcatchbasinforliquidwaste,suchashouseholdwaste.Alsocalledaseptictank.asmalldamconstructedinagullyorothersmallwatercoursetodecreasethestreamflowvelocity,minimizechannelerosion,promotedepositionofsedimentandtodivertwaterfromachannel.theaddingofchlorinetowaterorsewageforthepurposeofdisinfectionorotherbiologicalorchemicalresults.thedifferencebetweentheamountofchlorineaddedtowater,sewage,orindustrialwastesandtheamountofresidualchlorineremainingattheendofaspecificcontactperiod.Compareresidualchlorine(殘余氯).theoverallstructurewhichallowswatertodroprapidlythroughanopenchannelwithoutcausingerosion.Usuallyconstructedneartheedgeofdams.tomoveinacircle,circuitororbit;toflowwithoutobstruction;tofollowacoursethatreturnstothestartingpoint.atankusedtocollectrainwaterrunofffromtheroofofahouseorbuilding.Areservoir,tank,orvesselforstoringorholdingwaterorotherliquid.Areservoirforthestorageoffilteredwaterofsufficientcapacitytopreventtheneedtovarythefiltrationratewithvariationsindemand.Alsousedtoprovidechlorine-contacttimefordisinfection.Thestatisticalcollectionandrepresentationoftheweatherconditionsforaspecifiedareaduringaspecifiedtimeinterval,usuallydecades,togetherwithadescriptionofthestateoftheexternalsystemorboundaryconditions.Thelong-termfluctuationsintemperature,precipitation,wind,andallotheraspectsoftheEarth'sclimate.Externalprocesses,suchassolar-irradiancevariations,variationsoftheEarth'sorbitalparameters(eccentricity,precession,andinclination),lithospheremotions,andvolcanicactivity,arefactorsinclimaticvariation.Themagnitudeofaclimaticresponsetoaperturbinginfluence.Inmathematicalmodelingoftheclimate,thedifferencebetweensimulationsasafunctionofchangeinagivenparameter.Thefivephysicalcomponents(atmosphere,hydrosphere,cryosphere,lithosphere,andbiosphere)thatareresponsiblefortheclimateanditsvariations.Thechangeinoneormoreclimaticvariablesoveraspecifiedtime.Thedeviationofaparticularclimaticvariablefromthemeanornormaloveraspecifiedtime.theperiodicchangesclimatedisplays,suchasaseriesofdryyearsfollowingaseriesofyearswithheavyrainfall.Theperiodinhistoryfromabout5000toabout2500B.C.duringwhichsurfaceairtemperatureswerewarmerthanatpresentinnearlyallregionsoftheworld.4climaticyearcloudcloudburstcoagulationcoldvaporcoliformbacteriacollectionsitecollectorwellcolloidscommercialwatercommon-ionffectcompletionconcentrationsationconduit氣候年云暴雨凝結(jié)海岸帶凝聚力冷氣大腸菌集水區(qū)集水井膠體商業(yè)用水常規(guī)離子效應(yīng)完成濃度濃縮渠道coneofdepression下降漏斗confinedaquiferconfiningbedconfininglayerconjunctivementconjunctivewateranagementconnategrowthconnatewaterconservationconsumption承壓含水層承壓層承壓層聯(lián)合管理聯(lián)合用水原生生長原生水保護(hù)消耗IntheArcticregion,thetemperaturerosemanydegrees,andintemperatethisperiodglaciersandcesheetsrecededgreatlyandthemeltwaterraisedsealevelbyaboutmetersaperiodusedinmeteorologicalmeasurements.TheclimaticyearintheU.S.beginsonOctober1.AvisiblemassofcondensedwatervaporparticlesoricesuspendedabovetheEarth'ssurface.Cloudsmaybeclassifiedontheirvisibleappearance,height,orform.atorrentialdownpourofrain,whichbyitspottinessandrelativelyhighintensitysuggeststheburstinganddischargeofwaterfromacloudallatonce.inwatertreatment,theuseofchemicalstomakesuspendedsolidsgatherorgrouptogetherintosmallflocs.Landsandwatersadjacenttothecoastthatexertaninfluenceontheusesoftheheseaamolecularattractionbywhichtheparticlesofabodyareunitedthroughoutthemasswhetherlikeorunlike.Compareadhesion.methodtotestwaterforthepresenceofmercury.Agroupofbacteriathatmostlyinhabitstheintestinaltractofhumansandanimals,butalsofoundinsoil.Whileharmlessinthemselves,coliformbacteriarsofthepossiblepresenceofpathogenicorganismsAstream,lake,reservoir,orotherbodyofwaterfedbywaterdrainedfromawatershed.awelllocatednearasurfacewatersupplyusedtolowerthewatertableandtherebyinduceinfiltrationofsurfacewaterthroughthebedofthewaterbodytothewell..finelydividedsolidswhichwillnotsettlebutwhichmayberemovedbycoagulationorbiochemicalaction.waterformotels,hotels,restaurants,officebuildings,othercommercialfacilities,andinstitutions.Thewatermaybeobtainedfromapublicsupplyormaybeselfsupplied.Seealsublicsupplyandself-suppliedwater.Thedecreaseinthesolubilityofasaltdissolvedinwateralreadycontainingonsofthesaltsealingoffaccessofundesireablewatertothewellborebypropercasingand/orcementingprocedures.amountofachemicalorpollutantinaparticularvolumeorweightofair,water,soil,orothermedium.TheprocessthatOccurswhenanairmassissaturatedandwaterdropletsformaroundnucleioronsurfaces.anaturalorartificialchannelthroughwhichfluidsmaybeconveyed.naturaldepressioninthewatertablearoundawellduringpumping.anaquiferthatliesbetweentworelativelyimpermeablerocklayers.Abodyofmaterialoflowhydraulicconductivitythatisstratigraphicallyadjacenttooneormoreaquifers.Itmaylieaboveorbelowtheaquifer.Geologicalmaterialthroughwhichsignificantquantitiesofwatercannotmove;locatedbelowunconfinedaquifers,aboveandbelowconfinedaquifers.Alsoknownasaconfiningegratedmanagementanduseoftwoormorewaterresources,suchasanaquiferandasurfacewaterbody.Apracticewherebytwoormoreindependentsourcesofwaterareusedincombinationoralternately,formeetingoneormoreobjectives,suchas,improvedreliabilityofsupply,long-termcosteffectiveness,andenvironmentalprotection.watertrappedintheporespacesofasedimentaryrockatthetimeitwasdeposited.Itisusuallyhighlymineralized.Interstitialwaterthatwasnotburiedwitharockbutwhichhasbeenoutofcontactwiththeatmosphereforanappreciablepartofageologicperiod.Theuseofwater-savingmethodstoreducetheamountofwaterneededforhomes,lawns,farming,andindustry,thusincreasingwatersuppliesforoptimumlong-termeconomicandsocialbenefits.Waterthatisactuallyconsumed,transpired,orincorporatedintonewproducts5mptiveusemptiveusecontactspringcontaminantcontaminationcontinentalcrustcontinentalplateconvectioneadjustment[general][general]reekstcriticallowflowcroprequirement[irrigation]cropwater-useefficiencycryospherecubicfootpercurrent消耗用水耗水接觸泉污染物污染大陸殼大陸板塊對流對流調(diào)節(jié)匯流輸水輸水損失小溪頂部臨界低速水流作物需水量作物用水永凍圈立方英尺/秒水流Theuseofaresourcethatreducesthesupply(removingwaterfromasourcelikeariverorlakewithoutreturninganequalamount).Examplesincludetheintakeofwaterbyplants,humans,andotheranimalsandtheincorporationofwaterintotheproductsofindustrialorfoodprocessing.thatpartofwaterwithdrawnthatisevaporated,transpired,incorporatedintoproductsorcrops,consumedbyhumansorlivestock,orotherwiseremovedfromtheimmediatewaterenvironment.Alsoreferredtoaswaterconsumed.AspringthatformsatalithologiccontactwhereamorepermeableunitoverliesesspermeableunitAnysubstancethatwhenaddedtowater(oranothersubstance)makesitimpureandunfitforconsumptionoruse.theintroductionintowaterofsewageorotherforeignmatterthatwillrenderthewaterunfitforitsintendeduse.ThelayeroftheEarththatliesundercontinentsandthecontinentalshelves.Itrangesinthicknessfrom35to60km.Itsupperlayerhasadensityof2.7g/cm3andiscomposedofrocksthatarerichinsilicaandalumina.Athickcontinentalcrust.Atmosphericoroceanicmotionsthatarepredominatelyverticalandthatresultinverticaltransportandmixingofatmosphericoroceanicproperties.Becausethemoststrikingmeteorologicalfeaturesresultifatmosphericconvectivemotionoccursinconjunctionwiththerisingcurrentofair(i.e.,updrafts),convectionissometimesusedtoimplyonlyupwardverticalmotion.Anumericalprocedureappliedinmanyatmosphericmodelstoapproximatetheverticalnonradiativeheattransport.ThisprocedureadjuststhelapseratescribedcriticallapserateisneverexceededThequasi-horizontalflowofafluidtowardacommondestinationfromdifferentdirections.Whenwatersofdifferentoriginscometogetheratapointoralongaline(convergenceline),thedenserwaterfromonesidesinksunderthelighterwaterfromotherside.Theoceanconvergencelinesarethepolar,subtropical,tropical,andequatorial.Alsoseedivergence.Thesystematicandintentionalflowortransferofwaterfromonepointtoanother.Conveyancetypesincludewaterinstreamconveyance,waterdistribution,andwastewatercollection.Waterthatislostintransitfromapipe,canal,conduit,orditchbyleakageorevaporation.Ifthewaterislostduetoleakage,itmaybeconsideredreturnflowifitpercolatestoanaquiferandisavailableforreuse.Ifthewaterevaporates,ittiveuseasmallstreamofwaterwhichservesasthenaturaldrainagecourseforadrainagebasin.Thetermisrelativeaccordingtosize.Somecreeksinahumidregionwouldbecalledriversiftheyoccurredinanaridarea.thetopofadam,dike,orspillway,whichwatermustreachbeforepassingoverthestructure;thesummitorhighestpointofawave;thehighestelevationreachedbyfloodwatersflowinginachannel.lowflowconditionsbelowwhichsomestandardsdonotapply.Theimpactsofpermitteddischargesareanalyzedatcriticallow-flow.Thevolumeofwaterrequiredbythecroptomaintainoptimumgrowth.Ameasureattheecosystemlevelofhowwellplantsuseavailablewateringrowth.Thegramsofdryweightgainedbyplantsduringthegrowingseasonperunitlandareaaredividedbythemillimetersofwaterlost(includingevaporationdirectlyfromthesoil).Theportionoftheclimatesystemconsistingoftheworld'sicemassesandsnowitswhichincludesthecontinentalicesheetsmountainglaciersseaicesurfacesnowcover,andlakeandriverice.Changesinsnowcoveronthelandebyandlargeseasonalandcloselytiedtothemechanicsofatmosphericcirculation.therateofdischargerepresentingavolumeofonecubicfootpassingagivenpointduring1second.Thisrateisequivalenttoapproximately7.48gallonspereetperdaytheportionofastreamorbodyofwaterwhichismovingwithavelocitymuchgreaterthantheaverageoftherestofthewater.Theprogressofthewaterisprincipallyconcentratedinthecurrent.Seethalweg.6currentmeterdamDarcianvelocityDarcy'slawdatacollection[method]datacompilation[method]Debye-Hiickelequationdecompositiondeeppercolation[irrigation]deepwaterdeforestation流速儀大壩達(dá)西速度達(dá)西定律數(shù)據(jù)采集數(shù)據(jù)編輯克爾公式分解體分解深層下滲深層海水森林采伐degradationdeionizedwaterdelivery/releasedeltademand退化去離子水水三角洲需求量dendrochronology樹木年代學(xué)densitydentalfluorosisdepletionositdepressionspring密度氟斑牙損耗堆積物洼地泉depressionstorage洼地蓄水desalinationdesalination[watertreatment]desertification脫鹽作用(淡化)淡化荒漠化Adevicethatisloweredintoastreaminordertorecordtherateatwhichthecurrentismovingastructureofearth,rock,orconcretedesignedtoformabasinandholdwaterbacktomakeapond,lake,orreservoir.AnequationthatcanbeusedtocomputethequantityofwaterflowingthroughanaquiferImplementationofappropriateproceduresforobtainingnecessaryinformationtomonitorstatusofwaterquantity,quality,useorflow.Proceduresusedtodevelopnecessaryinformationproductsaboutwater,includingbutnotlimitedto,qualityassurance,statisticalanalysis,mathematicalmanipulations,integrationofdatafromseveralsources,andformattingforarchiving.Ameansofcomputingtheactivitycoefficientforanionicspecies.Heterotrophicorganismsthatbreakdowndeadprotoplasmandusesomeoftheproductsandreleaseothersforusebyconsumerorganisms.Thebreakdownofmatterbybacteriaandfungi.Itchangesthechemicalmakeupandphysicalappearanceofmaterials.WaterthatmovesdownwardthroughthesoilprofilebelowtherootzoneandcannotbeusedbyplantsThatpartoftheoceanbelowthemainthermocline.Theremovalofforeststandsbycuttingandburningtoprovidelandforagriculturalpurposes,residentialorindustrialbuildingsites,roads,etc.orbyharvestingthetreesforbuildingmaterialsorfuel.OxidationoforganicmatterreleasesCO2totheatmosphere,andregionalandglobalimpactsmayresult.Toweardownorreducetolowerqualitybyerosionorreducethecomplexityofachemicalcompound.waterfreeofinorganicchemicals.theamountofwaterdeliveredtothepointofuseandtheamountreleasedafterstheanalluvialdepos